High Protein Research Articles

Derivative Technologies of Expansion Microscopy and Applications in Biomedicine.

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is an innovative super-resolution imaging technique that utilizes physical expansion to magnify biological samples, facilitating the visualization of cellular structures that are challenging to observe using traditional optical microscopes. The fundamental principle of ExM revolves around employing a specialized hydrogel to uniformly expand biological samples, thereby achieving super-resolution imaging under conventional optical imaging conditions. This technology finds application not only in various biological samples such as cells and tissue sections, but also enables super-resolution imaging of large biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolite molecules. In recent years, numerous researchers have delved into ExM, resulting in the continuous development of a range of derivative technologies that optimize experimental protocols and broaden practical application fields. This article presents a comprehensive review of these derivative technologies, highlighting the utilization of ExM for anchoring nucleic acids, proteins, and other biological molecules, as well as its applications inbiomedicine. Furthermore, this review offers insights into the future development prospects of ExM technology.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Trait Associations in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasms for Targeted Breeding Strategies

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a pivotal legume crop with substantial contributions to global food security and agricultural sustainability due to its high protein content, adaptability and nitrogen-fixing ability. The efficiency of breeding programs in enhancing chickpea productivity and resilience relies heavily on understanding and utilizing genetic variability within the germplasm. This study investigates the extent of genetic variability among forty-three chickpea genotypes, focusing on key traits such as number of pods (NPP), biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), that influence yield and other agronomic characteristics. Analysis of variance showed significant variability among genotypes for various traits. Higher phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficients (GCV) indicated the presence of environmental influence, particularly for traits like number of pods per plant (NPP) and biological yield (BY). High heritability was observed for days to flowering (DTF) and maturity (DTM), while genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) varied, indicating additive gene action for some traits. Correlation and path analysis revealed positive relationships between plot yield and traits such as Days to Flowering (DTF), plant height (PH), and harvest index (HI). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated significant genetic diversity, grouping genotypes into clusters and identifying top performers like GJG1801 and NBEG 924. This study emphasizes the importance of genetic variability in breeding programs, aiding in the selection of elite genotypes for targeted traits improvement.

Digging deep for nutrients and metabolites derived from high dietary protein intake and their potential functions in metabolic health.

Intake of high quantities of dietary proteins sourced from dairy, meat or plants can affect body weight and metabolic health in humans. To improve our understanding of how this may be achieved, we reviewed the data related to the availability of nutrients and metabolites in the faeces, circulation and urine. All protein sources (≥20% by energy) increased faecal levels of branched chain fatty acids and ammonia, and decreased the levels of butyrate. There were metabolites responding to dairy and meat proteins (branch chain amino acids) as well as dairy and plant proteins (p-cresol), which were increased in faecal matter. Specific to dairy protein intake, the faecal levels of acetate, indole and phenol were increased, whereas plant protein intake specifically increased the levels of kynurenine and tyramine. Meat protein intake increased the faecal levels of methionine, cysteine and alanine, and decreased the levels of propionate and acetate. The metabolite profile in the faecal matter following dairy protein intake mirrored availability in circulation or urine. These findings provide an understanding of the contrasting gut versus systemic effects of different dietary proteins, which we know to show different physiological effects. In this regard, we provide directions to determining the mechanisms for the effects of different dietary proteins.

Characterization of Protein-Based Edible film: A Study on Thickness, Gelation Time, and Microstructure with the Addition of Polyethylene Glycol

A protein-based edible film has the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics in food packaging. It can extend the shelf life of food products through natural means. The objective of this study was to characterise protein-based edible film with the addition of polyethylene glycol as a plasticiser, with a focus on three main aspects: namely, thickness, gelation time and microstructure. This study employed a completely randomised design comprising three treatments and three replicates. The treatments comprised the utilisation of varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol, designated as P1 (35%), P2 (40%), and P3 (45%). No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between treatments in terms of thickness value and gelation time. The protein-based edible film exhibited thickness values that ranged from 0.075 to 0.124 mm, indicating compliance with the Japanese Industrial Standard. The gelation time required for the film ranged from 13.67 to 16.33 minutes. The microstructure of the whey-gelatin edible film with a high polyethylene glycol concentration exhibited irregularities on the film surface, characterised by porous areas and small cracks. These irregularities resulted in a weakening of the bond between protein molecules, leading to a looser and less dense microstructure during the drying process, which in turn caused the formation of pores and cracks. The optimal treatment, as determined by this study, is the utilisation of polyethylene glycol at a concentration of 35% with a thickness value of 0.075 mm, a gelation time of 13.67 minutes, and the generation of a more uniform and refined microstructure.

Enteroviral 3C protease cleaves N4BP1 to impair the host inflammatory response.

Targeting cellular proteins for cleavage by enteroviral 3Cpro is a conserved strategy used by enteroviruses to promote viral replication. While the cleavage of certain host proteins by 3Cpro may not affect viral replication, it is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of viral infection. In this study, we identified and characterized N4BP1, which plays such a role, using a combination of bioinformatic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches. Our data show that multiple 3Cpros cleave N4BP1 at residue Q816 and that cleavage of endogenous N4BP1 can occur during viral infection. N4BP1 has no effect on coxsackievirus B3 replication, but 3Cpro-induced N4BP1 cleavage abolishes its regulatory function in NF-κB signaling. We also show that mouse N4bp1 resists human enteroviral 3Cpro cleavage. In contrast, rodent enteroviral EMCV 3Cpro can target human and mouse N4BP1 for cleavage at different residues, which indicates that future investigations are needed to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved.

Macrophage extracellular traps are induced by Mycoplasma bovis in bovine macrophages through NADPH oxidase/ROS-dependent manner and their antibacterial efficacy.

Mycoplasma bovis has emerged as a significant pathogen in cattle, leading to considerable economic losses in the cattle industry. It is associated with various clinical syndromes, including pneumoniae, mastitis, and arthritis. The innate immune response, particularly macrophages, plays a crucial role in combating infections caused by such pathogens. The release of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) represents a novel defense mechanism employed by macrophages; however, the impact of M. bovis on the formation of METs in bovine macrophages remains unknown. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which M. bovis affects the formation of bovine METs and to evaluate their bactericidal efficacy. Our findings revealed that the bovine macrophage cell lines released DNA fibrils that colocalized with histones and cellular proteins in response to M. bovis infection, as visualized by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the formation of METs was found to depend on NADPH oxidase, which is crucial for reactive oxygen species generation. Importantly, the formation of METs led to cell lysis in response to M. bovis infection, as indicated by the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and this process was found to be independent of apoptosis and pyroptosis. Moreover, the release of METs in response to M. bovis infection was effective in both killing and restricting its growth. Overall, our study first described how METs were produced in bovine macrophages that responded to M. bovis and demonstrated their significant function in bacterial killing, which is helpful to improve our understanding of the host's immune defense against this pathogen.

The Extension of Maggot as a High-Protein Chicken Feed for Latompe Farming Community

This service program aims to provide an alternative feed for local chickens (Gallus domesticus) with high protein to the Latompe farming community. The alternative feed are maggots which are the larvae of Black Soldier Flies (Hermetia illucens). It is hoped that the chicken farmers in Latompe village will no longer only depend on carbohydrate-based feed such as corn to obtain maximum chicken growth. To transfer that new technology, the farmer's educators managed a mass socialization and made presentation slides, leaflets, and on-site practice followed by periodic assistance. As a result, the maggot extension program has been running well and several breeders have been able to cultivate maggots for their chickens' feed. It is hoped that this program can be implemented sustainably to obtain maximum production of local chickens.

Polyethylene glycol loxenatide modulates lipid metabolism and insulin resistance through lncRNA steroid receptor RNA activator/cellular nucleic acid binding protein/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2 axis in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEG-Loxe) is applied in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, the effect and mechanism of PEG-Loxe on lipid metabolism disorder and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus are not fully understood. Type 2 diabetes mellitus rats developed by high-fat diet/streptozotocin injection were treated with PEG-Loxe (0.3 or 1 mg/kg). Insulin resistance was evaluated by fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test, fasting insulin, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance and for insulin sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and biochemistry measurements were performed to assess lipid metabolism. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress were assessed by inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Genes' expressions were tested using RT-qPCR, western blot, and in situ hybridization. Relationships of molecules were validated by pull-down assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. mRNA stability was examined by actinomycin D assay. High-PEG-Loxe decreased FBG and ameliorated glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Low-PEG-Loxe partly while high-PEG-Loxe apparently relieved hepatocyte injury, reduced lipase I, triglyceride, total cholesterol and leptin, and increased adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. PEG-Loxe mitigated inflammatory response and oxidative stress. High-PEG-Loxe reduced RhoA and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2 (ROCK2) in liver tissues of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats, while both doses of PEG-Loxe decreased steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA). SRA overexpression reversed the protective functions of high-PEG-Loxe. SRA cooperated with cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) to enhance ROCK2 mRNA stability. High-PEG-Loxe relieves insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus through SRA/CNBP/ROCK2 axis. This research provides a molecular mechanism of PEG-Loxe for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Chemoenzymatic cascade synthesis of metal‐chelating α‐amino acids

Metal chelating non‐canonical amino acids (ncAAs) are uniquely functional building blocks for proteins, peptide catalysts, and small molecule sensors. However, catalytic asymmetric approaches to synthesizing these molecules is hindered by their functional group variability and intrinsic propensity to ligate metals. In particular, bipyridyl‐L‐alanine (BpyAla) is a highly sought ncAA but its complex, inefficient syntheses has limited utility. Here, we develop a chemoenzymatic approach to efficiently construct BpyAla. Three enzymes that can be produced in high titer together react to convert Gly and an aldehyde into the corresponding β‐hydroxy ncAA, which is subsequently deoxygenated. We explore approaches to synthesizing bi‐aryl aldehydes and show how the three‐enzymatic cascade can access a range of α‐amino acids with bulky side chains, including a variety of metal chelating amino acids. We show that newly‐accessible BpyAla analogs are compatible with existing amber suppression technology, which will enable future merging of traditional synthetic and biosynthetic approaches to tuning metal reactivity.

Acetylation of the yeast Hsp40 chaperone protein Ydj1 fine-tunes proteostasis and translational fidelity.

Proteostasis, the maintenance of cellular protein balance, is essential for cell viability and is highly conserved across all organisms. Newly synthesized proteins, or "clients," undergo sequential processing by Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 chaperones to achieve proper folding and functionality. Despite extensive characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 and Hsp90, the modifications on Hsp40 remain less understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of lysine acetylation on the yeast Hsp40, Ydj1. By mutating acetylation sites on Ydj1's J-domain to either abolish or mimic constitutive acetylation, we observed that preventing acetylation had no noticeable phenotypic impact, whereas acetyl-mimic mutants exhibited various defects indicative of impaired Ydj1 function. Proteomic analysis revealed several Ydj1 interactions affected by J-domain acetylation, notably with proteins involved in translation. Further investigation uncovered a novel role for Ydj1 acetylation in stabilizing ribosomal subunits and ensuring translational fidelity. Our data suggest that acetylation may facilitate the transfer of Ydj1 between Ssa1 and Hsp82. Collectively, this work highlights the critical role of Ydj1 acetylation in proteostasis and translational fidelity.

Methodologies of meat analogue production and nutritional perspectives: a review

With increasing global population and environmental concerns, the development of meat analogues, including plant-based proteins and cultivated meat, has become a solution for elevating global protein production and addressing sustainability issues. North America and Europe lead the meat analogue market, driven by elevated consumer awareness of health and environmental concerns. Under the influence of western diet, the Asian market is also poised for growth. While cultivated meat industry remains immature, advancements in production and cost reductions are expected to boost its market share over time. Although research on meat analogue methodology has increased in recent years, reviews that combine production methodologies and nutritional perspectives remain uncommon. This review comprehensively analyses the production methods, nutritional values, and market prospects of meat analogues. Meat analogue production has great potential in reducing water consumption, promoting sustainability, and improving animal welfare. Meat analogue provides high protein content and balanced amino acid profile, though certain micronutrient deficiencies due to production processes. This review outlines directions for further research in meat analogue production, emphasizing the importance of enhancing production efficiency and nutritional fortification to address food insecurity and environmental damage.

PENGENALAN DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK HASIL PERIKANAN PADA IBU DAN BALITA SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN GEMAR MAKAN IKAN UNTUK MENCEGAH STUNTING DI KB TK YAA BUNAYYA, SURABAYA

Early childhood is the golden age of children's development to obtain an educational process and is also fundamental and strategic education in the development of human resources, therefore we, the Faculty of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, Airlangga University, collaborate with Day Care- KB-PAUD and YAA BUNAYYA Kindergarten to carry out activities community service related to the introduction of diversified fishery products among mothers and toddlers as an effort to increase their interest in eating fish to prevent stunting. Day Care-KB-PAUD and TK YAA BUNAYYA is an educational institution for early pre-school age in Surabaya City, East Java Province with a total of 130 students and 25 teachers. Indonesia is a developing country that is still facing serious problems regarding stunting and improving nutritional status is a top priority, therefore having a community service program related to the introduction of fishery product diversification is one solution to increase fish consumption as a high protein intake to prevent stunting. In this community service activity, we introduce from an early age the importance of eating fish, the nutritional content, and the benefits obtained from consuming fishery products. The activities carried out were demonstrations distributing fish food products, providing education for children, parents and teachers about the importance of eating fish. Finally, we also share modules related to several types of fisheries food diversification which can be easily practiced at school or by parents at home

Precipitating Factors of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal

Introduction: Chronic liver disease is a common disease presenting in hospitals in Nepal. A large number of cirrhotics present with hepatic encephalopathy. Various precipitating factors are present which precipitate hepatic encephalopathy. This study was intended to identify the precipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathy and to assess whether identifiable precipitating factors of encephalopathy are present. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based observational cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Medicine, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. A total of 80 patients were included. The precipitating factors for encephalopathy were documented along with grading. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.725 ± 11.33 years. There were 55 males (68.8%) and 25 (31.3%) females in the study. All the patients (100%) had a significant amount of alcohol consumption. It was found that hepatic encephalopathy was more severe in the higher Child-Pugh class as compared to a lower one. At least 1 precipitating factor was identified in 81% of patients. The common precipitating factors were increased protein intake, bleeding, infection, diarrhea, and constipation. Conclusions: We conclude that there are different factors that play a key role in precipitating hepatic encephalopathy, with a high protein diet, constipation, bleeding, and infections being predominant. A minor change in dietary habits, regular follow up and timely visits to the health care facility may result in the identification of these common precipitating factors like infections, constipation, and diarrhea.

New Insights into Red and White Quinoa Protein Isolates: Nutritional, Functional, Thermal Properties

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds, renowned for their nutritional richness and balanced amino acid profile, offer promising potential as food ingredients. This study focused on extracting and characterizing the protein isolates from red and white quinoa varieties to evaluate their physicochemical and functional properties. Protein isolation involved alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation, followed by characterization through amino acid analysis, phenolic profiling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurement, particle size distribution analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and rheological studies. The results showed that both the red and white quinoa protein isolates exhibited high protein content and essential amino acids, with notable differences in their amino acid compositions. The phenolic and flavonoid content varied between the red and white quinoa seeds, highlighting their potential antioxidant properties. SEM revealed distinct microstructural differences between the red and white quinoa protein isolates. Zeta potential measurements indicated the negative surface charges, influencing the stability in the solution. A particle size distribution analysis showed the monomodal distributions with minor variations in the mean particle size. The DSC profiles demonstrated multiple denaturation peaks, reflecting the complex protein compositions. Rheological studies indicated diverse gelation behaviors and mechanical properties. Overall, this comprehensive characterization underscores the potential of quinoa protein isolates as functional food ingredients with diverse applications in the food industry.

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Disease Activity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Exploratory Study in Western Mexico

Background and objectives: The correlation between diminished 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) concentrations and heightened disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients remains contentious, as clinical studies have yielded conflicting outcomes—some propose a potential link, while others assert no relationship exists. Nonetheless, all studies report a significant prevalence of low 25-(OH)D levels among SLE patients. This study aimed to assess the frequency of low serum levels of 25-(OH)D in Mexican patients with SLE and to evaluate the correlation between 25-(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency and disease activity levels. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis comprised patients admitted to our hospital from November 2022 to October 2023, diagnosed with SLE, and had their serum 25-(OH)D levels tested upon admission. The frequency of low levels of 25-(OH)D was assessed, and clinical and demographic data were gathered to examine potential causes linked to 25-(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency. Results: A total of 61 patients were included, and 87% (n = 53) had low serum 25-(OH)D levels. Patients with 25-(OH)D deficiency (n = 21) were significantly younger (mean 23 vs. 39 years, p = 0.04) and had higher protein levels in 24 h urine protein (1.8 vs. 1.1 g/24 h, p = 0.006) than patients who presented only 25-(OH)D insufficiency, without significant differences in other indicators of disease activity. Conclusions: In this investigation, patients with SLE exhibited a high frequency of low serum levels of 25-(OH)D, consistent with existing literature; however, no significant correlations were identified between 25-(OH)D levels and indicators of disease activity. These findings require validation in subsequent research.

The Effects of High Protein Intake on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Weight Loss in Low Caloric Diets in Obese Adults: A Systematic Review

Introduction: This systematic review has been undertaken in order to assess the effects of hypocaloric, high- protein diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors such as serum lipid levels in metabolically healthy obese adults. The primary outcomes measured include changes in pre-and post- diet mean BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels. Methods: Four databases including: Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science were searched with no restrictions on language or publication period. Clinicaltrials.gov was also searched in order to identify unpublished or on-going studies. Results: Three of four studies included in this systematic review noted a significantly greater loss in pre- and post- diet mean BMI levels in the hypocaloric, high-protein diet group as compared to hypocaloric, non-high protein diets (control). Whilst pre- and post-diet mean LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels did not differ significantly among hypocaloric, high-protein and control diet groups. Conclusion: Hypocaloric, high-protein diets had an unclear effect on blood-lipid levels as compared to control. Weight loss however was significantly greater in the hypocaloric, high-protein group as compared to other hypocaloric, non-high-protein diet groups.

Retrospect of fishmeal substitution in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a review.

With the growth of the population, the demand for aquatic products is increasing. Additionally, the development of the aquaculture industry has led to a heightened demand for fishmeal (FM). FM is a high-protein feed raw material made from one or more types of fish, which has been deoiled, dehydrated, and crushed. The world's major FM-producing countries include Peru, Chile, Japan, Denmark, etc., among which exports from Peru and Chile account for about 70% of the total trade volume. However, in recent years, global warming, environmental pollution, and overfishing have gradually declined marine fishery resources. The shortage of high-quality FM and its rising prices have become a significant constraint to the development of fisheries. Consequently, aquaculture nutritionists are actively seeking solutions to reduce the reliance on FM by either enhancing the utilization rate of existing FM or developing new protein sources as substitutes. The challenge of FM replacement has thus emerged as a significant global issue. Largemouth bass (LMB) is one of the more cultured freshwater fishes in the world and is popular among consumers for its delicious and delicate flesh and rich and diverse nutrition. The protein content in feed is an essential factor affecting LMB growth and feed cost. LMB protein requirement is about 40-50%, and the amount of FM added accounts for about 50% of the protein feed. This article reviews the current research status of alternative protein sources, including plant proteins, livestock and poultry by-product proteins, insect proteins, and single-cell proteins. This research is significant for exploring feed formulation and cost reduction for LMB.

A Novel Cross-Immune Antigen Vaccine Platform for Influenza Virus Type A.

We have developed a novel cross-immune antigen vaccine platform for influenza A virus. The vaccine antigen is a fusion protein of headless hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix protein 1 (M1), which possess B-cell and T-cell epitopes, respectively, that are conserved among subgroup A viruses. The single molecule of headless HA and M1 fusion protein forms an oligomer by self-assembly of M1. T-Helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells were activated in an antigen-specific manner in lymphocyte cultures of antigen-immunized mice. The antigen-immunized antiserum neutralized influenza virus A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, and intranasal administration of the antigen reduced mortality to less than 30% in a protection assay.

Neuroprotective effect of mealworm protein hydrolysate-derived bioactive peptides in human microglial cells

Abstract The larva of Tenebrio molitor, better known as mealworm, is one of the most studied insects today, since it was recently classified as safe for human consumption. Specifically, its high protein content makes it a splendid candidate for the search for bioactive peptides, with properties ranging from anti-inflammatory to neuroprotective. In this study, the effect of a digested hydrolysate on microglia cells (which previously demonstrated high anti-inflammatory activity in intestinal CACO-2 cells) was analysed, specifically on their levels of gene expression of various cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, or IL-1β, among others. In addition, four chemically synthesised peptides, selected from this digested hydrolysate based on in silico analysis, including the estimation of the bioactive properties of these peptides, their physicochemical properties and their toxicokinetic, were evaluated in the microglia cells as well. In addition, molecular docking assays of the peptides were performed with two receptors relevant to inflammation. Relevant changes in the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and BDNF were observed due to the action of the peptides, especially in the case of IYVDAVIN and SLPSLPEPV. These results provide an insight on how specific peptides found in Tenebrio molitor could be used as therapeutics agent in the immunomodulation of brain cells.

Unveiling Key Correlation Studies in Local Germplasm of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (l.) Wilczek

The present investigation entitled “Unveiling key correlation studies in local germplasm of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted at Agricultural Botany section farm, College of Agriculture, Dhule during kharif-2022. The experimental material included 42 genotypes of mungbean which were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications, representing different eco-geographic regions and the source of material was Assistant Pulse Breeder, Oilseed Research Station, Nimkhedi, Jalgoan and local collection from Dhagdaon, Akkalkua, Nandurbar of Maharashtra state. Genotypes were evaluated for twelve diverse characters and correlation coefficient studies were conducted. The weight of 100 seeds (0.5054), the number of seeds per pod (0.4168), the thickness of the pods (0.339), the number of clusters per plant (0.2602), the number of pods per plant (0.2232), and the seed output per plant were the most significant and favourable relationships. It has a negative and non-significant correlation with the number of pods per cluster (-0.0534), but a positive correlation with plant height (0.1748), pod length (0.1737), protein content (0.159), 50 per cent flowering (0.0282) and days to maturity (0.0071). Based on the results, the highest yield of mungbean may be obtained from genotypes with higher protein content, early flowering and ripening, maximum plant height, long and thick pod size, more seeds per pod, and superior seed weight.