Molar Ratio Of Monomer Research Articles

Study on the Possibility of One-Step Method Processing for Poly(p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fiber

In this paper, the low molecular weight poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) (LMW-PPTA) solutions with different end group were obtained through changing molar ratio of monomers. Then, the high molecular weight PPTA (HMW-PPTA) polymer was synthesis by Secondary copolymerization. At that time, the PPTA fiber may be produced by means of reaction spinning in one step. Hence, the possibility of one-step method processing for PPTA fiber was studied by investigating the polymerization degree and gelling time of secondary copolymerization under different situations. The one-step method processing for PPTA fiber is not only free from the dependence on concentrated sulfuric acid, but also able to be controllable easily. Remarkably, the facile procedure, lower cost and better environmental protection are significant for the manufacture of PPTA fiber.

Polymerization and decomposition of terephthaloyl chloride and p-phenylenediamine at 500 °C

In order to synthesize the high temperature solid lubricating film by gas-phase polymerization at 500 °C with two kinds of gasified monomers for use in airplane and rocket engines, the polymerizing activity of terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) at 500 °C and their polymerized product poly-p-phenyleneterephthamide (PPTA) as well as its decomposed solid residues were researched. It was proved by FT-IR and 1HNMR on the solid residues after the 10 min experiment of the both monomers in muffle furnace at 500 °C and PPTA synthesized by conventional method that at 500 °C the polymerization tendency of these monomers should trump their decomposition tendency. The solid residues after the 10 min experiment mainly consisted of polymerized products which would decline as the experimental period increases, while the content of decomposed and carbonized products would raise. FT-IR and elemental analysis revealed a similar structure of the solid residues after the both monomers or PPTA calcined for 60 min at 500 °C, which further demonstrated the polymerized products would degrade, decompose and carbonize after the prophase polymerization. Finally, effects of experimental temperature and monomers molar ratio on amounts and structures of the solid residues were discussed to propose preliminary mechanisms of polymerization and decomposition.

Methylation of poly(acrylic acid), prepared using RAFT polymerization, with trimethylsilyldiazomethane: A metamorphosis of the thiocarbonyl group to a thiol-end group

The Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of acrylic acid were performed in 1,4-Dioxane solution using three different chain transfer agent (CTA), and 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACPA) as initiator. The molar ratios of monomer, CTA and initiator were kept similar for each experiment and all polymerization exhibited high conversion (>90%) at 8 h. Well-defined polyacrylic acids (PAAs) were obtained. Their molecular weights increased linearly with monomer conversion and the dispersity of the molecular weight distribution extended between 1.1 and 1.3. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies showed that the PAA prepared are actually random copolymers of AA and the dimer of AA (H2C=CHCO2CH2CH2CO2H), which forms spontaneously from AA, even at room temperature. PAA samples were methylated by addition of trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSCHN2 a methylating agent) using a mixture of water/tetrahydrofuran (THF) or methanol/THF. Samples were submitted to different analyses before and after the methylation process in the order to examine the effect of the methylating agent. PAA were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in aqueous phase and also in organic phase following methylation. Methylation is accompanied by variable amounts of chain cleavage in the case of PAA prepared using a symmetrical, trithiocarbonate RAFT chain transfer agent. Less extensive cleavage is seen on treatment of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), prepared from the trithiocarbonate RAFT reagent with TMSCHN2. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-Vis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies confirmed that TMSCHN2 reacts with the thiocarbonyl group, though all of the products of this reaction could not be identified. End group analysis using Ellman's reagent demonstrates that some of the polymer chains have a thiol end group, as does a thiol-ene reaction using 9-vinylcarbazole.

Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells

ABSTRACTIn this article, an improved synthesis strategy of the potent anticancer compound 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethanol (QM) and its acrylate ester 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate (AQM) are described. AQM is copolymerized using free‐radical polymerization with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) and the copolymers obtained from different molar ratios of monomers are subjected to nanoprecipitation to produce suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The smallest and stable NPs are prepared with the AQM‐VP copolymers 45:55 and 40:60 (118.9 and 128.7 nm in diameter, respectively) at 1 mg mL−1, and along with AQM and QM, are evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on MDA‐MB‐453 breast carcinoma cells using MTT bioassay. AQM and QM are highly cytotoxic (IC50: 19 and 41 μM, respectively); however, the NPs are not cytotoxic in the range of the assayed concentrations. These results contribute to the search for new polymeric NPs with potential application as QM delivery systems for the treatment of cancer or other diseases treatable with QM. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47545.

Synthesis of Poly(amine–furan–arylene)s through a One-Pot Catalyst-Free in Situ Cyclopolymerization of Diisocyanide, Dialkylacetylene Dicarboxylates, and Dialdehyde

Polyfurans (PFus) are a type of conjugated polymer but have usually been considered to be inherently unstable and poorly processable. In this work, the multicomponent cyclopolymerization (MCC) of diisocyanide, dialkylacetylene dicarboxylates, and dialdehyde was developed to prepare modified PFus under mild conditions with catalyst-free one-pot reactions. The approach afforded high molecular weight poly(amine–furan–arylene)s (PAFAs) (Mw up to 76400), which contained 3,4-substituted furan that in situ formed during the polymerization, with good thermal stability and film-processing properties. All the experimental conditions such as molar ratio of monomers, polymerization solvents and temperature, monomer structures, and reactivity were investigated in detail. PAFAs’ structures were well characterized by GPC, FTIR, and NMR. One of the PAFAs carrying dimethylbenzene moieties exhibited the characteristics of a black material. Thus, this MCC provides a new method to modify PFus with a variety of functional gro...

Поли-2(1-циклопент-2-ен-1-ил)анилин: синтез и исследование электрофизических и физико-химических свойств

The synthesis of a new electron-donating conductive polymer –2- (1-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl) aniline was carried out and the polymerization process was optimized by the mole ratio of monomer: oxidizer and reaction time. The extraction and solubility of functionalized polyaniline in typical organic solvents differing in polarity are evaluated. For the obtained high-molecular compound, the dependence of the electrical conductivity on temperature was studied, the carrier mobility was calculated, and a thermogravimetric analysis was performed.

Analysis of structure and properties of DVB\u2013GMA based porous polymers

Polar porous polymeric microspheres divinylbenzene–glycidyl methacrylate (DVB–GMA) were synthesized with a suspension method. Two kinds of polymers differing in chemical composition and physical properties were obtained. The molar ratios of monomers in the polymers were 50:50 and 75:25, respectively. Next, the prepared materials were chemically treated with phosphoric or sulphuric acid in order to additionally modify their surface. Consequently, the polymers gained acidic character and cation exchange properties. The prepared materials were characterized by: elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR, DSC, low temperature nitrogen sorption and SPE experiments. CHN and ATR-FTIR confirmed the chemical structures of the polymers. The DSC analyses revealed their network was highly cross-linked. Porous structure parameters of the studied materials strongly depended on their chemical composition. All the materials were mesoporous with bimodal pore size distribution (3.7 nm and 5.5–7.5 nm). Highly cross-linked DVB–GMA 75:25 and its acidic derivatives had twice higher specific surface areas (320–370 m2/g) than their less cross-linked counterparts DVB–GMA 50:50 (140–190 m2/g). The prepared materials were tested for the sorption of phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) and popular pharmaceuticals—aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen. The process of dynamic sorption of phenols depended on both porous structure and surface chemistry of the polymers. And the less polar character of the polymeric surface was balanced by its higher porosity to maintain the sorption ability on the same level. In case of pharmaceuticals dependence of sorption properties on porosity and/or surface chemistry was more diversified and additionally chemical nature of adsorbate had to be taken into account.

Flocculation of kaolin from aqueous suspension using low dosages of acrylamide‐based cationic flocculants

ABSTRACTFlocculation of kaolin from aqueous streams has become very important in view of its wide range of applications. In this work, cationic flocculants based on copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and 3‐acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride (APTMAC) were synthesized with two different mole ratios of monomers, 80 mol % of AM (CP‐8020) and 40 mol % of AM (CP‐4060). The chemical structures of copolymers were confirmed by 1H and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. The molecular weight (MW) and zeta potential of the copolymers were determined. High MW was obtained for copolymer with high content of AM (CP‐8020) and high zeta potential was observed for copolymer with high content of APTMAC (CP‐4060). Flocculation of kaolin suspension was performed using both CP‐8020 and CP‐4060 and the flocculation was correlated to the zeta potential and MW of the copolymers. The optimum dosages of flocculants were determined. The mechanism of flocculation was discussed in terms of charge neutralization and bridging. The flocs of kaolin were characterized in terms of moisture content and size. To the best of our knowledge, this copolymer system was used for the first time for kaolin flocculation and found out to be efficient. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47286.

Synthesis of two pH-responsive copolymers in pilot scale and its application in aqueous two-phase system

Abstract Recycling pH-responsive aqueous two-phase system (pH-ATPS) has the advantages of low interfacial tension, high recovery, mild condition and low cost. In this paper, two pH-responsive copolymers 4% (w/v) PADB4.05 and 3% (w/v) PMDB3.36 were used to construct a recycling pH-ATPS (the recoveries of two copolymers were both higher than 97%) for partition of demeclocycline and Lincomycin. They were successfully synthesized in pilot scale (500 L) through optimizing the monomer molar ratio and synthesis conditions and the yield of PADB4.05 and PMDB3.36 were 97% and 96% respectively. The characteristics of two scaled-up copolymers were consistent with those synthesized in laboratory scale. The optimal partition coefficient (K) of demeclocycline were 4.223 with 20 mM LiCl at room temperature, respectively. For lincomycin, the K reached 2.629 in the presence of 4 mM MnCl2 at 45 °C. Partition of antibiotics in this pH-ATPS can be improved by varying pH, type and concentration of salts and temperature, which means it is available to antibiotics extraction and the further industrial separation.

A green approach towards functional hydrogel particles from synthetic polymers via spherical capsule mini-reactors

In the present study, we firstly reported a green approach to prepare synthetic polymer-based particle adsorbents in aqueous solution. A novel spherical hydrogel capsule (SHC) was prepared through a facile method by partial ionic-crosslinking of carboxylated chitosan (CCS). Then, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid (AA) were chosen as monomers to prepare P(AMPS-co-AA) hydrogel particles by using the SHCs as sacrificial mini-reactors. Different feed monomer molar ratios of core/shell structured CCS/P(AMPS-co-AA) hydrogel particles were synthesized through free radical polymerization. After removing the shells of the core/shell particles, the obtained P(AMPS-co-AA) particles were further used as adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacities to the metallic ions of Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Ag+ were 171.6, 220.5, 366.0, and 668.4 mg/g, respectively. In addition, the adsorption amount towards methylene blue (MB) reached as high as 2970 mg/g, and the removal ratio to MB by the particle columns was over 92%. Furthermore, the particles showed excellent reusability. Thus, we provide a green and economical methodology for the preparation of tunable synthetic polymer-based hydrogel particles in aqueous solution that can be used as recyclable adsorbents for water remediation.

Development of a Novel Terpolymer as a Green and Efficient Decalcifying Agent for Crude Petroleum.

A novel environmental decalcifying agent was prepared with allylpolyethoxy amino carboxylate (APEAA), hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), and maleic anhydride (MA) by means of free-radical polymerization in an aqueous solution. The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. The molecular-weight distribution of APEAA–HEA–MA was determined by the gel permeation chromatography method. APEAA–HEA–MA was used as a green decalcifying agent to remove calcium from crude petroleum, and the impact of factors such as monomer ratio, copolymerization time, dosages, and desalination temperature was analyzed. It is found that the decalcification rate of APEAA–HEA–MA could reach to its maximum, and the calcium removal efficiency was approximately 97.88% when the monomer molar ratio of APEAA–HEA–MA was 1:2:5, the reaction time of copolymerization was 2 h, the dosage was 100 ppm, and the desalination temperature was 100 °C. This research work can promote the exploration on facile synthesis of a novel terpolymer and its potential application in refinery desalting processes.

Degradable Bioelastomers Prepared by a Facile Melt Polycondensation of Citric Acid and Polycaprolactone-diol

Citrate-based bioelastomers have great potentials in various biomedical fields. An appropriate selection of diol monomers could tune their properties to fulfill different application requirements. Herein, polycaprolacone diol (PCL-diol) was selected as the diol monomer to fabricate poly(caprolactone-diol citrate) (PCC) degradable bioelastomers by a one pot melt polycondensation coupled with subsequent thermosetting or post-polymerization. The catalyst-free polycondensation reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy. The properties of the PCC elastomers were explored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), uniaxial tension tests, dynamics mechanical analysis (DMA), water-contact angle and in-vitro degradation measurements. The results showed that the molar ratio of monomers and thermosetting conditions had significant effects on the ultimate properties of the PCC elastomer. By regulating monomer ratio and thermosetting temperature the crosslink density ranged from 32 ± 6 mol/m3 to 292 ± 18 mol/m3, the tensile strength ranged from 171 ± 28 KPa to 977 ± 112 KPa, Young’s modulus ranged from 252 ± 36 KPa to 1737 ± 212 KPa, ultimate elongation ranged from 70 ± 9% to 260 ± 32%, the static-water-contact-angle was in the range of 65.4 ± 1.8 ∼ 91.0 ± 0.9° and the weight loss of the PCC elastomer in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH =7.4) was in the range of 30 ∼ 100 wt% after 8 weeks degradation. An elastic and compressible, porous scaffold was fabricated via a salt leaching method, which has potential use in soft tissue grafts.

Synthesis and modification of maleic anhydride-vinyl acetate copolymer by a long alkyl chain alcohol for cold flow impovers of biodiesel

This research illustrates the results of a study on the synthesis of maleic anhydride-vinyl acetate copolymers (MAVA) with the monomer molar ratio of 1:1 by the radical polymerisation method in which benzoyl per-oxide was used as a catalyst. The structure and compo-sition of MAVA were characterised by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra. The molecular weight of the co-polymers was determined by the viscosity method. The copolymers were then modified by the esterification reaction with hexadecanol - a long alkyl chain alcohol. The modified copolymer products (MAVAC) were used as additives to improve the cold flow properties of palm oil-based biodiesel through pour point temperature measurement according to standard ASTM-D97 and dynamic viscosity according to ASTM D445-97. The re-sults showed that the MAVAC additives with the comb-shape structure at the concentration of 1000 ppm could decrease the pour point temperature of palm oil-based biodiesel by 5.5oC and dynamic viscosity by 0.17 cPs.

Synthesis of sodium polyacrylate copolymers as water-based dispersants for ultrafine grinding of praseodymium zirconium silicate

A series of sodium polyacrylate copolymers (i.e., poly acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid-co-2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid or PSIA with different molecular weights and monomer molar ratios) were synthesized based on acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid (PAI) as water-based dispersants for ultrafine grinding of praseodymium-doped zirconium silicate (Pr-ZrSiO4). The particle size/size distribution, suspension rheology and dispersant adsorption were analyzed by laser particle size analysis, rheometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and electrokinetic potential measurement, respectively. Compared to the dispersant PAI, the use of the dispersant PSIA1 with a greater molecular weight in the Pr-ZrSiO4 suspension ground for 45 min at pH values 7.0–8.0 can give a finer product with the narrower particle size distribution. The dispersant PSIA1 used in ultrafine grinding has a suitable viscosity of the suspension and generates more hydrogen bonds on the particle surface, and sulfonic acid group in the dispersant PSIA1 can provide a greater charge density than carboxylic acid groups in the dispersant PAI. In addition, the total potential energies between the particles in suspension with different copolymer dispersants at different pH values were also calculated. It is indicated that the effective ultrafine grinding of the particles is related to the total interparticle potential energy provided by the dispersant PSIA1 at pH 7.0–8.0.

Synthesis and application of a metal ion coordinating ionic liquid monomer: Towards size and dispersity control of nanoparticles formed within a structured polyelectrolyte

The design, synthesis, and characterization of an amphiphilic ionic liquid (IL) monomer possessing a transition metal coordinating acrylamide moiety is described. Incorporation of the acrylamide moiety is achieved by converting l-histidine into an imidazolium, followed by alkylation to introduce a decyl chain, and acrylation of the α-amino group. The acrylamide containing IL monomer and a co-monomer, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA Mn 575), self-assembles into a weakly ordered 2D hexagonal lyotropic mesophase in water (34 ± 2 (w/w)%). Upon photo-irradiation of the mesophase a nanostructured polyelectrolyte retaining the 2D hexagonal structure is produced. Doping the mesophase with Au3+ ions prior to photo-irradiation produces plasmonic Au NP copolymer composites only at a threshold mole ratio of IL monomer to gold ions (i.e., onset at 1740:1 mole ratio). At higher monomer to Au3+ mole ratios plasmonic NPs are not formed. Evaluation of the in-situ synthesized plasmonic Au NPs by SAXS and optical spectroscopy indicate they are smaller, more uniform spherical particles that resist aggregation upon swelling and de-swelling in ethanol when compared to previously reported composites employing an IL monomer that lacks a metal ion coordination site (e.g., 3-decyl-1-vinylimidazolium IL).

Synthesis and Characterization of Terpolymers of poly(L-lactide-glycolide-ε-caprolactone)

Random terpolymers of poly(L-lactide-glycolide-ε-caprolactone) (PLLGC) was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide, glycolide and ε-caprolactone monomers initiated with stannous octanoate. Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography were employed to characterize the obtained PLLGC terpolymers. The effects of polymerization temperature, reaction time, the amount of initiator and the polymerization pressure on the weight average molecular mass and polydispersity index of the PLLGC were investigated. In addition, the water contact angle of the PLLGC was also tested. The characterization of chemical structure showed that the PLLGC was successfully synthesized. For instance, a PLLGC terpolymer with a weight average molecular mass of about 12.435 × 104 Da and a polydispersity index of 1.28 was obtained when the polymerization was conducted with a molar ratio of monomer to initiator ([M]/[I]) of 2000, polymerization temperature of 140 °C, polymerization pressure of 5.0 Pa and reaction time of 24 h. The random incorporation of ε-CL monomer units decreased the wettability of the PLGA copolymers.

Influence of Phase Separation on Performance of Graft Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives with Various Copolyester Side Chains.

Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives with various polyester side-chain lengths were synthesized to investigate the effect of branching on phase separation and polymer mechanical performance. The polyester macromonomers (MMs) were produced through ring-opening co-polymerizations of l-lactide (l-LA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) initiated with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which provides the polyester chains with terminal vinyl groups. By varying the HEMA content, a range of MM chain lengths constructed from L10C4 (five l-LA and four ε-CL units) to L100C40 were obtained at a constant monomer mole ratio. Copolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid with these MMs at constant mass composition provided a series of comb copolymers consisting of acrylic backbones with polyester branches of various chain lengths. Characterization of thin films cast from the polymers using thermal analysis and scanning probe microscopy showed a transition from a homogeneous phase to the formation of distinct microphases with increasing branching chain lengths. Rheological analysis of the linear viscoelastic responses was also used through small-amplitude oscillatory shear, and dynamic master curves were constructed by time–temperature superposition. The rheological data were also consistent with phase separation for the longer side-chain lengths of L50C20 and L100C40. The extra elastic contribution at low frequency and the temperature dependence of aT both show obviously effect of separated phases. Performance testing of polymer films showed that the chain extension resulted in a significant increase in both peel strength and shear resistance, which was accompanied by a modest decrease in film tackiness. The results demonstrate that tailoring branch chain structures provide a promising means for controlling the properties of the high-biomass content adhesive polymers.

Optimization of UHMWPE/graphene nanocomposite preparation by single‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalytic system via RSM

In this study, the preparation of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/graphene nanocomposite was carried out using single‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst, and the operational conditions were optimized via response surface methodology. For this purpose, the effect of 3 parameters, monomer pressure, temperature, and molar ratio of [Al] respect to [Ti] on the catalyst productivity and molecular weight of the synthesized nanocomposite polymer, was investigated using the Box‐Behnken experimental design at 3 levels. Monomer pressure, temperature, and molar ratio of [Al] respect to [Ti] were considered as independent variables and catalyst productivity and molecular weight as dependent variables. The highest catalyst productivity and molecular weight were equal to 923 (grPE/mmolTi.h) and 2.04 (million gr/mol), respectively, which were obtained under optimal reaction conditions: temperature of 60°C, pressure of 8 bar, and molar ratio of 185. Finally, in order to investigate the morphology and nanoparticle dispersion in polymer matrix, scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction were used. The results indicate the homogenous dispersion of graphene nanoparticles in polymer matrix.

Biodegradable poly(trimethylene carbonate‐b‐(L‐lactide‐ran‐glycolide)) terpolymers with tailored molecular structure and advanced performance

The macroinitiator of poly(1,3‐trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) with number‐average molecular weight ( ) of 9.6 × 103 g mol−1 was synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization at 120°C. Then, the novel terpolymer P(TMC‐b‐(LLA‐ran‐GA)) consisting of PTMC homopolymer segment attached with various monomer molar ratios of L‐lactide (LLA) and glycolide (GA) random copolymerization block was prepared with about 5.0 × 104 g mol−1 by ring‐opening polymerization in bulk at 140°C. The tailored molecular structures of P(TMC‐b‐(LLA‐ran‐GA)) were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C NMR, FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography, and chain microstructure analysis was performed in detail with 13C NMR spectroscopy. The effect of GA units on the thermal and crystallization behaviors, mechanical properties, as well as biodegradability of terpolymers was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, stress‐strain measurements, and in vitro tests in comparison with corresponding poly(trimethylene carbonate‐block‐L‐lactide) copolymer P(TMC‐b‐LLA). The results show that amorphous PTMC segments have a significant effect on condensed state behavior of the terpolymers, and the incorporation of GA units strongly decreases the crystallinity and crystallization ability of LLA segment within terpolymers because of more random LLA‐GA sequence and shorter average LLA block length. Meanwhile, the toughness of materials is greatly improved, and in vitro degradation is also accelerated. Peripheral vascular stents were 3D printed for the first time and met the requirements for application. The results show totally biodegradable terpolymers with unique molecular structure, and modifiable properties are promising new biomaterials with advanced performance for biomedical application.

Tablet formulation of Famotidine-loaded P-gp inhibiting nanoparticles using PLA-g-PEG grafted polymer

Our work aimed at evaluating the use of permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibiting nanoparticles (NPs) as a part of a suitable oral solid dosage to improve bioavailability. Famotidine (Pepcid®), a stomach acid production inhibitor, was used as a drug model to test our hypothesis. Famotidine-loaded NPs were prepared by solvent emulsion evaporation using PEG grafted on a polylactide acid (PLA) polymer backbone (PLA-g-PEG), with a 5% molar ratio of PEG versus lactic acid monomer and PEG of either 750 or 2000 Da molecular weight. Tablet formulation was composed of 40% Famotidine-loaded NPs, 52.5% microcrystalline cellulose as filler, 7% pre-gelatinized starch as binder/disintegrant, and 0.5% magnesium stearate as lubricant. Tablets containing 1.6 mg of Famotidine were prepared at an average weight of 500 mg, thickness of 6.2–6.5 mm, hardness of 5–8 kp, and disintegration time of <1 min. Our results suggest that Famotidine-loaded NPs using grafted PEG-g-PLA polymers can be formulated as an oral solid dosage form while effectively inhibiting P-gp mediated Famotidine efflux, irrespective of PEG molecular weights. This could therefore represent an attractive formulation alternative to enhance oral permeability and bioavailability of drugs that are P-gp substrates.