Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Research Articles

Electrochemical paper-based sensor based on molecular imprinted polymer and nitrogen-doped graphene for tetracycline determination

In this work, an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) based on molecular-imprinted polymer (MIP) and nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was developed for sensitive electrochemical detection of tetracycline in wastewater. The NG was in-situ synthesized on the paper-based screen-printed carbon electrode (pSPCE) by potentiostatic method to improve the conductivity of the sensor. Subsequently, the MIP were electropolymerized on NG using o-phenylenediamine (oPD) as a functional monomer and tetracycline (TC) as template molecule by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to deliver the specific recognition of TC. The electrode modification process was highly controllable, and the detection efficiency was improved. The electrochemical properties of MIP/NG/ePAD were evaluated by CV, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, the fabricated ePAD sensor showed a good linear relationship with TC concentration ranging from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−5 mol/L with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.995 and a detection limit of 3.29 × 10−9 mol/L. The ePAD sensor was successfully applied to TC detection in real water samples with satisfied recoveries from 94.0 % to 106.9 %. The low-cost, portable, high specificity, and reliable ePAD sensor proposed here has promising potential for application in point-of-care testing (POCT) in environmental monitoring.

Lateral flow chromatography strip system for rapid fluorescence determination of phycocyanin in water samples

Phycocyanin (PC) is of great significance to biomedicine and water environmental safety. Hence, it is indispensable to develop facile and rapid method for PC determination. In this investigation, a system containing lateral flow chromatography (LFC) strip (which was deposited with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) based mesoporous structured coated silica nanoparticles, SiO2@QDs@ms-MIP NPs) and miniaturized fluorimeter was first fabricated. In detail, a two-step strategy was utilized for preparation of SiO2@QDs@ms-MIP NPs, which consisted of modification of CdTe QDs onto the silica NPs first, and synthesis of mesoporous imprinting shell by using PC as template molecule and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. After that, novel fluorescence NPs possessing specific recognition and sensitivity toward PC in seawater and lake water were acquired. The resulting fluorescent sensing system exhibited outstanding performances, which included excellent sensitivity (4.5 nmol/L), satisfactory specificity (imprinting factor, 2.31), appropriate linearity range (0.01~5 μmol/L), good recovery (96.0~101.7%), excellent stability (relative standard deviation, RSD<1.1%), wonderful reproducibility (RSD<1.1%), and excellent anti-interference ability. The results of the fluorescent sensing system were superior to those of the commonly used ultraviolet (UV) method. The proposed strategy showed great potential for fast (<10min) and convenient fluorescence detection of PC in real samples.

Molecularly imprinting polymethacrylamide onto Cu-based metal-organic framework as a pH-sensitive core-shell nanocarrier for potential anti-cancer drug delivery.

Surface molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are an efficient and rapidly advancing approach, increasingly being utilized in drug delivery systems (DDSs). This research involved synthesizing a core-shell structure, consisting of a metal-organic framework (MOF) core and a doxorubicin (DOX) imprinted polymethacrylamide shell, prepared via precipitation polymerization method in green media. The resulting MOF@MIP was utilized as a nanocarrier for DOX delivery, exhibiting high drug loading capacity and pH responsiveness delivery. The materials were characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential (ZP). In vitro studies on DOX loading and release demonstrated that a higher amount of DOX was released in a sustained manner under tumor tissue conditions (pH 5, 41 °C) compared to normal physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Additionally, cytotoxicity evaluations revealed significant cytotoxic effects of DOX-loaded MOF@MIP on MCF-7 cells (IC50: 2 μg/mL). Based on these findings, the synthesized MOF@MIP shows promise as a potential candidate for the development of anticancer therapeutic delivery platforms.

An Overview of Microfluidic‐assisted Strategies for Synthesis and Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

This review gives an overview of using microfluidics in conjunction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), which covers two aspects: on the one hand, on‐chip synthesis of polymer and MIP particles on the nano and the micro scale. This comprises both approaches using two different immiscible solvents and homogeneous matrices to obtain the desired particle morphologies. On the other hand, especially paper‐based microfluidic systems have attracted increasing interest as low‐cost analytical tools that are inherently useful for applying at the point of care. By now, there have been several successful attempts to combine them with MIP (instead of biological recognition systems) and to successfully apply them in environmental samples, food matrices, and for diagnostic applications.

IN VIVO INOCULATION OF GBM CELLS IN RATS AND TREATMENT WITH RUXOLITINIB

GlioStat (patent pending) denotes an invention that addresses the current deficiencies of glioblastoma (GBM) chemotherapy by developing a molecularly imprinted drug reservoir that is specifically designed for post-surgical recovery. The goal of our research was to guarantee the long-term release of the antitumor drug ruxolitinib (RUX), which is specifically designed to target residual infiltrative cancer cells, while simultaneously reducing the risk of adverse effects. In order to achieve this goal, we have successfully developed and characterized four distinctive molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), with one of them advancing to in vivo experimentation. The selection of one MIP for further in vivo investigations was guided by the Alamar Blue viability assay on C6 GBM cell cultures, which took into account both the efficacy and the potential toxicity of residual monomers. Over the course of 96 hours, MIP 2 demonstrated the most favorable risk-benefit profile, providing superior efficacy against GBM C6 cells. In contrast, its non-imprinted counterpart (NIP 2) exhibited minimal toxicity. The protocol involved anesthetising the male Wistar rats, immobilising them on a corkboard, without the use of a stereotactic headholder. After shaving the head and local disinfection with iodine solution, we made a linear sagittal incision and exposed the parietal bones. A 3x3 mm burr hole was made with a pneumatic drill in the right parietal bone, revealing the dura mater. Subsequently, we injected 20,000 C6 GBM cells suspended in 5 microliters of solution in the cerebral parenchyma at a depth of 3 mm. Clinical and imaging control was performed. For the animals that developed tumors, a second therapeutic intervention was performed. The rats were anesthetised, disinfected, and readied in the same manner as before. The burr hole was exposed, with the tumor being partially resected via a “microscooping” technique. Next, 5-10 microliters of MIP2 solution (4 mg/mL) were injected into the parenchyma respective of the tumor bed. Five microliters of thrombin solution were then added (100 UI/mL) to form the fibrin network. In comparison to the untreated controls and animals treated with free RUX, animals treated with MIP2 exhibited a substantial increase in survival time during the in vivo evaluation, extending from 20 to 50 days. As such, our research had yielded a potentially life-changing drug delivery system in GBM, with the capacity to significantly increase postoperative survival. More in vivo tests should be conducted to validate our findings.

Designing a molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of the antimalarial chloroquine phosphate.

For the first time anelectrochemical sensor based on nanomaterial-supported molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is applied to the sensitive and specific determination of chloroquine phosphate(CHL). The sensor was produced using an electropolymerization (EP) approach, and it was formed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using CHL as a template and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and aniline (ANI) as functional monomers. Incorporating Prussian blue polyethyleneglycol-amine nanoparticles (PB@PEG-NH2) in the MIP-based electrochemical sensor increased the active surface area and porosity. The developed CHL/AMPS-PANI/PB@PEG-NH2/MIP-GCE sensor was characterized morphologically and electrochemically using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The indirect measurement of CHL was accomplished in 5.0mmol L-1 [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4 solutionusing differential pulse voltammetry, displaying linear response between 1.75 × 10-12 and 2.50 × 10-13M, and limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 6.68 × 10-14M and 2.23 × 10-13M, respectively, in standard solutions. CHL recoveries in spiked serum and tablet form ranged from 99.13 to 101.51%, while the relative standard deviations (RSD%) were below 2.41% in both types of samples. In addition, the sensor's excellent selectivity was successfully demonstrated in the presence of components with a chemical structure similar to CHL.

Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Combined with Solid-Phase Extraction for Purification of Schisandra chinensis Lignans

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can specifically recognize template molecules in solution with imprinted cavities. Due to their capacity for scalable production, they can be used to isolate target products from natural products for industrial production in the fields of pharmaceuticals and food. In this study, magnetic single-template molecularly imprinted polymers (St-MIPs) instead of magnetic multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (Mt-MIPs) were prepared by surface imprinting using Schizandrol A as a template molecule and deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a functional monomer, combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the adsorption and separation of Schizandrol A, Schisantherin A, Schizandrin A, and Schizandrin B from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) fruits extracts. The synthesized MIPs were characterized by FT-IR, TEM, SEM, TG, XRD and VSM, and their adsorption properties were also evaluated. MIPs can specifically recognize the template molecules with high reusability. The purity of the total S. chinensis lignans after SPE was 74.05%, among which that of Schizandrol A, Schisantherin A, Schizandrin A, and Schizandrin B was 33.38%, 8.69%, 16.33% and 15.67%, respectively. Moreover, the one-step synthesis of carrier was easy to operate. And St-MIPs reduced the production cost compared with Mt-MIPs. This study provides a new idea for natural product separation by molecular imprinting technology (MIT).

An adsorbent of molecularly imprinted polymer incorporating graphene quantum dots to extract and determine bisphenols in soft drinks and milk

A highly selective magnetic composite adsorbent composed of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was fabricated and applied for the extraction and quantification of three bisphenols in soft drink and milk samples. Magnetite nanoparticles incorporated into the MIP enabled the adsorbent to be isolated from the sample solution with a magnet. The extraction efficiency toward target bisphenols was enhanced by the selective recognition sites of the MIP layer and also the abundant adsorption sites in GQDs. In the optimum condition, the composite adsorbent coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exhibited linearity in the range of 10.0–200.0 µg L−1. The limit of detection was 3.0 µg L−1 while the limit of quantification was 10.0 µg L−1. Applied to determine bisphenols in real samples, the proposed method achieved relative recoveries from 84.3 % to 94.9 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 7 %. The proposed method is simple, rapid, efficient and accurate. The adsorbent can be reused for up to four extraction and desorption cycles, thus reducing the cost of analysis.

Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on APTES-functionalized indium tin oxide electrode for the determination of sulfadiazine.

Anelectrochemical sensor was developedfor the sensitive and selective detection of sulfadiazine(SDZ), based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film formed on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode through a self-assembly process. The SDZ-imprinted ITO electrode (SDZ-MIP/APTES-ITO) was prepared through in situ polymerization using sulfadiazine, methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the template, functional monomer, cross-linker, and initiator respectively. Before polymerization, the ITO electrode was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to promote covalent attachment of the polymer to the electrode. After polymerization, the template molecule SDZ was removed to create selective recognition sites, forming the molecularly imprinted polymer electrode (MIP/APTES-ITO), which facilitates sulfadiazine detection. The sensor's performance was evaluated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, demonstrating a linear response in the sulfadiazine concentration range 0.1 to 300μM, with a detection limit of 0.11μM. The MIP-based sensor exhibited goodreproducibility, repeatability, selectivity, and stability in sulfadiazine detection. Its practical applicability was confirmed by the successful quantification of sulfadiazine in spiked milk samples.

Recent Progress and Applications of Advanced Nanomaterials in Solid-Phase Extraction.

Sample preparation maintains a key bottleneck in the whole analytical procedure. Solid-phase sorbents (SPSs) have garnered increasing attention in sample preparation research due to their crucial roles in achieving high clean-up and enrichment efficiency in the analysis of trace targets present in complex matrices. Novel nanoscale materials with improved characteristics have garnered considerable interest across different scientific disciplines due to the limited capabilities of traditional bulk-scale materials. The purpose of this review is to offer a thorough summary of the latest developments and uses of SPSs in preparing samples for chromatographic analysis, focusing on the years 2020-2024. The techniques for preparing SPSs are examined, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and metallic nanomaterials (MNs). Examining the pros and cons of different extraction methods, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), magnetic SPE (MSPE), flow-based SPE (FBA-SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and dispersive SPE (DSPE), is the main focus. Furthermore, this article presents the utilization of SPE technology for isolating common contaminants in various environmental, biological, and food specimens. We highlight the persistent challenges in SPSs and anticipate future advancements and applications of novel SPSs.

An MIP-Based PFAS Sensor Exploiting Nanolayers on Plastic Optical Fibers for Ultra-Wide and Ultra-Low Detection Ranges-A Case Study of PFAS Detection in River Water.

In this work, a novel optical-chemical sensor for the detection of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs) in a real scenario is presented. The proposed sensing approach exploits the multimode characteristics of plastic optical fibers (POFs) to achieve unconventional sensors via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena. The sensor is realized by the coupling of an SPR-POF platform with a novel chemical chip based on different polymeric nanolayers over the core of a D-shaped POF, one made up of an optical adhesive and one of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for PFAS. The chemical chip is used to launch the light into the SPR D-shaped POF platform, so the interaction between the analyte and the MIP's sites can be used to modulate the propagated light in the POFs and the SPR phenomena. Selectivity tests and dose-response curves by standard PFOA water solutions were carried out to characterize the detection range sensor response, obtaining a wide PFAS response range, from 1 ppt to 1000 ppt. Then, tests performed on river water samples collected from the Bormida river paved the way for the applicability of the proposed approach to a real scenario.

Flexible Au@Ag/PDMS SERS imprinted membrane combined with molecular imprinting technology for selective detection of MC-LR

In this study, a core–shell structured bimetallic nano-cube, Au@Ag NCs, was prepared by seed-mediated growth procedure. The array structure of Au@Ag NCs was achieved at the interface through the autonomous assembly technique at the three-phase boundary. Employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible carrier, the array structure was effortlessly transferred to the PDMS membrane, bypassing the need for rigid substrates through a simple “pasting” method. This yielded a highly flexible and transparent SERS substrate with an array structure (Au@Ag NCs/PDMS membrane, AAP). In order to promote the selective detection property to the practical samples, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were coated on the surface of membrane to prepare the imprinted membrane (Au@Ag NCs/PDMS-MIMs, AAP-MIMs). It was demonstrated from the results that the AAP-MIMs exhibited high SERS sensitivity, stability, and uniformity. Furthermore, the flexible substrate possessed commendable mechanical strength, and facilitated the detection of analytes on irregular surfaces. In summary, this substrate held promising potential for practical on-site detection and analysis of specific target substances.

Anchor carbon dots inside NH2-MIL-88B via ship-in-a-bottle strategy for dual signal enhancement in colorimetric-fluorescent sensors

The increase in oxytetracycline (OTC) pollution has become a significant risk to ecological stability and human health because of excessive use. Therefore, developing a precise and reliable sensor for trace OTC detection is critical. In this work, a dual-mode sensor of colorimetric-fluorescent (CL-FL) with dual signal-on was developed for OTC detection. Firstly, a novel carbon dots encapsulating in cavities of MOFs composite (CDs@NH2-MIL-88B) was constructed by the ship-in-a-bottle approach, which enhanced peroxidase-like activity and fluorescent intensity. Further, combining with surface molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), the dual-mode sensor was constructed to develop selectivity (CDs@NH2-MIL-88B@rMIP). Finally, the dual signal enhancement mechanism of the sensor comes from the interaction between OTC and identifying binding site involving strong hydrogen bonding and metal complexation from imprinted cavity and CDs@NH2-MIL-88B, respectively. The prepared sensor has a linear detection range of 1.00 × 10−9 - 1.00 × 10−5 M with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.47 × 10−10 M for the CL mode and a detection range of 1.00 × 10−11 −1.00 × 10−7 M with the LOD of 1.84 × 10−12 M for the FL mode. Meanwhile, the sensor shows high sensitivity, accuracy and reliability in OTC detection. Overall, this work provides a promising CL-FL dual-mode sensing systems with signal-on in the detection of antibiotics and other hazardous pollutants.

Detection of tetracycline by molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on the modification of poly(3,4-propylene dioxythiophene)/chitosan/au

In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor based on poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)/chitosan/Au (PProDOT/CS/Au) composite modification was designed for highly sensitive and selective detection of TC. Green synthesis of CS/Au without the use of reducing agents, followed by in-situ oxidation polymerization of PProDOT. The high electrochemical activity and high stability of PProDOT, the numerous functional groups (-OH, -NH2) of CS, and the excellent electron transport capacity of AuNPs, which provided a suitable incubation chamber for the production of imprinted cavities. Meanwhile, combined with the specific recognition ability of MIP, it showed superior performance over bare glassy carbon electrodes. Under the optimal experimental conditions, this sensor showed good linearity for TC in the concentration ranges of 0.0001–100 μM, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.19 nM. At the same time, the sensor exhibited satisfactory selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability. It was evident from the results of the study that the sensor designed in this paper showed considerable potential for application in the detection of TC in pharmaceuticals, the environment, and food samples.

Enzyme Activity Inhibition of α-Amylase Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Hydrogel Microparticles.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a class of synthetic recognition materials that offer a cost-effective and robust alternative to antibodies. While MIPs have found predominant use in biosensing and diagnostic applications, their potential for alternative uses, such as enzyme inhibition, remains unexplored. In this work, we synthesized a range of acrylamide-based hydrogel MIP microparticles (35 μm) specific for the recognition of α-amylase. These MIPs also showed good selectivity toward the target protein with over 96% binding of the target protein, compared with the control nonimprinted polymer (NIP) counterparts. Specificity of the MIPs was determined with the binding of nontarget proteins, trypsin, human serum albumin (HSA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The MIPs were further evaluated for their ability to inhibit α-amylase enzymatic activity, showing a significant decrease in activity. These findings highlight the potential of MIPs as enzyme inhibitors, suggesting an innovative application beyond their conventional use.

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on quasi-three-dimensional nanomaterials Nb2CTx/AgNWs for specific detection of sulfadiazine.

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIECS) was constructed for the specific detection of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in food. Niobium carbide (Nb2CTx) as a typical two-dimensional lamellar nanomaterial has good electrical conductivity and unique structure, which was assembled with one-dimensional silver nanowires (AgNWs) to form quasi-three-dimensional composite nanomaterials (Nb2CTx/AgNWs). As spacer material, AgNWs prevented the aggregation of Nb2CTx and the collapse of Nb2CTx layers. At the same time, a fast electron transport channel was constructed through the synergistic effect between nanomaterialsthe two. The Nb2CTx/AgNWs realized the enhancement of electrical signals. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) endowed the sensor with selectivity, achieving the specific detection of sulfadiazine. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the method has a wide linear range (1 × 10-8-1 × 10-4 mol L-1) and a low limit of detection (1.30 × 10-9 mol L-1). The sensor was used to detect sulfadiazine in pork, chicken, and feed samples, and the recovery was 82.61-94.87%. The results were in good agreement with the HPLC results, which proved the accuracy and practicability of the method.

Lossy Mode Resonance Optical Fiber Enhanced by Electrochemical-Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Glucose Detection.

Noninvasive glucose sensors are emergent intelligent sensors for analyzing glucose concentration in body fluids within invasion-free conditions. Conventional glucose sensors are often limited by a number of issues such as invasive and real-time detection, creating challenges in continuously characterizing biomarkers or subtle binding dynamics. In this study, we introduce an efficient lossy mode resonance (LMR) optical fiber sensor incorporating the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to amplify glucose molecules. A molecularly imprinted recognition platform is created on an LMR sensor surface through a convenient one-step electrochemical (EC) polymerization method, in which 3-Aminophenylboric acid and glucose serve as the functional monomer and template molecule, respectively. LMR resonance wavelength shift induced by the coupling of the optical lossy mode and the fiber core mode is employed as the parameter to characterize biomolecules. Due to its high sensitivity to surrounding environment changes, a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.62 × 10-2 μmol/L for glucose can be achieved by this optical fiber sensor. Additionally, the prepared EC-MIPs LMR sensor is capable of detecting glucose molecules in human saliva samples with high accuracy, endowing its potential for practical applications.

A novel method for quality evaluation of Radix Angelica sinensis based on molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor

Rapid and sensitive detection of n-butylidenephthalide (NBP) is crucial for quality control of Radix Angelica Sinensis (RAS) and its related pharmaceuticals due to their shared pharmacological effects, such as immune enhancement and anti-tumor properties. Current detection methods struggle to quantify NBP quickly and accurately. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor has been developed, forming a film on PCN-222(Fe) via electropolymerization for the rapid and selective detection of NBP. o-Phenylenediamine (o-PD) was polymerized onto PCN-222(Fe), utilizing its high surface area and porous structure to create a high-performance MIP (MIP/PCN-222(Fe)) sensor. This sensor detects NBP binding at the molecularly imprinted sites through a redox probe, with current changes reflecting the NBP content in the sample. This sensor exhibits a strong affinity for NBP, with a linear detection range from 200 nM to 1 mM, a detection limit of 76 nM, and high specificity towards similar phthalide compounds. Experimental results show that the MIP/PCN-222(Fe) sensor can accurately quantify NBP in real samples, offering a simplified method with promising applications for RAS quality evaluation.

Comparative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Persistence in Canadian Wastewater Treatment Plants Utilizing Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Commercial Solid Phase Extraction Sorbents

In this study, the performances of a synthesized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) and a commercial Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridge were compared in terms of the removal efficiency and quantification of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater samples. Concentration analysis of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Naproxen, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, and Efavirenz was conducted in influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and post-chlorination water samples using liquid chromatography-UV detection. Regressions analysis revealed high linearity (R2 values from 0.9980 to 0.9999) for the compounds, alongside recoveries ranging from 90.9% to 100%. The method detection limits (MDLs) were also determined. Removal efficiencies were computed, with Naproxen and Ibuprofen demonstrating complete removal (100%), while other compounds displayed different of removal efficiency levels. The MIP was found to perform slightly better than traditional SPE cartridges in terms of selectivity, efficiency, and overall performance. This study provides valuable insights into the concentrations of target compounds at various treatment stages, emphasizing the importance of choosing extraction cartridges in wastewater treatment processes.

Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on luminol functionalized Co-MOF for rifampicin detection.

A highly sensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence (MIECL) sensor was developed for detecting rifampicin (RIF) based on luminol@Co-MOF. Co-MOF had a significant enhancement of ECL signaling in the luminol-O2 system. Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) with the introduction of RIF provide new properties for the specific recognition of RIF. A noteworthy decrease in ECL intensity was observed with higher concentrations of RIF. Consequently, the ECL signal was controlled by RIF elution from and adsorption by the MIP, thus establishing a new method for RIF detection. Under optimal conditions, this sensor exhibited linear detection ranges of RIF between 1.0 × 10-11mol L-1 and 1.0 × 10-6mol L-1, with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-12mol L-1 (S/N = 3). The recoveries ranged between 98.1 and 106.0% in fish samples. This method can be used as a sensitive and rapid method to detect RIF in real samples.