Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, non-specific intestinal disease of unknown etiology, with high incidence rates worldwide. At present, western medicine treatments have been associated with more adverse effects and poor efficacy, so Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is commonly used as an adjuvant treatment. TCM has unique advantages in regulating immune function, repairing intestinal mucosa, and alleviating intestinal inflammation. At the same time, network pharmacology is also providing new ideas and innovations about TCM and the development of new drugs. Network pharmacology expounds on the molecular mechanisms of TCM in treating diseases. This is achieved by studying the multiple network relationships between diseases, targets, genes, and drugs. This review systematically discusses the progress of research with regard to treating UC using TCM, with a main focus on aspects such as intestinal flora balance, intestinal mucosal barrier, TCM enema, acupuncture therapy, and acupoint embedding. This study provides new ideas that clarify the therapeutic targets of UC and the development of TCM.