Molar Ratio Of Methanol Research Articles

Corn Stover Lignin as a Solid Acid Catalyst for the Esterification of Oleic Acid

AbstractThe catastrophic ramifications of fossil fuels on the environment have prompted the search for renewable energy sources. Over the recent decades, biodiesel has garnered attention as a promising direct alternative to diesel fuel; however, reliance on homogeneous catalysts and the requirement for refined vegetable oil feedstocks present financial and sustainability concerns. Thus, there exists a need for the development of sustainable and cost‐effective catalytic solutions. Herein, the application of lignin, an abundant and renewable biomass, as an effective heterogeneous catalyst is reported for biodiesel production via the esterification of oleic acid. Lignin is extracted from corn straw using sulfuric acid, which endows sulfonic acid groups (0.85 mmol g−1) to its structure allowing it to act as an acid catalyst without additional post‐treatments. Conversion of oleic oil to biodiesel is achieved at 97% using a 1:3 oleic acid to methanol molar ratio with a 5 wt.% catalyst loading at 90 °C after only 30 min. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits a remarkable turnover frequency of 2.61 min−1 proving its efficiency. These findings demonstrate that heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared from biomass waste offering a significantly cheaper and less intensive synthesis process and allowing for a paradigm shift to non‐edible and waste cooking oils.

Utilization of waste from paper industry as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel

AbstractTo meet the pressing demand for alternative biofuel in the contemporary world, the production cost of biodiesel has to be decreased. Hence, this work addresses the usage of CaCO3‐rich industrial waste produced in a local paper industry in Assam, India for the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The collected lime sludge waste was subjected to calcination at 800°C for 3 h producing a CaO‐rich catalyst which was then employed in the transesterification of cottonseed oil. The optimized reaction conditions obtained were 5 wt% catalyst concentration, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12 at 65°C temperature, and 3 h of reaction time. The catalyst's reusability was evaluated up to four cycles. Besides, the prepared catalyst has been characterized using Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X‐ray Diffraction (p‐XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques and its basicity was measured using Hammett indicators. Moreover, the biodiesel obtained was characterized with 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C‐NMR, Gas Chromatography‐ Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and FTIR techniques. A biodiesel yield of 98.03% was achieved and the quality of biodiesel formed during the transesterification of CSO also conforms to EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Thus, our study highlights the sustainability and the potential for future industrial application of paper industrial waste in the production of biodiesel.

Synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling, and antimicrobial study of copper(II) 2-chlorophenylacetohydroxamate

A copper(II) 2-chlorophenylacetohydroxamate complex has been synthesized using copper(II) chloride and potassium 2-chlorophenylacetohydroxamate in 1:2 molar ratio in methanol and characterized using CHN analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The hydroxamate ligand binds to metal via oxygen of carbonyl group and hydroxamic group (O, O bonding), and a distorted-square planar geometry has tentatively been proposed. The interactions between Staphylococcus aureus (bacterial receptor) ligand and complex, their inhibition constant, and binding energy values have been computed. The in vitro antimicrobial activity study against pathogenic gram –ve bacteria viz. Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli; gram + ve S. aureus and Bacillus cereus by MIC method have revealed a significant antimicrobial potential.

Spark ignition and stable flame of premixed methanol-ammonia gaseous jet at atmospheric surrounding

Ammonia, regarded as a zero-carbon fuel, presents significant challenges due to its notable combustion and chemical inertness. To mitigate these challenges, blending liquid ammonia with carbon-neutral methanol offers a promising avenue for creating an innovative, stable, and large-scale producible carbon-neutral fuel. This study investigates the impacts of xCH3OH (methanol mole ratio in methanol-ammonia mixture) and v (mean jet velocity at nozzle outlet) on forming stable flames of a premixed methanol-ammonia argon-oxygen (MA-AO) gaseous jet in the atmospheric surrounding. Results indicate that the pure ammonia argon-oxygen (A-AO) mixture can be ignited by an electrical spark with the energy of about 52.1 mJ, but it cannot grow to be a stable jet flame although the fire nucleus can form. Blending methanol is very helpful in forming a stable jet flame of the MA-AO mixture. When xCH3OH is lower than 49% at λ = 1.0, only the fire nucleus could be formed without a stable jet flame. When xCH3OH is more than 49%, there is a certain mean jet velocity range for different xCH3OH to form a stable flame. At the low-velocity limit, the flame would be quenching. While the flame would be blown off at the high-velocity limit. The velocity limits of quenching and blow-off become higher with higher xCH3OH, and the blow-off velocity limit increases more evident.

Integrating thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for the design of effective and sustainable PET chemical upcycling systems

Understanding and optimizing the individual contributions of recycling process components are critical in the development of effective and sustainable upcycling systems. Herein, each process component, i.e., alcohol, co-solvent, Lewis acid, and reaction conditions, is newly and holistically assessed for the alcohol-based conversion of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to terephthalic acid (TPA) and its precursors by integrating thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. First, an analysis based on the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ1,2) establishes the importance of co-solvents in the depolymerization process due to reduction of thermodynamic potential. Second, a kinetic analysis of the catalyst component proves the vitality of the solubility of the Lewis acid source for efficient PET deconstruction. In addition, further validation experiments determine methanol as the most effective option in tandem alcoholysis given its reduced steric hindrance and relatively higher nucleophilicity, whereas process optimization tests suggest the existence of an optimum methanol molar ratio (XMetOH) of 0.16 and operation at 50 °C to realize TPA yields that exceed 90 % within 15 min across various pure and mixed PET feedstocks. Selection and implementation of greener solvents in the process is also found to reduce co-solvent based emissions by 96.3 % whilst retaining comparable monomer production efficiency. Overall, the implementation of thermodynamic considerations and kinetics-based understanding of roles played by each component is found to boost the overall depolymerization process, and the integration of these thermodynamic and kinetic approaches provides a unified avenue for optimizing and developing sustainable recycling processes for post-consumer plastic waste.

Transesterifikasi In Situ Minyak Biji Pepaya Menggunakan Ko-pelarut Tetrahidrofuran: Pengaruh Waktu Reaksi dan Penggunaan Katalis Natrium Hidroksida

The papaya seed oil is a non-food oil that can be used as raw material for biodiesel. The transesterification process using oil as raw material requires long process stages so it is not efficient. In situ transesterification with a co-solvent is an alternative to overcome this problem. This research aims to obtain optimum conditions for the in situ transesterification reaction of papaya seed oil with THF co-solvent. The research operating conditions included stirring speed 450 rpm, reaction at room temperature, oil:methanol molar ratio = 1:101.39, catalyst:oil molar ratio = 0.5:1, oil:THF molar ratio = 1: 67.85, reaction time are 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28 minutes and reactions with and without a NaOH catalyst. The best research conditions were obtained in the in situ transesterification reaction of papaya seed oil with THF co-solvent using a NaOH catalyst at a reaction time of 33 minutes, producing a crude yield of 74.38% and methyl esters concentration of 98,036.4 ppm and physical properties of biodiesel that met SNI 7182-2015, namely density 0.89 g/mL and acid number 0.44 mg KOH/g sample.

Carbon-based magnetic nano-particle utilizing nano-biochar as core and its immobilizing lipase for biodiesel preparation

Using the transesterification capacity of lipase to produce eco-friendly biodiesel is a promising method for the achievement of a Net Zero future. The method of immobilized lipase enhances the usability of the enzyme and improves its stability. Carbon-based magnetic nano-particles (C-MNPs) with nano-biochar as the precipitation core were prepared as the support to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) for biodiesel preparation. The nano-biochar particles were derived through the calcination of rice straw powder and subsequently ground to the nanoscale. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and VSM results showed that the obtained C-MNPs with a diameter of 13–17 nm were showing excellent superparamagnetism, and effectively immobilized the lipase on them (CalB@C-MNPs). The optimal reaction conditions in a 100-mL stoppered flask for biodiesel production were dissolving 5 g soybean oil in 3 mL tert-butanol solvent, adding 1.16 mL methanol (molar ratio of methanol to oil 5:1), 0.15 mL water, and 0.2 g CalB@C-MNPs, and then shaking at 200 rpm and 30 °C for 24 h. Its primarily optimized conversion efficiency of biodiesel was 83.1 %. After repeated use of immobilized CalB for 8 cycles, the remaining activity and biodiesel yield were 79.7 % and 66.3 %, respectively. As a robust catalyst, CalB@C-MNPs exhibited outstanding transesterification efficiency, the ability for rapid recovery under an external magnetic field, and a promising candidate in biodiesel production.

In-situ stabilized lipase in calcium carbonate microparticles for activation in solvent-free transesterification for biodiesel production

Biodiesel serves as a crucial biofuel alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuels, achieved through enzymatic transesterification of oil substrates. This study aims to investigate stabilized lipase (LP) within calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microparticles as a catalyst for solvent-free transesterification in biodiesel synthesis. The specific hydrolysis activity of the in-situ immobilized LP was 66% of that of free LP. However, the specific transesterification activity of immobilized LP in the solvent-free phase for biodiesel production was 2.29 times higher than that of free LP. These results suggest that the interfacial activation of LP molecules is facilitated by the inorganic CaCO3 environment. The immobilized LP demonstrated higher biodiesel production levels with superior stability compared to free LP, particularly regarding methanol molar ratio and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports on the in-situ immobilization of LP in a CaCO3 carrier without any crosslinker as an interfacial-activated biocatalyst for biodiesel production.

Co-immobilization of magnesium precursor and Candida rugosa lipase on alumina via covalent bonding for biodiesel production

Catalyst development is one of the most challenging aspects in biodiesel production due to the compatibility issue with the feedstocks and catalyst poisoning upon exposure to process conditions. In the present research, chemoenzymatic catalyst was prepared by impregnation of magnesium aluminate (MA) on alumina support, modifying the support using activating agent, and immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) onto the support. The optimum immobilization condition was resulting in 85.07 % of activity recovery of immobilized lipase, equivalent to 30.53 % of immobilization efficiency. The catalysts were characterized through XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, NAA and CO2-TPD confirming the mixture of AlO(OH), magnesium aluminate (MA), (MgNO3)2 and Mg2+ on the support. CRL/L-lysine/MA showed remarkable improvement in thermal stability (40 − 70℃), solvents tolerance (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol), and storage stability at 30 ℃, as compared to free CRL. CRL/L-lysine/MA successfully produced biodiesel yield up to 87.10 % at 200.71 rpm of agitation speed, 13.58 % (w/w) of water content, 10 h reaction time, 15 % (w/w) of catalyst loading, at 50 ℃, using 1:12 of oil to methanol molar ratio, and retaining 46.60 % of biodiesel yield after six cycle. The CRL/L-lysine/MA demonstrated novel catalysts characteristics comprising chemical and biological active species on a single support for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO).

Kinetics, thermodynamics, and optimization analyses of lipid extraction from discarded beef tallow for bioenergy production

ABSTRACT The wide expansion of the meat industry generated tremendous amounts of animal-based waste. Discarded beef tallow (DBT) is one of those prevalent lipid-rich wastes disposed of by slaughterhouses, meat processing units, and tanneries. The current study utilized the advanced technology of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) to extract lipid content from DBT for biodiesel production through transesterification. The effects of SC-CO2 parameters on the extraction rate were investigated over ranges of (32–80°C) for temperature, (10–50 MPa) for pressure, and (15–150 min) for treatment time. Using response surface methodology (RSM), both processes of SC-CO2 and transesterification were optimized. The highest extraction rate was 86.10%, obtained at the experimental conditions of 60°C for temperature, 30 MPa for pressure, and 120 min for treatment time. For the transesterification, the maximum yield of biodiesel was 95.15%, obtained at the reaction conditions of 1:7.5, 1.16 wt%, 58°C, and 72 min for lipid to methanol molar ratio, catalyst ratio, temperature, and time, respectively. The outcomes of the kinetic and thermodynamic analyses showed that the SC-CO2 extraction was an endothermal, unspontaneous, and temperature-dependent process. The characteristics of the synthesized biodiesel largely comply with the ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 standards. The findings of the current study confirm the viability of SC-CO2 to extract lipids from DBT as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

The potential of calcium oxide nanocatalyst from chicken eggshells for biodiesel production using chicken fat waste

This research aims to synthesize biodiesel using raw materials from chicken fat waste and a catalyst from eggshells (EGS). The eggshells used as a catalyst were calcined (EGS_calcined) and uncalcined (EGS_uncalcined). The calcination process was carried out at a temperature of 900 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/minute under static air conditions for 24 h. The X-ray Diffraction diffractogram showed that the calcination process has successfully converted the calcium carbonate compound in the eggshell into calcium oxide. The particle sizes of EGS_uncalcined and EGS_calcined catalysts were 509.2 nm and 2.9 nm, respectively. Chicken fat transesterification reaction conditions were optimized to increase biodiesel yield, including variations in EGS catalyst mass (1–3 % of chicken fat extract (oil) weight), oil and methanol mole ratio (1:5–1:30), temperature (55–75 °C), and reaction time (30–180 min). The EGS catalyst mass conditions, oil and methanol mole ratio, temperature, and reaction time that produced the highest yield (93 %) were 1.5 % (w/w oil), 1:10, 65 °C, and 120 min, respectively. Research showed that the calcined EGS_catalyst performs better than the uncalcined EGS_catalyst.

Optimization of Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production using Jatropha Oil

Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel alternative to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and from animal fat. Biodiesel was produced through esterification of Jatropha oil using an alkaline catalyst. The process was carried out at the reaction temperatures of 63 and 55°C, with a 6:1-11:1 oil to methanol molar ratio, and the concentration was verified. In this research work, a yield of 91.78% and 80% was achieved. Furthermore, the flash point of 129.1°C obtained indicates that the biodiesel is within the specification of ASTM. Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, a multipurpose plant, contains a high amount of oil in its seeds which can be converted to biodiesel. J. curcas is probably the most highly promoted oilseed crop at present in the world. The availability and sustainability of sufficient supplies of less expensive feedstock in the form of vegetable oils, particularly J. curcas, and efficient processing technology to biodiesel will be crucial determinants of delivering competitive biodiesel. Oil contents, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid composition of J. curcas are reported in research. The fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel are comparable to those of fossil diesel and conform to the ASTM standard. The objective of this review is to give an update on the J. curcas L. plant, the production of biodiesel from the seed oil, and research attempts to improve the technology of converting vegetable oil to biodiesel and the fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel. There is also a need to carry out a lifecycle assessment and assess the environmental impacts of introducing large-scale plantations. Furthermore, there is still a dearth of research about the influence of various cultivation-related factors and their interactions and influence on seed yield. The formation of biodiesel was confirmed by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, and the conversion of ester functional group into methyl esters was verified, and characteristic properties of biodiesel were successfully determined. Keywords: Biodiesel, Jatropha oil, transesterification, catalyst, optimization, renewable energy and sustainability

Unleashing the power of non-edible oil seeds of Ipomoea cairica for cleaner and sustainable biodiesel production using green Molybdenum Oxide (MoO3) nano catalyst

This research aims to conduct a thorough analysis of the novel and cost-effective use of Ipomoea cairica L. seeds as a potential feedstock for green energy technologies. Ipomoea cairica L. seeds (42 % oil, 0.67 % free fatty acid content) were used as a promising source for producing sustainable biodiesel using novel green Molybdenum Oxide (MoO3) nanocatalyst. The Ipomoea cairica seeds utilized in this study serve a dual purpose: they provide feedstock for the future energy mix, and their seed shells (considered waste) are used as a starting material for synthesizing green nanocatalysts. The highest biodiesel yield of 95 % was achieved under optimal reaction conditions of 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio, 50 °C, 120 min, and 0.4 (wt.%) catalyst loading. In order to evaluate the quality and characteristics of the resultant biodiesel and synthesized nanocatalyst, a detailed examination was conducted utilizing analytical techniques such EDX, XRD, FTIR, SEM, NMR (1H, 13C) and GC–MS analysis. The phytofabricated nanocatalyst unveils highest recyclability (up to 5 cycles), reactivity, stability and efficiency during transesterification operations. The produced biodiesel was also optimized using response surface methodology (Box-Behnken Design). When compared to conventional diesel, the biodiesel made from Ipomoea cairica L. seed oilshowed better oxidative stability and reduced viscosity, suggesting that it might be a viable replacement for conventional fuel without compromising engine performance. Moreover, using untamed, uncultivated, and non-edible seed plants to produce biodiesel presents a chance to move toward a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy plan.

Synthesis and Characterization of K2O/ACT Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Beef Fat Waste

The increasing use of petroleum as fuel has depleted fuel, so alternative fuels such as biodiesel are needed because they are environmentally friendly and come from vegetable and animal sources. Therefore, this article presents biodiesel production from beef fat using a K2O/ACT heterogeneous base catalyst derived from egg shells. The Eggshell becomes a CaO catalyst after 3 hours of calcination at 900°C. The K2O/ACT catalyst was synthesized by impregnating CaO with KOH and characterized using XRD and BET. The K2O/ACT catalyst was compared to the CaO catalyst for transesterification activity under appropriate conditions (reaction temperature 65°C, catalyst loading 3% by weight, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:12, and reaction time 3 hours). The catalytic activity of the catalyst was determined to be 98.40% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The insertion of K2O into the CaO catalyst increases the basicity characteristics, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of transesterification.

Biodiesel production from waste frying oil by electrochemical method using stainless steel electrode

Biodiesel production from waste frying oil is important in terms of effectively utilizing waste and reducing production costs. It is important that the production method of biodiesel is environmentally friendly, economical, and sustainable. For this purpose, electrochemical transesterification process with stainless steel electrodes instead of rare metal electrodes was preferred in this study for biodiesel production. In this study, where SS304 class AISI 304 stainless steel was used as an electrode, biodiesel was produced from waste frying oil by electrochemical method. An electrolyte was prepared with 8:1 molar ratio of methanol, 2% by weight distilled water, 2% THF, 0.5% NaCl and waste frying oil. The conversion efficiency and fuel properties of biodiesel produced in the electrochemical process lasting 3 hours with a reaction voltage of 20 V were determined. The results were compared with biodiesel produced by conventional methods. According to the results, a conversion efficiency of 68% was achieved in the electrochemical process. Moreover, it has been determined that biodiesel properties are compatible with EN 14214.

Enhancing methanol tolerance of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase by rational design and biodiesel production through one-step feeding of methanol

The addition of a significant quantity of methanol solution during the biodiesel production results in the denaturation of lipase. To address this issue, this study proposed a novel approach to the preparation process by designing a methanol-tolerant Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) using a computer-aided strategy. In silico prediction yielded seven mutants, out of which two mutants, E129Y and E134W, exhibited varying degrees of improved methanol tolerance and catalytic efficiency. The methanol tolerance and stability of E129Y and E134W were observed to increase by 10–30 % and 17–35 %, respectively. Additionally, E134W exhibited a 1.13-fold increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the wild type TLL, while E129Y showed a reduction of 12.05 %. Following a one-shot addition of methanol (molar ratio of 3:1 methanol to Cornus wilsoniana oil) for 72 h in the transesterification reaction, the yields of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) for E129Y and E134W were 69 % and 85 %, respectively, with the yield of E134W increasing by 22 %. Structural analysis indicated that the E129Y mutation formed a single hydrogen bonding interaction, while E134W produced hydrophobic interactions with neighboring amino acids, thereby augmenting the structural stability of the mutations under high methanol concentration. This study has the potential to advance the commercialization of lipases in the biodiesel production industry.

Production of Biodiesel from Caster Oil: Experimental and Optimization Study

Biodiesel production provides a diversified and renewable energy source offering lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional diesel. It also offers economic benefits by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. Castor oil transesterification is an essential process in the creation of biodiesel. In this experimental study, castor oil transesterified using methanol, and potassium hydroxide was the catalyst. The effects of various reaction parameters, including temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, and catalyst concentration, on the biodiesel yield were studied and optimized by the conventional method followed by the statistically based Box-Behnken design method. The maximum yield was reached at a temperature of 65°C, a molar ratio of 12:1 methanol to oil, and a catalyst concentration of 1.5% by weight. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93%. The optimized results of experiments showed increases in yield to 93.36% at 65°C temperature, 14.12:1 a molar ratio methanol to oil, and a 1.12% by weight catalyst concentration; hence, the optimal temperature was the highest achieved value. The fatty acid methyl ester composition analysis revealed that the major constituents of the biodiesel were ricinoleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, and oleic acid methyl ester. The findings of this research highlight the significance of selecting the appropriate reaction conditions to maximize biodiesel yield. Also, it was found that castor oil had the potential to be an essential feedstock for biodiesel production.

Investigation of Jatropha Oil Transesterification into Methyl Esters under Supercritical Methanol Environment using Advanced Heterogeneous Catalysts

AbstractThe rationale for this study lies in the investigation of the transesterification of crude Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel using advanced heterogeneous catalysts under supercritical methanol conditions. The oxides of strontium, lanthanum, and zinc (SrO, La2O3, and ZnO) were synthesized with varying loadings (2 wt %, 6 wt %, and 10 wt %) on γ‐Al2O3 using the wet impregnation method followed by calcination at 900 °C. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the prepared catalysts, multiple analytical techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The performance of the catalysts was assessed through the measurement of biodiesel yield, where the SrO/γ‐Al2O3, ZnO/γ‐Al2O3, and La2O3/γ‐Al2O3 systems produced yields of 97.54 %, 97.49 %, and 97.36 %, respectively, under identical reaction conditions of a 1 : 40 oil to methanol molar ratio, 10 wt % catalyst loading amount, 300 °C reaction temperature, 90 bar reaction pressure, and a reaction time of 3 min. Despite a minimal decrease of 0.05 %, zinc oxide catalysts remain highly attractive due to their favorable price position compared to strontium. Additionally, the catalyst can be reused up to 12 times with minimal loss in biodiesel yield (~2 %).

Production of Coconut Oil Bioturbosine without Water by Using Ultrasound as a Source of Energy and Ion Exchange for Its Purification

Jet fuel production is a key element in the aviation industry’s strategy to reduce operating costs and environmental impacts. Alternatives are required, and bioturbosine obtained from biomass can replace significant amounts of jet fuel. In this investigation, the properties of the production of bioturbosine from coconut oil and mixtures of B5, B10, B20, B1OO, bottom, and jet fuel were measured according to the ASTM standards. A transesterification reaction between coconut oil and methanol was carried out using ultrasound, resulting in 99.93% conversion of triglycerides into bioturbosine at room temperature for 10 min, with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol and oil. The catalyst concentration was 1.0 g/100 g of oil, and purification was carried out without water using an ion-exchange resin to remove impurities. The results obtained for density and viscosity were within the regulations. The temperature of the clogging point for a cold filter in the mixtures was up to −30 °C. The average caloric values of mixtures B5, B10, and B20 were 45,042, 44,546, and 43,611 MJ/Kg, respectively. In a copper corrosion test, the result for all samples was class 1A. It is expected that the results of this research may influence the use of bioturbosine in the aviation industry.

The analysis of classical, polynomial regression and cubic spline mathematical models in hemp biodiesel optimization: an experimental comparison

Post-pandemic inflationist pressures, climate changes and extremes, regional conflicts, and soaring food prices caused the food crisis to increase rapidly worldwide. This global problem directs producers and researchers to use oils used as feedstock in biodiesel production effectively. In this context, it is important to assay the transesterification parameters and conduct new optimization studies to increase biodiesel yield. In this study, methyl ester was produced from hemp oil by transesterification using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Next, classical optimization study was carried out to determine the effects of catalyst amount, alcohol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time variables on biodiesel yield. Secondly, the cubic spline mathematical model (CSMM) and polynomial regression mathematical model (PRMM) were applied to the first data of this optimization. Among these optimization methods, the utmost biodiesel yield registered was 96.115% at hemp seed oil (HSO):methanol molar ratio of 5.59:1, catalyst concentration of 0.531 wt%, reaction temperature of 42.5 °C, reaction time of 62.1 min, and agitation intensity of 600 rpm at PRMM. Some vital fuel properties obtained from HSO biodiesels as a result of three optimizations satisfied the EN 14214 standard. The results illustrated that the optimal yields from CSMM and PRMM are 0.765% and 1.065% higher, respectively, according to the maximum efficiency obtained from the classical optimization. The outcomes showed that CSMM and PRMM are cost-effective, easy to handle, and promising new approaches.