Moisture Susceptibility Of Mixtures Research Articles

Waste Not, Want Not: Sustainable Use of Anti-Stripping-Treated Waste Ceramic in Superpave Asphalt Mixtures

This research studied the sustainable utilization of waste ceramic in asphalt mixtures by substituting fine aggregate with treated and untreated waste ceramic produced from construction and demolition activities. To improve its adhesion to the asphalt binder and lower the moisture susceptibility of Superpave asphalt mixes, the waste ceramic was treated with a silane anti-stripping agent. The Marshall quotient (MQ), Marshall stability (MS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), retained Marshall stability (RMS), and tensile strength ratio (TSR) were used to assess the mechanical performance and moisture susceptibility of all mixes. The changes in the chemical composition, synergy, physical state, and microstructure of the studied composites were also investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that substituting fine aggregate with 50% silane-treated waste ceramics reduced permanent deformation by 46%. Moreover, integrating silane-treated ceramics reduced asphalt mixture moisture susceptibility, with an RMS value of 87.7% obtained for asphalt containing 75% treated ceramic particles. The application of a silane anti-stripping agent resulted in high adhesion between the ceramic particles and bitumen as well as the production of fewer air voids in the mixes due to the formation of strong CH aromatic linkages, as well as Si-O and Si-O-Si bonds. The possibility of employing waste ceramics in asphalt mixes as a sustainable alternative to virgin aggregates while decreasing environmental impacts and improving resource efficiency is highlighted in this paper.

Evaluation of Moisture Sensitivity Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixes with Additional Filler: A Laboratory Comparison of Dry and Wet Mixing Methods

Gap-graded mixtures are one of the areas of improving the permanent deformation strength of hot-mixed asphalt mixtures. Additional filler materials can be needed due to the high bitumen amount and the less fine aggregate amount in the mixture. In this study, the effects of filler additives on moisture susceptibility of the gap-graded hot-mixed asphalt mixtures and mixing methods are investigated. Filler additives such as class C and class F fly ashes and hydrated lime are used 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 2.0 %, and 4 % of the total weight of mixture instead of mineral filler. Design mixtures are prepared according to the Turkish Highway Technical Specifications (THTS). To determine the effect of mixing methods, dry and wet (slurry) methods are used to mix the filler materials. Modified Lottman method (AASHTO T283) are used to determine the moisture susceptibility. An indirect tensile strength test is the measurement of bitumen film thickness which is also conducted. Test results showed that class C fly ash is significantly improved the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. While the slurry method does not give the expected improvement on class C fly ash added mixtures, it shows a positive effect on class F fly ash and hydrated lime added mixtures.

Development of prediction models for moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture containing combined SBR, waste CR and ASA using support vector regression and artificial neural network methods

Precise estimation of the moisture susceptibility of mixtures is a difficult approach because of the complicated characteristics of used materials under numerous environmental and traffic situations. As the virgin binder has low performance to different traffic and environmental conditions, utilization of additives are proposed. Current research discovers the possible utilization of artificial neural network (ANN) in forecasting the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures modified by different additives. Over 100 samples were fabricated with three types of anti-stripping agents (named A, B, and C) with various contents (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% by weight of binder), one percentage of CR (7% by weight of binder), one percentage of SBR (2% by weight of binder), and one type of AC-85/100 penetration grade bitumen, and tested through different tests such as; Texas boiling test, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), Fracture Energy Ratio (FER), and Resilient Modulus Ratio (RMR). Also, some physical and rheological properties of modified binders were investigated. The fracture energy (FE), indirect tensile strength (ITS) and resilient modulus (Mr) of mixtures improved by incorporation of CR and SBR. Also, have positive impact in enhancing the properties of mixtures. Based on results, ASA (B) has the best impact on enhancing the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. Moreover, some prediction models were proposed to compare with experimental methods. Support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were designed for the prediction of TSR, RMR, and FER values. The results showed that ANN had better performance than SVR in all cases.

Evaluating the influence of humidity on asphalt mixture performance by the flow number test

Moisture damage greatly influences the performance of asphalt pavements. However, existing studies evaluating the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures either ignore the influence of water vapor or use inappropriate testing methods. This study examined the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures by using the flow number (FN) test. Four levels of the humidity condition (2%, 50%, 80% and 100% RH) were first designed to condition specimens, after which the FN test was employed to assess the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. The results show that it took 50 days for specimens to reach humidity equilibrium at Humidity Level 1, while approximately 4300 h (180 days) were required for specimens to achieve the respective Humidity Levels 2, 3, and 4. The evaluation indicators—in other words, FN, the onset of the secondary stage N4, their corresponding permanent strains (PS2 and PS3), and the slope of secondary stage S2—were then determined by applying a two-step secant method. It was observed that N4 and FN exhibit a gradually decreasing tendency, while PS2 and PS3 tend to increase with the rise in humidity level, but this phenomenon seems indiscernible in some groups. A newly modified exponential function model was proposed to characterize the interaction between humidity levels and S2. It was also demonstrated that the slope of the secondary stage is positively correlated with humidity conditions, which indicates that more deformation will occur with a faster deformation rate during higher humidity levels. The combined use of FN and S2 is a recommended way to assess the trend of permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures under different humidity conditions.

Effects of recycling agents (RAs) on rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility of mixtures with high RAP/RAS content

Increasing the content of Recycled Asphalt Materials (RAM) in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) requires a comprehensive understanding of the effects of RAM on pavement performance. While there is a significant focus on the benefits of adding the Recycling Agents (RAs) in terms of cracking resistance of high RAM mixtures, limited research is published on the rutting and moisture damage of high RAM mixtures containing significant amounts of Recycling Agents. This study investigates the effects of RAs on the rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility of high RAM mixtures through analysis of analyzing the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test (HWTT) data with current AASHTO method and a modified analysis method separating the dry from the wet behavior. The RAM employed in this study includes Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS). Two levels of high RAP mixtures (30% and 50%) and one combination of RAP and RAS (30% + 5%) were used to fabricate test asphalt mixtures and compared to a control mixture with no RAM. One petroleum-based RA (REOB) and two bio-based RAs were used to soften these mixtures using pre-determined dosages. In total thirteen-three mixture combinations were prepared and measured in this study. The HWTT test parameters recommended in the current AASHTO method were calculated and compared with the parameters determined by using a modified analysis method, in which the deformation due to the visco-plastic flow is separated from the deformation induced by moisture in the wet HWTT. The results illustrate that in general high RAM improved the rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility as compared to the virgin mixture, but some of the RAs used, show an alarming increase in the moisture susceptibility potential of the high RAM mixtures. It is therefore concluded that caution should be used in analysis of the HWTT rutting behavior of high RAM mixes as the RA used could result in inferior rutting behavior under wet conditions.

Comparative Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility Test Methods for Routine Usage in Asphalt Mixture Design

Abstract Asphalt materials experience substantial amounts of environmental damage throughout their lives as surface layers in pavements. One of the most prominent forms of environmental damage, moisture-induced damage, is caused by the weakening of internal bonds of the material because of the presence of moisture in the voids of asphalt mixtures and is a common problem for asphalt pavements in wet climates. Moisture-induced damage is typically accounted for during asphalt mixture design by conducting performance tests to ensure the material is not susceptible to severe damage from moisture, although many of these methods have seen mixed amounts of success historically. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of multiple asphalt mixture moisture susceptibility tests to identify good and poor performing mixtures with respect to moisture-induced damage to replace current mix design testing requirements. Ten plant-produced hot mix asphalt materials with established good and poor field moisture performance were subjected to various moisture susceptibility test methods. The results from these procedures are assessed to determine which procedure is most effective and practical as a moisture susceptibility test for routine usage during asphalt mixture design for transportation agencies. Results from this study suggest that performance tests with stiffness-based measurements, such as dynamic modulus paired with moisture conditioning and the saturated aging tensile stiffness procedure, show better correlation to field performance than traditional test methods such as AASHTO T-283, Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage, and that the Hamburg wheel tracker test is the most effective and practical test method to reliably identify mixtures prone to experiencing moisture-induced damage.

Using the surface free energy (SFE) method to investigate the effects of additives on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures

Conventional methods for evaluating the effects of additives on moisture damage resistance of asphalt mixtures are either empirical or unable to quantify the contributions of material component properties to the overall mixture performance. To overcome these drawbacks, this study proposes a surface free energy (SFE) method to investigate the effects of various additives on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. One neat asphalt and one acidic gravel aggregate are selected as the test materials along with 6 commonly-used additives: a warm mix asphalt additive, two nano-materials, a hydrated lime, a Portland cement and a non-amine liquid asphalt anti-stripping agent. All the additives are blended with the neat asphalt to fabricate modified asphalt binders. The SFE components of these modified asphalt binders and the gravel aggregates are measured with the Wilhelmy plate method and the vapor adsorption method, respectively. An energy ratio, defined as the ratio of adhesion of asphalt-aggregate to that of asphalt-aggregate-water, is calculated and used to rank the asphalt mixtures that consist of gravel and asphalt binders modified with different additives in terms of their moisture susceptibility performance. In order to validate the proposed SFE method, two mixture moisture susceptibility tests, the modified boiling water test and the indirect tensile strength test, are conducted on loose and compacted asphalt mixtures, respectively. A consistent moisture susceptibility ranking is obtained from the SFE method and the mixture moisture susceptibility tests, which validates the SFE method proposed in this paper can be used to accurately quantify the effects of additives on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures.

Laboratory Investigation on the Use of Bamboo Fiber in Asphalt Mixtures for Enhanced Performance

This study evaluated the use of bamboo fiber, which is a new member in the natural fiber category, in dense-grade (DG) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures for enhanced performance. Bamboo fiber has high tensile strength in fiber direction, and it also has rough surface texture comparable to that of a commonly used lignin fiber. Moreover, bamboo fiber exhibits sufficient thermal stability, which is a typical concern of plant-based materials. Marshall mix design procedure was followed to select optimum asphalt binder contents of DG and SMA mixtures that contain various amounts of bamboo fiber. Effects of bamboo fiber on mixture moisture susceptibility, rutting and low-temperature cracking performance were evaluated using the immersion Marshall, freeze-thaw cycling tests, wheel tracking test and three-point bending beam test, respectively. Testing results showed the use of bamboo fiber effectively enhanced the above-mentioned mixture performance. In addition, the optimum bamboo fiber contents for DG and SMA mixtures were found to be 0.2–0.3% and 0.4% (by weight of mixture). Finally, mixtures with bamboo fiber exhibited equivalent or better performance than the same mixtures with polyester fiber and lignin fiber, indicating the applicability of bamboo fiber in asphalt mixtures.

Moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing Evonik, Zycotherm and hydrated lime

Evaluation of pavement performance along with proper maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activities as well as application of high quality construction materials can prevent premature failures in road networks and supply safety and convenience for road users. Moisture damage is one of the most common modes of failures in flexible pavements which can expedite other forms of failures in pavements. By using anti-stripping agents, the strength of bituminous mixtures against moisture damage increases. The objective of this research is to assess and compare the effects of Evonik, as a newly introduced material, Zycotherm as a common nanomaterial and hydrated lime on the moisture susceptibility and other performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Moisture susceptibility of these mixtures was investigated using the indirect tensile strength (modified Lottman) and Texas Boiling tests. Other performance characteristics were evaluated by means of Marshall, Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Creep tests. Results showed that all three additives can enhance the moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures and the mixture containing 0.1 percent of Zycotherm had the best performance. The hydrated lime had the best impact in increasing the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures due to the hardening effect on the mixtures.

Effect of SBS Polymer and Anti-stripping Agents on the Moisture Susceptibility of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures

The primary objective of this study is exploring the moisture susceptibility of unmodified and SBS-modified hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures. To this end, two different WMA additives including Aspha-min and Sasobit were employed to fabricate WMA specimens. The moisture susceptibility of warm polymer modified asphalt (WPMA) mixes was evaluated using modified Lottman test at 25°C according to AASHTO standard (T 283). In addition, the effect of different percentages of hydrated lime (from 0% to 2%) and Zycosoil (from 0% to 0.1%) as anti-stripping additives on the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures was explored. Based on the ITS test results, WPMA prepared with Sasobit additive and polymer modified asphalt (PMA) mixes satisfied the desirable tensile strength ratio (TSR) (above 80%) but Aspha-min WPMA mixes had TSR lower than 80%.

Effect of using Fibre on the Durability of Asphalt Pavement

Using the fibre additives with a uniform distribution in asphaltic concrete mixture is a well-known technique for improving the mechanical properties and durability of asphalt pavement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of preparing fibre and production of the properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture. In this study, a dense-graded aggregation, mineral fibres (asbestos) and synthetic fibres (polyester and nylon) were used. Laboratory studies were done by comparing different rheological properties, mechanical and moisture susceptibility of mixtures of fibres. Results of the penetration and softening point on mixtures of bitumen – fibre show that fibres improve the mixed rheological properties and stiffening effect of fibre properties. The results of Marshall Tests indicate that adding fibres reduces the strength in Marshall and results in the slight increase in the percentage of optimum bitumen content and asphalt percentage of air voids in comparison with typical fibre. The results of the indirect tensile tests showed that the addition of fibres, depending on the percentage of fibres significantly improves the durability of the mixture.

An Overview of Moisture Damage in Asphalt Mixtures

This paper presents a short review on moisture induced damage in asphalt mixtures. Moisture induced damage is one of the most common causes of pavement distress that results in loss of strength, stripping, raveling, fatigue damage and permanent deformation. Different mechanisms have been used to explain the process of moisture damage in asphalt pavements. However, the moisture damage mechanism takes place due to the interaction of several different processes. The applicability of a single test method to evaluate moisture damage is impractical to a wide range of materials and conditions. Therefore, a new laboratory based testing procedure and analysis protocol is required, with the aim to simultaneously consider the effects of both traffic impact and moisture damage. The proper material design, efficient construction methods, reliable laboratory techniques and well planned highway surface and subsurface drainage systems may lead towards a sustainable asphalt pavement that is sufficiently durable to resist moisture damage. Although considerable advances concerning the subject have been reported, yet there is still a need to address certain issues that are actually involved in the process of asphalt mixture moisture susceptibility.

Enhancing durability of quarry fines modified black cotton soil subgrade with cement kiln dust stabilization

For soil materials to be effective as pavement subgrades, satisfying the durability conditions is essential especially in tropical latitudes where wet and dry climatic conditions prevail. This study investigated the use of cement kiln dust (CKD) to enhance the durability of black cotton soil (BC soil) subgrade modified with quarry fines (QF). Durability was assessed by California bearing ratio (CBR) swell and loss of strength upon immersion tests carried out on soil mixtures prepared with BC soil mixed with constant dosage of 10% QF and five levels of CKD concentration (0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% by dry weight of soil). Specimens were compacted using British standard light (BSL) effort under optimum moisture condition, cured and then subjected to prolonged soaking. Test results show that mixtures containing 0% and 4% CKD failed the CBR and associated swell limits as well as the resistance to loss of strength criterion while both tests deemed soil mixtures containing 8–16% CKD durable. Moisture content evaluation revealed that inclusion of CKD reduced the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. Overall, the testing programme produced data showing that mixtures with CKD admixture have significant durability when exposed to prolonged saturation.

Assessing asphalt mixture moisture susceptibility through intrinsic adhesion, bitumen stripping and mechanical damage

Durability is one of the most important properties of an asphalt mixture. A key factor affecting the durability of asphalt pavements is moisture damage. Moisture damage is generally considered to be the result of two main mechanisms; the loss of adhesion between bitumen and the aggregate and the loss of cohesion within the mixture. Conventional test methods for evaluating moisture damage include tests conducted on loose bitumen-coated aggregates and those conducted on compacted asphalt mixtures. This paper looks at results from the rolling bottle and the saturated ageing tensile stiffness (SATS) tests in an attempt to better understand the underlying processes and mechanisms of moisture damage with the help of surface energy measurements on the constituent bitumen and aggregates. Combinations of materials were assessed using both the rolling bottle and SATS tests. The surface energy properties of the binders were measured using a dynamic contact angle analyser and those of the aggregates using a dynamic vapour sorption device. From these surface energy measurements, it was possible to predict the relative performance of both the simple rolling bottle test and the more complicated SATS test. Mineralogical composition of the aggregates determined using a mineral liberation analyser was used to explain the differences in performance of the mixtures considered.

Evaluating the Effect of Zycosoil on Moisture Damage of Hot-Mix Asphalt Using the Surface Energy Method

There are several approaches for improving adhesion and moisture sensitivity in asphalt mixtures, one of which is to coat the aggregate surface with a suitable agent to change the predominant electrical charges at the surface and reduce the surface energy of the aggregate. In this study, the effects of using Zycosoil as an antistripping additive on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures has been evaluated by determining the mechanism that affects the adhesive bond between the aggregate and asphalt binder using the surface free energy (SFE) method and laboratory dynamic modulus test. The percentage of the aggregate surface exposed to water (P index) has also been calculated by using the measured SFE and dynamic modulus results, and evaluated as an index for the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. The results of the SFE method show that Zycosoil decrease the difference between the free energy of the adhesion of aggregate- asphalt binder in dry and wet conditions, and this difference is equal to the amount of energy released when stripping occurs. Coating of the aggregate surface with Zycosoil decreases this difference, and subsequently causes the mixture to be more resistant to moisture damage. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000819. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Laboratory investigation of moisture susceptibility of long-term saturated warm mix asphalt mixtures

Moisture damage in flexible pavements might cause stripping in asphalt pavements and ultimately result in premature failure. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology as a means to decrease the energy consumption and emissions associated with conventional hot mix asphalt production is broadly being used recently. However, the utilisation of the hydrated lime and liquid anti-strip additives in WMA mixtures makes these issues more complicated. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the moisture susceptibility of mixtures containing anti-stripping agents (ASAs) and WMA additives after long-term saturated durations. The experimental design for this study included the utilisations of one binder source (PG 64-22), three ASA additives and control, two WMA additives and hot mix, and three aggregate sources. A total of 36 types of mixtures and 540 specimens were fabricated and tested in this study. The performed properties included indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio, flow and toughness. The results indicated that the aggregate source has an effect on dry ITS and flow values but had no effect on wet ITS, wet flow and toughness values. In addition, hot mixture generally had higher dry and wet ITS values, and there were significant differences in flow and toughness values between hot and warm mixtures. Moreover, the hydrated lime exhibited the best moisture resistance in WMA mixtures; the liquid ASA additives could increase the ITS values of mixtures but exhibited a weak moisture resistance in this study. Furthermore, the storage and saturated duration generally had no effect on ITS values, and statistical analysis results did not show any differences among these mixtures.

Improved Resistance of Long-Term Aged Warm-Mix Asphalt to Moisture Damage Containing Moist Aggregates

Due to the use of many warm-mix-asphalt (WMA) additives in the market, the effect of long-term aging on these WMA mixtures is generally unclear; hence, it is necessary to simulate their performance in the laboratory. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of various WMA additives on the moisture susceptibility of mixtures containing moist aggregates following a long-term aging process. Mass loss (percentage), indirect tensile strength (ITS) of dry and conditioned specimens, deformation (flow), and dissipated energy values were measured. The experimental design included two aggregate moisture contents (0% and approximately 0.5% by weight of the dry mass of the aggregate), two lime contents (1 and 2% lime by weight of dry aggregate), one liquid antistripping agent (ASA), five WMA additives, and two aggregate sources. A common long-term aging procedure was used in this study. The test results indicated that long-term aging improved the moisture resistance of WMA mixtures regardless of WMA additive, ASA, and moisture content. In addition, aggregate source affected the moisture resistance regardless of WMA additive, ASA, and aggregate moisture content. The effects of various WMA additives on the dissipated fracture energy of unaged mixtures are generally similar except that mixtures with Asphamin have relatively lower dry dissipated fracture energy. In addition, the aggregate type affected the dissipated energy value of WMA mixtures regardless of aging states. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000567. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Asphalts; Damage; Aggregates; Aging (material); Moisture. Author keywords: Warm-mix asphalt; Additive; Aging; Indirect tensile strength; Deformation; Dissipated energy.

Study on Water Stability of Bitumen Mixture Under High Temperature and Moisture Conditions

The Work made use of two different asphalts-Shengli and Kalamayi and two different aggregates-Granite and Lime-stone to study the performance of asphalt mixtures under high temperature and moisture condition. Two modifers AST-3 and hydrated lime were investigated as prospective performance enhancers. Film stripping and marshall’s Retained stability tests were used to determined the adhesion characteristics and Moisture susceptibility of mixture, immersion wheel tracking test was used to study the rutting potential at high temperature in the presence of moisture.

Low-Volume Road WMA Mixtures: Moisture Susceptibility of Mixtures Containing Coal Ash and Roofing Shingle with Moist Aggregate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the laboratory moisture susceptibility of low-volume hot mix asphalt (HMA) and warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures containing moist aggregates and recycled materials, such as manufactured roofing shingles and coal ash material. These materials were tested after short- and long-term aging procedures. The test properties of these mixtures included indirect tensile strength (ITS), the tensile strength ratio (TSR), and the flow value of virgin and aged specimens. The experimental design included two percentages of coal ash (10 and 5% by weight of the aggregate), two roofing shingle contents (5 and 3% by weight of the aggregate), three WMA additives (Asphamin, Sasobit, and Evotherm), two antistripping agents (hydrated lime and one liquid antistripping agent), and two aggregate sources. A total of 72 mixtures were designed and a total of 416 ITS specimens were tested for short- and long-term aged procedures in this study. The test results indicated that the dry and wet ITS values of low-volume mixtures containing moist aggregate generally satisfied the demand of pavement without requiring additional treatment. Mixtures containing hydrated lime, in general, showed a better moisture resistance than liquid ASA for WMA mixtures. Moreover, the addition of WMA additives in the low-volume mixture was effective and generally showed a similar moisture resistance to HMA, except for when using Asphamin and liquid ASA simultaneously. Research results also indicated that the utilization of recycled coal ash and roofing shingles significantly improved moisture resistance of HMA and WMA mixtures.

Influence of Antistripping Additives on Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures

Rising energy prices, global warming, and more stringent environmental regulations have resulted in an interest in warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies as a means to decrease the energy consumption and emissions associated with conventional hot mix asphalt production. However, the utilization of the hydrated lime and liquid antistripping agents (ASA) in WMA mixture makes these issues more complicated. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures containing ASA and WMA additives. The experimental design for this study included the utilizations of one binder source (PG 64-22), three ASA additives and control, two WMA additives and virgin, and three aggregate sources. A total of 36 types of mixtures and 216 specimens were fabricated and tested in this study. The performed properties include indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), flow, and toughness. The results indicated that the hydrate lime exhibits the best moisture resistance for WMA mixtures, the liquid ASA additives can increase the ITS values of the mixtures but the liquid ASA generally exhibits a weak moisture resistance compared to the hydrate lime regardless of WMA and aggregate types in this study. In addition, the wet ITS values of mixtures containing WMA additives were lower than that of the mixtures without WMA additives.