Determination Of Moisture Research Articles

Coupling effect of lycopene degradation and heat/mass transfer during the drying process of tomato

This article studied the interaction between heat/moisture transfer and lycopene changes during the drying process of tomato slices. The results showed that the free water content decreased gradually, while the bound water initially increased and then decreased, with a high value at the middle stage. The lycopene decreased during drying and was related to the moisture content. The degradation process of lycopene can be divided into two stages by a critical moisture content (MC ). In the first stage of M>M C, the lycopene is lost primarily via diffusion, resulting in a gradual decrease in content. In the second stage of M<M C, the loss of lycopene was mainly caused by the decomposition reaction, and the content decreased rapidly. The higher the drying temperatures and the thinner the slice thickness, the higher the MC values, and the earlier the second drying stage. Based on the experimental findings, a drying model coupling heat/moisture transfer and lycopene degradation was developed for tomato drying, which enables the determination of internal moisture, lycopene content, and their distribution, offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing the quality of tomato drying products.

Moisture content determination along production line of ibuprofen soft gelatin capsule manufacturing by near infrared spectroscopy and ensemble deep neural networks

AbstractIn the manufacturing process of ibuprofen soft gelatin capsules, controlling moisture content at each production line stage, including in their components—gelatin, fill content, and shell—is vital to ensure quality and stability. This study developed and assessed an analytical method for rapid and non‐destructive moisture determination using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with deep neural networks (DNN) on all stages of the ibuprofen production line. The NIRS‐DNN classifier models were able to distinguish between the three components, achieving accuracy scores of up to 99%. The DNN models for moisture quantification also demonstrated high accuracy, with R2 values exceeding 0.997 across all production stages and prediction errors to those of previously reported models. A significant advantage of the NIRS‐DNN approach was its ability to maintain accuracy over a wide moisture concentration range, from 7% to 48%. The ensemble model, NIRS‐EDNN, seamlessly integrated classification and quantification, revealing its potential for real‐time process control in soft gel manufacturing. The comprehensive sampling approach ensured a diverse representation of moisture content, thereby enhancing the understanding of its impact on the final product stability, demonstrating that this methodology is potentially applicable to any soft gelatin capsule tracking worldwide.

Nutritional Analysis of Wheat Flour at Hyderabad for Detection of Essential and Toxic Metals

Wheat flour is basic diet in Asian countries. Quality of wheat flour and milling process has been changing day by day which have profound impact on nutrition value of wheat flour. Objective: To carry out Nutritional assessment of whole and refined wheat flour grinded locally at 13 mills of Hyderabad to determine presence of essential and toxic metals. Methods: Whole and refined wheat flour were randomly collected from 13 flour mills of Hyderabad for determination of moisture, ash, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, proteins, essential (Fe, Zn and Mn) and Toxic (Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu) metals with standard scientific methods. Results: High moisture has been recorded in F.M.13 mill in whole and refined flour as 12.5% and 11.8% respectively where as low moisture 7.1% has been found in whole flour in F.M.10 mill and 7.4% in refined flour in F.M.01 mill. F.M.04 contains high Iron in whole and refined wheat flour as 0.91±1.1 and 0.74±0.5mg/kg respectively. Zinc content has been high in F.M.10 and F.M.11 as 9.95±5.6mg/kg and 8.66±5.1mg/kg respectively. Cadmium has been high in F.M.09 as 0.06±0.01mg/kg in refined flour whereas Lead has been high in F.M.09 as 0.28±0.13mg/kg in whole wheat flour. Conclusions: Carbohydrates have been high whereas fiber and protein has been low in refined flour. Fe, Zn and Mn has been significantly low whereas Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu has been significantly high in refined wheat flour. It is concluded that consumption of whole wheat flour is better than refined wheat flour.

ANALYSIS AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BEEF, BEEF BREEDS OF CATTLE IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article considers the quality of beef carcasses from cattle of Kazakh white-headed and Kalmyk breeds, bred mainly in Kazakhstan, as well as the results of the study of chemical composition of meat cuts, yield and meat index of beef cuts on the bone and boneless, allocated in accordance with the international standard UNECE. The chemical composition of cuts was determined: moisture, fat, protein. Methods of moisture determination – according to “GOST 9793-2016 Meat and meat products. Methods of moisture determination”. Methods of determination of fat – according to “GOST 23042- 2015 Meat and meat products. Methods of determination of fat”. Mass fraction of protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to conclude that bulls of Kazakh white-headed and Kalmyk breed have high slaughter qualities and differed insignificantly. There were no significant differences between the breeds in the content of total protein and chemical composition of cut flesh.

Metrological traceability of moisture/water content measurements

This paper explains advantages and disadvantages of the measurement methods for moisture and water content determinations in plant-based materials, in order to identify the method providing the best metrological features.The term “moisture” is generic and it does not identify a specific measurand. In this sense, to declare proper Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) and to develop Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), a better specification of the measurand should be given. Currently, no CMCs for moisture or water content measurements in the plant-origin bulk materials, as well as respective CRMs, are available in the Key Comparison Database (KCDB) published on the website of the Bureau International del Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Undoubtedly, those CMCs and CRMs, characterised for water content, are crucial and essential to provide metrological traceability of measurement results for the quality assessment of plant-origin bulk materials in the agricultural sector.

Characterization and description of beekeeping agroecosystems in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico

Objective: to characterize honey bee (Apis mellifera) production systems in the municipality of Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: the sample was made up by 10% of the beekeepers in Holpechén, identified through the snowball method. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed with 94 questions grouped into five sections (general information, structure of the systems, product trade, technologies used, and decision making). The questionnaire was applied through the technique of interviewing those responsible for the 118 beekeeping production systems. The information obtained with the questionnaires was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: beekeeping is an important productive activity in the region of Los Chenes and La Montaña in Hopelchén, which are undergoing the process of generational replacement and are currently maintained by young adult producers who are younger than 45 years old. They own 55 hives on average per producer, which are located at a distance of 7.7 km from their households. The main technology is the use of sugar for feed, by 50% of producers, followed by the diagnosis of Varroa infestation and determination of moisture with 35 and 21.5% of beekeepers. Limitations on study/implications: the limited access to regions with beekeeping potential, as well as the lack of monitoring by outside staff, does not ease open-mindedness of beekeepers toward researchers. Findings/conclusions: the characterization of beekeeping production systems with high potential allows proposing improvement strategies to promote the development of small-scale producers.

Method for remote measurement of specific conductivity and moisture of subsurface soil horizons

The aim of the research is to develop a radar method for determining the physical and chemical parameters of subsurface soil horizons, providing rapid determination of moisture and specific conductivity in the area of the plant root system. The proposed method is based on a set of Fresnel equations which describe reflection of electromagnetic waves from the interface between dielectric media in vertical and horizontal polarization of the probing signal. For the practical implementation of the method, it is proposed to use two unmanned aerial vehicles that form a bistatic radar system which irradiates the Earth's surface obliquely in order to create the Brewster's effect and increase the fraction of the radio signal reflected from subsurface horizons. The percentage of moisture and the specific conductivity of soil are calculated from the measured values of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity. The required accuracy of moisture and conductivity measurements is achieved by two-step calibration of the measuring device. The values of the moisture content and specific conductivity of soil obtained by radar at a frequency of 469 MHz are in good agreement with the results of measuring these parameters using the soil moisture meter TDR 150 Spectrum Technologies, Inc.

LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMAL HUMIDITY OF LARGE-BLOCK SOILS

he purpose of our field research was to develop and select a method of work on laying and compacting the material of large-block soils, ensuring the receipt and determination of maximum density and optimal soil moisture. On the basis of these studies, technical conditions for the construction of thrust prisms are further drawn up. This article presents the results of the work performed with a brief methodology of field and laboratory research. The article provides data characterizing the material intended for installation in the body of the dam. The currently existing methods for determining the control parameters of laying large-block soils are contradictory and require experimental work. A number of parameters are taken into account: grain composition, humidity, density. Therefore, the article considers a laboratory method for determining the maximum density and optimal humidity of stone material when laying in the body of the dam. The results of the research carried out on the development of our quarry area, the thickness of the uncompacted layer was determined, the choice of a sealing mechanism, the number of passes along one track, the determination of the density of dry soil in experimental field sites intended for use in filling the body of the dam, graphs of the required densities for full-scale grain composition are presented. The strength properties of the stone material were determined experimentally for the average grain composition and for the upper curve of the accepted “fish”

Soil Moisture Determination by Normalized Difference Index Based on Drone Images Analysis

Soil Moisture Determination by Normalized Difference Index Based on Drone Images Analysis

Rapid and non-destructive prediction of moisture content on intact gayo coffee beans using near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Presented work explores the potential of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid, non-destructive analytical method for predicting moisture content in intact Gayo coffee beans. The moisture content is an essential parameter affecting the quality, processing, and shelf life of coffee beans. While conventional moisture determination techniques involve invasive procedures and considerable time, NIRS emanates as an innovative technique offering non-invasive, swift analysis. Using a robust representative selection of Gayo coffee bean samples, we acquired numerous spectra and employed multivariate analysis to construct a calibration model correlating the spectral data with reference moisture values. The initial results exhibit a high correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93 and ratio prediction to deviation (RPD) index of 3, suggesting that the NIRS technique can effectively predict the moisture content within the beans. This research underpins the potential usage of NIRS which, if validated through further testing, could transform quality control operations in the coffee industry by offering a real-time, non-destructive approach for moisture content determination.

Rapid assessment of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) quality parameters using portable near-infrared spectroscopy combined with random forest

The determination of moisture and vanillin content significantly influences the quality of vanilla. Currently, conventional chemical methods employed for assessing these parameters are time-consuming, involve complex sample preparation, are expensive, and environmentally unfriendly due to the use of chemical solutions. Portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy emerges as a promising alternative, characterized by smaller dimensions and lower costs. This study investigates the performance of two portable NIR spectrometers with distinct wavelengths at 740–1070 nm and 1350–2550 nm, in conjunction with Random Forest (RF) and Partial Least Square (PLS) regression, and preprocessing techniques including min-max normalization, 1st derivative, standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), 1st derivative + SNV, and 1st derivative + MSC for predicting moisture and vanillin content. At the wavelength range of 1350–2550 nm, RF coupled with 1st derivative produced the best moisture content prediction model with an R2 of 0.971, and RF paired with 1st derivative+SNV yielded the best vanillin content prediction with an R2 of 0.983. This work highlights that the integration of portable NIR and RF allows for rapid and non-destructive detection of moisture and vanillin content. This methodology provides a novel regression method for predicting vanilla qualities.

Determining Moisture Content of Basil Using Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Accurate and rapid determination of moisture content is essential in crop production and decision-making for irrigation. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising method for determining moisture content in various agricultural products, including herbs and vegetables. This study tested the hypothesis that NIR spectroscopy is effective in accurately measuring the moisture content of Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), with the objective of developing a respective calibration model. Spectral data were obtained from a total of 120 basil leaf samples over a period of six days. These included freshly harvested and detached leaves, as well as those left in ambient air for 1–6 days. Five spectra were taken from each leaf using a handheld NIR spectrophotometer, which covers the first and second overtones of the NIR spectral region: 950–1650 nm. After the spectral acquisition, the leaves were weighed for fresh mass and then put in an oven for 72 h at 80 °C to determine the dry weight and calculate the reference moisture content. The calibration model was developed using multivariate analysis in MATLAB, including preprocessing and regression modeling. The data obtained from 75% of the samples were used for model training and 25% for validation. The final model demonstrates strong performance metrics. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) is 2.9908, the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) is 3.2368, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) reaches 2.4675. The coefficients of determination for calibration (R2C) and cross-validation (R2CV) are consistent, with values of 0.829 and 0.80, respectively. The model’s predictive ability is indicated by a coefficient of determination for prediction (R2P) of 0.86. The range error ratio (RER) stands at 11.045—highlighting its predictive performance. Our investigation, using handheld NIR spectrophotometry, confirms NIR’s usefulness in basil moisture determination. The rapid determination offers valuable insights for irrigation and crop management.

Near infrared spectroscopy for determination of moisture content in lyophilized formulation

A non-invasive near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method was developed for the quantitative moisture determination in a lyophilized injection formulation. The calibration samples were prepared by exposing lyophilized samples at different temperatures and relative humidity. The samples from different scales and different process parameters were considered for adding robustness to the model. The NIR spectra were collected using a Fourier-transform (FT) NIR with a diffuse reflectance probe and the same samples were further analyzed by the Karl Fisher (KF) method for moisture content. The pre-treated NIR spectra were used for quantitative method development for moisture content. Partial least squares regression was used to develop calibrations in the 5600-4950 cm−1 region with calibration coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.149. The model was cross-validated internally using the Kernel algorithm with r2 = 0.96 and RMSECV = 0.15. The accuracy of the NIR method against the KF method, precision, and reproducibility were good and the model was robust in predicting different external validation samples. This work allowed NIR as an alternative measurement for moisture analysis as well as facilitate 100% monitoring before packaging and save the cost of sample and time of KF analysis.

Residual Moisture Determination in Lyophilized Drug Product Samples Using FT-NIR: A Comparison of Data Processing Methods

Introduction: Remdesivir for injection is a Gilead Sciences manufactured drug product approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19. One of the critical attributes of this drug product, which is lyophilized, is its water moisture content. The current method used to determine the water content of remdesivir is the Karl Fischer titration method. The Karl Fischer method is considered the gold standard for determining the residual water moisture content of lyophilized drug products in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is timeconsuming, can at times be sensitive to difficult-to-control techniques, and most importantly is destructive. The purpose of this study was to create a non-destructive residual water moisture determination method using FT-NIR. Methods: Three FT-NIR methods were proposed as a non-destructive alternative to Karl Fischer method: partial least squares regression, Beer’s law and area under the curve, and Beer’s law and peak height. Results were statistically validated using RMSEC, RMSEP, and R2, and the percent differences of predicted and accepted residual moisture values were compared with external validation vials. Results: Results showed that the partial least squares regression method produced a 0.999 correlation coefficient and a 95% performance index score, highlighting the accuracy between the actual Karl Fischer moisture values and the predicted FT-NIR moisture values. The Beer’s law methods produced acceptable correlation coefficients of 0.996 and 0.982 for the peak area and height, respectively, but comparisons between the actual and predicted values were not as closely matched as the partial least squares method. Conclusion: Our results support the use of a non-destructive partial least squares FT-NIRbased moisture contest method, which is a useful alternative to the destructive Karl Fischer method for determining residual water moisture of lyophilized drug products. Only an FTNIR instrument and chemometric statistical software along with the appropriately trained/educated analysts, and routine Karl Fischer instrumentation to measure/determine moisture content values of either water spiked or lyo-thieved and normal lyophilized samples are required.

Impact of Ginger Oleoresin on Leaf Tripe of Sapumhicha

The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of ginger on the leaf tripe of 'SapuMhicha'. SapuMhicha is a special dish consisting of buffalo leaf tripe stuffed with bone marrow; it is boiled and fried. This dish is popular in Kathmandu Valley, especially in Newar community. The use of ginger makes this dish tasty and hygienic. It is indigenous knowledge and practice; with this, it can be preserved for a certain time period. Ginger is valued in nutritional importance as it contains fiber. Ginger contributes to minimizing Microbial growth that helps to stimulate the digestive system. The use of ginger in a tripe recipe makes low microbial. This study focuses on this indigenous knowledge of how ginger enhances leaf tripe to use for a long time. The impact of ginger on leaf tripe is tested using the AOAC direct moisture determination method on different days from 1 to 16 at normal room temperature. The result was that the impact of ginger on tripe leaf was positive i.e. low microbial growth was noticed. The result showed that ginger enhances the shelf-life of tripe at room temperature as it can be stored for a certain period of time and remain suitable for use.

Atmosphere and ocean energy transport in extreme warming scenarios

Extreme scenarios of global warming out to 2300 from the SSP5-8.5 extension scenario are analyzed in three state-of-the-art climate models, including two models with climate sensitivity greater than 4.5°C. The result is some of the largest warming amounts ever seen in simulations run over the historical record and into the future. The simulations exhibit between 9.3 and 17.5°C global mean temperature change between pre-Industrial and the end of the 23rd century. The extremely large changes in global temperature allow exploration of fundamental questions in climate dynamics, such as the determination of moisture and energy transports, and their relation to global atmosphere-ocean circulation. Three models performed simulations of SSP5-8.5 to 2300: MRI-ESM2-0, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and CanESM5. We analyze these simulations to improve understanding of climate dynamics, rather than as plausible futures. In the model with the most warming, CanESM5, the moisture content of the planet more than doubles, and the hydrologic cycle increases in intensity. In CanESM5 and IPSL-CM6A-LR nearly all sea ice is eliminated in both summer and winter in both hemispheres. In all three models, the Hadley circulation weakens, the tropopause height rises, and storm tracks shift poleward, to varying degrees. We analyze the moist static energy transports in the simulations using a diffusive framework. The dry static energy flux decreases to compensate for the increased moisture transport; however the compensation is imperfect. The total atmospheric transport increases but not as quickly as expected with a constant diffusivity. The decrease in eddy intensity plays an important role in determining the energy transports, as do the pattern of cloud feedbacks and the strength of ocean circulations.

Fermented Beverage Based on Lupines (Lupinus Luteus) Using Water Kefir

This research aimed to elaborate and characterize a fermented lupine vegan drink from water kefir grains. Firstly, the standard protocols were carried out to extract and identify alkaloids in lupine. The second stage consisted of elaborating the water-soluble lupine vegetable extract (WLVE), and the effect of sucrose, inulin, and xanthan gum concentration on the extract was evaluated. The formulations were characterized for cell growth of kefir grains, beverage yield, soluble solids, and lactic acid. In the third step, the optimized drink (fermented and non-fermented) was characterized for moisture content, ash, total lipids, crude protein, and determination of total carbohydrates. The elaboration and characterization of a fermented vegan drink from water kefir grains using lupine was conducted. The optimized fermented drink was the formulation given by the central point. The lupine seed characterization revealed a high protein content, and the optimized beverage characterization showed a considerable carbohydrate content. The optimized drink has enzymatic activity with an emphasis on lipases. The drink's development as a new product using water-soluble lupine plant extract brought an exciting application for this legume and an additional food option for vegan consumers or consumers with dietary restrictions related to dairy products.

Study on design, construction and testing of cosmic-ray soil moisture observing system in Vietnam

The newly-developed cosmic-ray method for measuring area-average soil moisture at the hectometer horizontal scale is being implemented in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (or the COSMOS). The stationary cosmic-ray soil moisture probe measures the neutrons that are generated by cosmic rays (or Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing-CRNS) within air and soil and other materials, moderated by mainly hydrogen atoms located primarily in soil water, and emitted to the atmosphere where they mix instantaneously at a scale of hundreds of meters and whose density is inversely correlated with soil moisture. The CRNS technique has been known for more than 10 years and validated by many scientific publications in the world. In Vietnam, a country greatly affected by global climate change, this is the first time this technique has been implemented and applied. Together with other traditional methods for soil moisture determination such as point measurement and remote sensing, CRNS technique will effectively contribute to the real-time monitoring of drought, prediction of flash floods and landslides, or planning irrigation in smart agriculture. This paper is written to introduce the results of the COSMOS-VINATOM project of the Ministry of Science and Technology. We describe the cosmic-ray soil moisture measurement method and the design of a specific COSMOS using advanced technologies in neutron and muon detector, signal processing and data transmission.This system has also been tested in the field in Xuan Canh commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi, Vietnam with initial positive results.

Moisture Determination in CO2 Gas Cylinders for Application in Annulus Gas Monitoring Systems of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)

Background:: Critical monitoring of moisture content in annulus gas is required due to its detrimental effect on the pressure tube, leading to surface corrosion and finally the rupture of the pressure tube. Methods and Results:: The present work describes a simple and reliable thermo-analytical method for the quantitative determination of moisture in CO2 gas cylinders, using anhydrous barium chloride as the novel adsorbent material and simultaneous. Thermogravimetry - Differential Thermal Analysis - Evolved Gas Analysis (Fourier Transformed InfraRed Spectroscopy) [TG-DTA-EGA(FTIR)] as determination techniques. Conclusion:: Conclusion: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) coupled with Microscopy has been used to see the surface morphological variations during the heat treatment. The results of these studies are being discussed here.

Determination of composite fuel parameters in the operation of technogenic deposits of coal mining enterprises

The research provides the determining of the parameters for composite fuel in the operation of technogenic deposits at coal mining enterprises. The qualitative characteristics of technogenic raw materials are determined, and the parameters of technological processes to produce composite fuel are established: preparation (screening or grinding), physical and chemical influence on the state of raw materials, mixing, production, and drying (if necessary) to obtain suitable fuel. Based on the particle size distribution (as well as sedimentation analysis for waste fractions up to 50 μm) and chemical composition (with the determination of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and sulphur content) it was found that the physicochemical parameters for each type of industrial waste, when preparing them for use in the production of composite fuels, have been established. A technological classification of technogenic materials has been developed, which makes it possible to systematize technical issues in the implementation of preparation processes, physical and chemical influences, mixing, production, and drying to obtain suitable fuel.