Molar Refractive Index Research Articles

Exploring the impact of CuCl2 modification on structural variations and dielectric constant in bismuth borate tellurite glasses

Copper chloride doped boro-tellurite-based glass series with compositions 60TeO2-(25-x) Bi2O3–15B2O3-xCuCl2 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) were synthesized using the traditional melt-quench procedure. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the examined glasses reveal their amorphous nature. The effect of CuCl2 addition on the glass network/structural units was studied using vibrational (FTIR/Raman) spectroscopy, and CuCl2 inclusion in the glass matrix resulted in a transformation from compact TeO4 to TeO3 structural units This shows that copper chloride acts as a modifier in the examined glass series, resulting in the creation of non-bridging oxygen (NBOs), meaning that the loosening of the glass network is further supported by a decrease in the glass transition temperature as CuCl2 content increases. UV–Vis DRS spectra of examined glasses reveal an absorption band corresponding to the typical transition of Cu2+ ions from 2B1g → 2B2g, situated in deformed octahedral sites in absorption spectra. As Cu+ concentration rises, the indirect optical band gap values drop from 2.94 eV to 1.75 eV. The metallization criterion values lie between 0.383 and 0.300 suggesting that these glasses are potential candidates for nonlinear optical applications. With an increase in Cu+ concentration, the values of molar refractive index (Rm) and molar electronic polarizability αm increases from 22.412 to 26.205 and 8.894 to 10.398 respectively, which correlate with increasing dielectric constant (ε′) values as the Cu+ amount increases. Further dielectric studies reveal non-Debye-type relaxation behaviour.

Exploring the structural, optical and photoluminescence of novel terbium-doped barium borosilicate glasses for high-performance technologies

The production process involved the use of the melt-quenching approach to produce a series of barium borosilicate glasses with the specific chemical formula 55B2O3+(26-x)BaO+12SiO2+7Na2O + xTb4O7, where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mol%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectra measurement were used to examine the prepared samples. X-ray diffraction revealed the non-crystalline character of the assembled samples. The Raman spectroscopy revealed that the incorporation of Tb4O7 into borosilicate glasses induced alterations in their structure. As the doping of Tb3+ ions increases, the density and molar volume of the glasses under investigation increase. Furthermore, the ion concentration and field strength increase while the polaron radius and inter-ionic distance decrease. The glass optical absorption spectra showed five peaks in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 2000 nm: 5L10, 5D3, 5D4, 7F(0, 1, 2), and 7F3, attributed to Tb3+ ion electronic transitions. In addition, optical parameters like optical energy gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, molar refractive index, reflection loss, electronic polarizability, and optical transmission coefficient were computed. Terbium-doped borosilicate glasses had a decreased optical energy gap and an improved refractive index. Photoluminescence spectra were excited at 325 nm and showed five peaks in the range of 400–750 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibit distinct peaks in the visible range.

Fast fabrication, gas sense characteristics and kinetics of cubic Ti-BIPA-TC-MOF film composite optical waveguides

A cubic Ti-metal-organic framework (MOF) ([Ti2–(TpA)2–H2BIPA]), constructed from a titanium metal centre and a benzo-imidephenanthroline tetracarboxylic acid (H4BIPA–TC) ligand was photo-inductively grown on the surface of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite optical waveguide (COWG) substrate and the influence of photo-inductive growth period on the [Ti2–(TpA)2–H2BIPA] film surface morphology, optical properties and gas adsorption/sensing characteristics was investigated. The results showed that [Ti2–(TpA)2–H2BIPA] formed a cubic structure after grew for only 5 min. As an ideal gas adsorbent, it exhibits a specific response to ethylenediamine (EDA) among various benzene, amine and acid gases, due to the intrinsic electron deficiency, rich COOH active sites of the Ti–BIPA–TC–MOF–5 frame and the higher molar refractive indexes or dipoles of EDA than other gases. In the EDA concentration range from 10 ppt to 100 ppm, the Ti–BIPA–TC–MOF–5 film COWG exhibited a rapid, repeatable response. Moreover, the Ti–BIPA–TC–MOF–5 film COWG was relatively stable, within 17 d of EDA detection, the response intensity was almost constant and slightly decreased within 40 d. In a static gas adsorption stage at 283–313 K, the EDA gas adsorption behaviour of the Ti–BIPA–TC–MOF–5 film is consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

The thermodynamic behavior of binary systems isoamyl acetate and alcohol through experimental measurements and modeling

The thermodynamic and transport properties are experimentally determined for three binary liquid mixtures consisting of isoamyl acetate and different alcohols at ambient pressure and in temperature range. From measured density, viscosity and refractive index are calculated excess molar volume, viscosity and refractive index deviations. Isentropic compressibility and excess molar Gibbs free energies of viscous flow are determined combining density with speed of sound and viscosity data. All mentioned derived properties are used to analyze the changes taking place in investigated binary systems causing deviations from the ideal mixture. Additionally, partial molar volumes and excess partial molar volumes, as well as thermal expansion coefficient, were calculated. The results are discussed in terms of chemical structure of used compounds and the influence of the alcohol present in the mixture on the mixture behavior. The study showed that higher influence has branching of the alcohol molecule and position of the –OH group rather than the length of the primary alcohol chain. Beside the experimental part, the modeling of the excess molar volume and viscosity was also performed, and the percentage deviations are used as the indicator of model performance in terms of model approach, predictive or correlative, and number of model parameters, one to three parameters optimized.

Densities, Excess Molar Volumes and Excess Refractive Indices for Binary Solutions of D2O and H2O

Densities, Excess Molar Volumes and Excess Refractive Indices for Binary Solutions of D2O and H2O

Fabrication of sponge-like Zn-dpNDI-MOF film optical waveguides for study of improved optical gas adsorbility and kinetics

A sponge-like zinc metal-organic framework film, [Zn2(TpA)2(dpNDI)]n (Zn-dpNDI-MOF, where, TpA = terephthalic acid; dpNDI = N,N′-dipyridylnaphthalenediimide), was prepared on a tin-doped glass optical waveguide (OWG) substrate using a solvothermal method. The effect of the solvothermal growth time on the morphology, optical characteristics, and gas adsorption properties of the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film was investigated. The gas adsorption sensitivity was assessed by comparing the growth of Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWGs under in situ and UV-light illumination conditions. The results revealed that the Zn-dpNDI-MOF films were optically transparent and exhibited a sponge-like structure after 20 h of continuous growth. Additionally, they demonstrated a higher adsorption response to xylene and ethylenediamine (EDA) gases because of the intrinsic electron deficiencies of the framework and the higher molar refractive indices and dipoles of xylene and EDA compared to other gases. Within the xylene concentration range of 10 ppb–1000 ppm, the OWG film exhibited a fast, improved response. In the static gas adsorption process performed at 283–313 K, the xylene adsorption behaviour of the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film followed a pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. Within 0–60 min of adsorption time, the amount of xylene gas adsorbed on the unit surface was shows as high as 6.21 μg cm−2. Compared to the in situ grown film, the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWGs showed higher sensitivity to xylene gas owing to their higher refractive indices.

Thermophysical Properties of Biodiesel with Ethyl Levulinate, Ethyl Acetoacetate, and Ethyl Pyruvate + MgO Mixtures from 288.15 to 338.15 K

Thermophysical properties are important to design the fuel system components and to evaluate new alternative fuels in diesel engine tests. Also, experimental properties allow us to understand the type of interactions present in the studied mixtures. Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of biodiesel + ethyl levulinate, + ethyl acetoacetate, and + ethyl pyruvate with MgO mixtures have been measured from 288.15 to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa over the whole composition range and at a constant concentration of 5 × 10–6 in mass fraction for MgO. Our experimental properties for the pure ketoesters agree with data reported in the literature within an average absolute percentage deviation of 0.056, 3.140, and 0.027 % for density, viscosity, and refractive index, respectively. Vibrating tube densimeter, glass capillary viscosimeter, and Abbemat refractometer have been used to measure the properties. Densities and viscosities of the biodiesel mixtures have been compared with the biodiesel fuel standard EN 14214. Flash point, cetane index, and calorific value of the biodiesel mixtures that meet the EN 14214 norm have been measured. Excess molar volume, viscosity deviation, and refractive index deviation are obtained from experimental data and correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation. Equations reported in the literature are used to correlate the thermophysical properties of the investigated mixtures.

Interaction between graphene oxide and acetaminophen in water under simulated sunlight: Implications for environmental photochemistry of PPCPs

In recent years, graphene oxide (GO) as a new carbon material has been widely investigated as adsorbent and catalyst. However, effects of GO on the micro-pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) under sunlight remains unclear. In this study, the degradation of PPCPs in a simulated sunlight-GO photocatalytic system was systematically investigated. Specifically, GO rapidly degrade 95% of acetaminophen (APAP) within 10 min under simulated sunlight irradiation (λ ≥ 350 nm). The influencing factors such as APAP concentration, pH, GO dosage, water matrixes (Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, SO42−, Ca2+, Fe3+and fulvic acid) were investigated. At a GO dosage of 100 mg L−1 and an initial pH of 7, the APAP (5 μM) photodegradation kinetic constant kobs was calculated to be 0.4547 min−1. In practical applications, the GO photocatalysis system still degrade over 90% APAP within 60 min in real surface water. The electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments revealed that the dominated active species for degrading APAP was photogenerated holes (h+), while other mechanisms (1O2 and O2•−/HO2•) played a minor role. Furthermore, the photochemical transformation of some other typical PPCPs were comparatively studied to reveal the relationship between degradation kinetics and molecular structure. Based on descriptive variables including molar refractive index parameter, octanol-water partition coefficient, dissociation constant and dipole moment, a quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) model for predicting pseudo-first-order rate constants was established with a high significance (R2 = 0.996, p < 0.05). This study helps to understand the interaction between GO and PPCPs and its effects on the photochemical transformation of PPCPs in water.

Density, Viscosity, and Refractive Index of a Choline Chloride + d-(−)-Fructose Deep Eutectic Solvent + Water Mixture at Different Temperatures: An Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Modeling

In the present study, first, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride + d-(−)-fructose was prepared using the heating method. Then, its physical properties including density, viscosity, and refractive index were experimentally measured at temperatures in the range of 283.15–343.15 K and a full composition range of DES at atmospheric pressure (83.09 kPa). The values of these three properties decrease with an increase in temperature, while the mole fraction has a nonlinear effect on these properties. For the density and refractive index, an increase in the mole fraction of DES to 0.3 causes a sharp increase in these physical properties, while from 0.3 to 1, this increase occurs slowly. For viscosity, increasing the mole fraction of DES has little effect at first, but at high mole fractions of DES, a sharp increase in viscosity occurs. In addition, the sharp change in the viscosity of DES depends on the temperature so that at low temperatures, this phenomenon occurs faster. So, adding water to DES will tailor the viscosity of the mixture to facilitate its applications. A polynomial equation was used to describe the density and refractive index as a function of temperature and mole fraction. Experimental viscosity was fitted to the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation. Using the measured data, in sequence, the values of excess molar volume (VmEx), viscosity deviation (Δη), and refractive index deviation (ΔnD) were calculated. The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation, finally, was used to correlate the values of VmEx, Δη, and ΔnD.

Performance evaluation and prediction of activated carbon for VOCs via experiments and LFER methods

Due to the diversity and fluidity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is difficult to conduct experimental studies on activated carbon (AC) used to capture VOCs in industry. Therefore, predicting the adsorption capacity of AC for VOCs is of great significance for evaluating the adsorption performance of AC and developing its promising applications. Herein, based on the experimental data of dynamic adsorption, the poly parameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) model was developed to quantify the interactions between VOCs and AC. Through the dynamic adsorption curves of 25 VOCs on a fixed bed packed with the AC, the partition coefficient (PC) and adsorption capacity (q) of AC for VOCs were calculated, and the pp-LFER equations used to predict them were established. For the PC values, the pp-LFER model consists of the excess molar refractive index (E), molar polarizability (S), hydrogen-bond acidity (A), and logarithmic hexadecane-air partition coefficient (L), and the R2 of it was 0.86. For the ln q values, the developed model can predict it in R2 of 0.83, and the increased adsorption capacity was predominantly attributed to the dispersive interaction (lL). Finally, the internal and external validation results confirmed that the developed models have reliability, robustness, and predictability.

On the structural, refractive index and energy bandgap based optical properties of Lithium ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in silica matrix

Lithium ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in silica matrix [Li0.5Fe2.5O4]1–x[SiO2]x (x = 0, 50–90%) have been synthesized using ultrasonic assisted sol–gel method. Agglomeration due to higher surface energy and interparticle interactions is reduced due to dispersion in silica; which modifies the nanoparticle surface and revamp properties of the system. X–ray diffractometer (XRD) measurement reveals simple cubic spinel structure without any impurities. Dynamic magnetic field susceptibility studies show that reversible nature of magnetic domain walls dominates over the irreversible nature. Energy band gap (Eg) determined from UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy shows an escalation (1.47 eV to 1.59 eV) for change in silica from 0% to 90%. An empirical formula for refractive index as μ = A(silica content)2+B(silica content)+C has been derived using theoretical fit. With increase in silica content, the refractive index, optical dielectric constant, dielectric susceptibility and oxygen packing density show decrements from 3.82 to 1.77, 8.1204 to 7.6825, 0.6465 to 0.6117 and 70.3157 to 60.974, respectively. The reflectivity, absorption coefficient, molar refractive index, molar electronic polarizability, reflection loss, polaron radius and optical basicity also show reduction. This is attributed to change in density and interparticle interaction due to change in silica content. Dielectric polarizability, transmission coefficient and metallization criterion show increment from 14.85 Å3 to 39.29 Å3, 0.5968 to 0.6086 and 0.2698 to 0.2808; respectively. Observed effects have been ascribed to higher strain, reduction in reflection loss and more non-metallic nature of the samples. Swift changes in parameters indicate their fine tuning through optimum magnitude of silica.

Effect of silica matrix on structural and optical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Effect of silica on structural and optical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is investigated. Silica matrix helps to reduce nanoparticle agglomeration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopic techniques are employed. XRD reveals pure phase formation with material density varying from 2.37 g cm−3 to 0.85 g cm−3. Energy band gap shows an escalation (2.03 eV to 4.89 eV) for change in silica from 0% to 90%. An empirical formula for refractive index as μ = A(silica content)2+B(silica content)+C has been derived using theoretical fit. With increase in silica content, the refractive index, optical dielectric constant and dielectric susceptibility show decrements from 2.65 to 1.83, 6.0225 to 2.3489 and 0.4795 to 0.1870 respectively. The reflectivity, absorption coefficient, molar refractive index, molar electronic polarizability, reflection loss, polaron radius and optical basicity also show reduction. Dielectric polarizability, transmission coefficient and oxygen packing density show increment from 0.33 Å 3 to 11.19 Å 3, 0.6606 to 0.8416 and 40.2114 to 34.2266. Ionic concentration of silica, metallization criterion also show similar incremental trend. Observed effects have been attributed to the change in interparticle interactions, density and microstructure of the samples. Swift changes in parameters indicate their fine tuning through optimum magnitude of silica.

Optical transmission, polarizability, and photon/neutron shielding properties of Bi2O3/MnO/B2O3 glass system

The Bi2O3/MnO/B2O3 glass system was successfully investigated for their optical and radiation protection features. The optical characterization of the glasses was achieved by estimating and analysing important optical parameters such as molar volume, refractive index, and molar refractivity using standard equations. The photon mass attenuation coefficient MAC of the glasses was estimated by FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation and validated by XCOM computation for energies 0.015 – 15 MeV. Further, the fast neutron removal cross section of the glasses was estimated theoretically. The optical and radiation shielding parameters showed strong dependence on the chemical composition. The molar volume of the BMB-Ax glasses decreased from 40.658 to 36.895 cm3/mole as the molar concentration of B2O3 increased relative to Bi2O3 and MnO. In addition, the refractive index of BMB-Ax reduced from 2.60 to 2.34 while the molar refractivity reduced from 26.73 to 22.05 × 10−24 cm3 for BMB-A1 –A3 accordingly. The MAC ranged from 89.629 to 0.039, 76.162–0.037, and 67.414–0.036 cm2g−1 for BMB-A1, and BMB-A2, and BMB-A3. The effective atomic number of the glasses was within the range: 24.62 – 78.05, 18.27 – 76.60, and 15.41 – 75.49 while the fast neutron removal cross section was estimated to be equal to 0.1002, 0.0972, and 0.0967 cm−1 for B2O3 molar concentration of 3, 4, and 6 respectively. The BMB-Ax glasses showed good optical and radiation shielding properties that makes them potentially useful in optical and radiation protection applications such as photonics and shielding respectively.

Rapid ultraviolet curing of epoxy acrylate films with low refractive index and strong interfacial adhesion

The low refractive index of coatings for optical fiber helps to reduce the information loss in optical transmission. However, previous studies focused on decreasing refractive index by adding fluorine-containing monomers into the curing system, ignoring the effect of the functional monomer on the adhesion of the coating onto the optical fiber. To address this limitation, this paper established a rapid light-curing system that reduced the refractive index of the cured film while enhancing the interfacial adhesion between optical fiber and coatings. Based on the Lorentz equation, the low molar refractive index of fluorine atoms was utilized to reduce the refractive index of the light-cured films. Simultaneously, the bisphenol A epoxy acrylate, as an oligomeric main resin, was highly active in cationic photoreaction and can effectively enhance interfacial adhesion. Moreover, the methyl methacrylate was applied to increase the compatibility of epoxy resins and fluorine-containing monomers. The experimental data indicated that the refractive indices of the cured films with fluorine-containing monomers were adjustable from 1.4930 to 1.5576, and the light transmittance was greater than 90%. The curing rate of the sample containing 11.3 wt% of fluorine (F-11.3%) was 26.26 J∙cm−2, which was 28.6% higher compared to that without fluorine. Intriguingly, in terms of molecular dynamics simulations, the interfacial interaction between fluorine-containing monomers and SiO2 crystalline surfaces was modeled. As a result, the interfacial energy between the curing system F-11.3% and SiO2 was −1879.91 kcal/mol, which was 1.16 times higher compared with the cured system without trifluoromethyl methacrylate, proving that increasing the fluorine content is profitable to promote the adhesion force in this system. This paper provided a design method of optical fiber coatings with strong interfacial adhesion, low refractive index and rapid light curing.

Fe2O3 within Na2O–Al2O3– B2O3 glasses to study the structural and optical features changes

This paper aims to study the structural and optical properties of the glass system 75B2O3 + 5Al2O3 + (20-x)Na2O + (x)Fe2O3; (x = 0, 1, 3 and 5 mol. %). The melt quenching approach was utilized to prepare all the glass samples. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirmed the back conversion of the BO4 units into BO3 units with a steady increase in nonbridging oxygen content. The absorbance of all the samples was determined in wavelength range (300–650 nm). The overlap between the real absorption edge and an absorption band at about 370 nm produces a pseudo absorption edge accompanied by an error in calculating the optical band gap. To overcome this error, a deconvolution process is performed. The bands from 417 to 469 nm confirm the presence of trivalent iron cations (Fe3+) within the glass matrix. These Fe3+ cations have a distorted octahedral symmetry originating from d-d transitions. The densities (ρemp and ρexp), molar volume (Vm) optical band gap (EOpt), refractive index (n0) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) were determined. The ρemp, ρexp,Vm, n0 and n2 of the prepared glasses show an increasing behavior, with further Fe2O3 doping, while EOpt shows a decreasing one. Further, the addition of Fe2O3 produced an increment in Racah parameters (B and C) values, which in turn reflects the more stability of the bonds between Fe cations and their complexes.

Thermophysical and excess properties of diesel + biodiesel with octanol isomers at different temperatures

Thermophysical properties of biodiesel mixtures are essential to design the injection system components and evaluate the spray characteristic through the combustion chamber as well as understand the type of interactions present in the mixture. In this work, densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of pseudo-ternary mixtures of diesel + biodiesel + 1-octanol, 2-octanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol have been measured from (288.15 to 338.15) K at 0.1 MPa. In addition, properties of the pseudo-binary mixtures of biodiesel + octanol isomers are reported at the same temperature conditions and over the entire range of compositions. The experimental results for the pure components show agreement with data reported in literature within an average absolute percentage deviation of (0.019, 0.742, and 0.155) % for density, viscosity, and refractive index, respectively. Densities and viscosities of the mixtures have been compared with the limits set by the diesel fuel standard (EN 590). This work presents mixtures that meet these limits and can be considered as alternative fuels to conventional diesel. Excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations, and refractive index deviations are calculated from experimental data and represented through the Redlich-Kister equation. The McAllister and Nava-Ríos et al. equations have been used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of the pseudo binary and ternary mixtures as a function of the molar composition.

Luminescence, spectroscopic properties and reddish-orange emission from Eu3+ ion doped tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses: A comparative study

In this study, the properties of tellurite (TeEu) glass and fluorotellurite (FTeEu) were compared with the addition of 2 mol% of europium. The chemical compositions of the samples were prepared by two formulars: 53TeO2-10ZnO-35BaO-2Eu2O3 (TeEu) and 53TeO2-10ZnF2-35BaO-2Eu2O3 (FTeEu) which were prepared by glass casting technique. The results showed that the molar volume and refractive index of the FTeEu sample were higher than TeEu, with values 29.0553 cm3/mol and 1.806, respectively. Measuring the UV–VIS–NIR absorption spectra with a proven measured in air atmosphere in the range of 200–2500 nm demonstrated an extension of intensity of absorption bands with ZnF2 contents increased. The spectroscopic studies consisted of two main themes: Judd-Ofelt and phonon side-band analyses. The results of the Phonon Side Band (PSB) spectral assays associated with the 7F0→5D2 transition of the Eu3+ ion showed that the phonon energy of the FTeEu sample was lower than TeEu, with value 667 cm−1. The relationship of the JO intensity parameter of the FTeEu sample is on the Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6. The decay time and CIE coordinates, had calculated for prepared glass samples. In view of the results of our study, the FTeEu samples is a more suitable choice for reddish -orange laser materials, telecommunication applications and optical device applications.

Tautomeric, spectroscopic, electronic and NLO analyses of purpald (4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole)

Thione and thiol tautomeric structural forms of 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (purpald) were theoretically analyzed based on energetic and molecular structural geometry by using the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6–311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. The existence of the inter-molecular H-bond or close contact interactions within solid state crystal packing diagram was determined by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The experimental and theoretical investigations on the NMR chemical shifts were used for determination of more dominant tautomeric form between thione and thiol structures. The characteristic vibrations of functional groups within the compound were analyzed with IR and Raman wavenumbers. The experimental and computational UV spectral study was made to examine nature of the intra-molecular electronic transitions within DMSO solution phase. Some global quantum mechanical descriptors were determined with FMOs (HOMO and LUMO) investigation. The presence of hyperconjugation interactions within NBO analysis helped to explain thione-thiol tautomeric equilibrium and inter-molecular N4-H15···N8′ and N7′-H12′···S9 interactions within thione dimeric form. The reactive sites of all tautomeric forms were examined with MEP surface analysis. The static NLO properties were theoretically investigated to test whether all tautomeric forms have a non-linear optical material profile. A theoretical investigation on the molar volume, dielectric constant and refractive index of the compound was carried out at mentioned computational level of theory. Comparison and detailed presentation of the structural and spectral experimental and calculated related properties of the compound were done in this study.

High Refractive Index Diphenyl Sulfide Photopolymers for Solar Cell Antireflection Coatings

The anti-reflection film can effectively reduce the surface reflectivity of solar photovoltaics, increase the transmittance of light, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The high refractive index coating is an important part of the anti-reflection film. However, the traditional metal oxide coating has poor stability and complicated processes. To address this issue, we prepared two organic high refractive index (HRI) photopolymers by modifying epoxy acrylic acid with 4,4′-thiodibenzenethiol, which can be surface patterned by nanoimprinting to prepare antireflection coatings. As a result, two modified photopolymers with high refractive index (n &gt; 1.63), high optical transmittance (T &gt; 95%), and thermal stability (Tg &gt; 100 °C) are obtained after curing. In particular, the diphenyl sulfide photopolymer modified by ethyl isocyanate acrylate has a refractive index up to 1.667 cured by UV light. Our work confirms that the organic HRI photopolymer can be obtained by introducing high molar refractive index groups, with potential to be applied as a PV cell power conversion efficiency material.

Excess Molar Volume, Viscosity and Refractive Index for Binary Mixtures of Methyl Laurate with n-Octane, Iso-Octane or Ethyl Cyclohexane

Excess Molar Volume, Viscosity and Refractive Index for Binary Mixtures of Methyl Laurate with n-Octane, Iso-Octane or Ethyl Cyclohexane