Concept Of Modulation Research Articles

S-WH Modules

This article introduces the concept of strongly-WH module which is a proper generalized of Hopfian modules. A module is called strongly-WH, briefly -WH if, any -small surjective -endomorphism of is an automorphism. We specify and provide some properties of this concept. Furthermore, we have established connections between strongly-WH modules and various other concepts. We demonstrate that every strongly-WH module is -weakly Hopfian. As well as, we provide cases in which the concepts of WH, -weakly Hopfian, and strongly-WH modules are equivalent.

π-Conjugation-Induced In Situ Nanoscale Ordering of Spiro-OMeTAD Boosts the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport materials typically exhibit an amorphous state in perovskite solar cells. However, the lack of structural ordering leads to weak intermolecular interaction, inferior carrier transfer, and poor stability in devices. Herein, we developed a π-conjugation-induced short-range ordering strategy to modulate the stacking order of spiro-OMeTAD during film formation. A clear molecular ordering at the nanoscale is observed, which enhances intermolecular π-π stacking in spiro-OMeTAD and enables effective carrier extraction and favorable energy level alignment. The nanoscale-ordered spiro-OMeTAD allows the achievement of perovskite solar cells with a champion efficiency of 25.37%, surpassing devices utilizing amorphous spiro-OMeTAD (23.52%). The unencapsulated device demonstrates enhanced operational stability by retaining 98% of its initial efficiency under continuous 1 sun equivalent illumination at 60 °C for 840 h. This work establishes a significant and valid modulation concept for the stacking order of organic transport materials, paving the way for the development of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

In situ regulating the interfacial work function of Ag doped Ni(OH)2 via trace of Fe2+ for efficient water splitting

Traditional approaches for tuning the water electrolysis performance of catalysts through manipulating their work function (WF) have primarily focused on the design of pre-catalysts prior to electrochemical test. Herein, an in situ interfacial WF modulation concept has been developed to synthesize the Fe modified nickel-based hydroxide electrocatalyst with enhanced OER (named as 0.168-FeO-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF) and HER (0.168-FeH-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF) activity. The modulator is trace amounts of Fe2+ in 1 M KOH, while the support comprises silver-modified nickel hydroxide, in which the Ag possesses a valence catalysis effect on Ni or Fe sites. Under optimized Fe2+ content, the deposition of Fe facilitates the release of the WF of Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF and accelerates the electron transfer between the catalyst and reaction intermediates. Meanwhile, the charge transfer from Fe to Ni sites coupled with the blue shift of d-band promote the adsorption of water molecules and the desorption of hydrogen protons, thereby accelerating the hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics. Consequently, the OER and HER activity of 0.168-FeO-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF and 0.168-FeH-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF enhanced 4.31 and 2.48 times, respectively. Notably, compared with Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF(+)//Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF(−), at a high current density of 1000 mA cm−2, the potential for energy consumption reduction of 0.168-FeO-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF(+)//0.168-FeH-Ag-Ni(OH)2/NF(−) couple is at least 6 %, which endows it a promising application prospect in the actual electrolytic water system in the future.

Методика навчання інформатики у профільній школі: аналіз посібників з вебтехнологій

The paper discusses the peculiarities of the content, structure and methods of teaching the elective module ‘Web Technologies’ for pupils of a specialised school. Studying web technologies at school not only provides pupils with basic knowledge about creating websites and web applications, but also contributes to the development of critical thinking, creativity and technical skills that are essential in the modern digital world. The article analyses the main teaching materials of textbooks for teaching high school pupils web technologies, reveals the main concepts of the elective module and highlights the main problems that should be addressed in the learning process. The web technologies textbooks considered in the article contain practical material, and the authors also tried to present a short and meaningful theoretical educational material sufficient for independent study of the elective module ‘Web Technologies’ by pupils of a specialised school of general secondary education institutions in the modern conditions.

Unraveling autophagic imbalances and therapeutic insights in Mecp2-deficient models.

Loss-of-function mutations in MECP2 are associated to Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurodevelopmental disease. Mainly working as a transcriptional regulator, MeCP2 absence leads to gene expression perturbations resulting in deficits of synaptic function and neuronal activity. In addition, RTT patients and mouse models suffer from a complex metabolic syndrome, suggesting that related cellular pathways might contribute to neuropathogenesis. Along this line, autophagy is critical in sustaining developing neuron homeostasis by breaking down dysfunctional proteins, lipids, and organelles.Here, we investigated the autophagic pathway in RTT and found reduced content of autophagic vacuoles in Mecp2 knock-out neurons. This correlates with defective lipidation of LC3B, probably caused by a deficiency of the autophagic membrane lipid phosphatidylethanolamine. The administration of the autophagy inducer trehalose recovers LC3B lipidation, autophagosomes content in knock-out neurons, and ameliorates their morphology, neuronal activity and synaptic ultrastructure. Moreover, we provide evidence for attenuation of motor and exploratory impairment in Mecp2 knock-out mice upon trehalose administration. Overall, our findings open new perspectives for neurodevelopmental disorders therapies based on the concept of autophagy modulation.

On Nilpotent Elements and Armendariz Modules

For a left module MR over a non-commutative ring R, the notion for the class of nilpotent elements (nilR(M)) was first introduced and studied by Sevviiri and Groenewald in 2014 (Commun. Algebra, 42, 571–577). Moreover, Armendariz and semicommutative modules are generalizations of reduced modules and nilR(M)=0 in the case of reduced modules. Thus, the nilpotent class plays a vital role in these modules. Motivated by this, we present the concept of nil-Armendariz modules as a generalization of reduced modules and a refinement of Armendariz modules, focusing on the class of nilpotent elements. Further, we demonstrate that the quotient module M/N is nil-Armendariz if and only if N is within the nilpotent class of MR. Additionally, we establish that the matrix module Mn(M) is nil-Armendariz over Mn(R) and explore conditions under which nilpotent classes form submodules. Finally, we prove that nil-Armendariz modules remain closed under localization.

Sign To Speech Conversion And Home Automation Control Using Smart Gloves

In today's world, there are many new technologies changing the way we do things. One interesting technology is the home automation system. It helps people control things in their homes from far away, making life more comfortable, saving money, and being easy to use. But some people find it a bit tricky to use these systems well. To make it simpler for everyone, we can use something called a flex sensor-based home automation system. This system lets you control things by moving your hands, which is really helpful for older people or those who might find it a bit hard to move. It's also great for people who haven't had much learning. And if we add voice help, it becomes even easier. This way, people who are in bed or dealing with physical problems can use it too. This makes technology not just cool but helpful for everyone in different situations. In this paper, we explore the integration of flex sensors onto hand gloves to facilitate a dynamic interaction between hand movements and technological outputs. The flex sensors, akin to miniature potentiometers, are strategically affixed to the fingers, registering changes in value corresponding to the bending action. As the finger bends, the sensor's resistance alters, influencing the output in an inversely proportional manner. This innovative system allows for nuanced control, where specific angles of finger bending lead to calibrated adjustments in output, demonstrating a responsive and intuitive interface between human gestures and technology. The implementation of flex sensor- based gloves introduces a versatile means of capturing and translating hand movements into actionable data. The project leverages the concept of resistance modulation to precisely interpret the degree of finger bending, creating a reliable framework for diverse applications such as gesturecontrolled devices or assistive technologies for individuals with limited mobility. The abstracted communication between human hand gestures and technology opens avenues for accessible and intuitive interfaces, promising potential applications across various domains.

Underwater acoustic FBMC communication with multiple mode index modulation

In underwater acoustic communication (UWA), there is a significant presence of multipath and Doppler spread. The integration of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with index modulation (IM), utilizing subcarrier index modulation to enhance system performance underwater, has garnered considerable interest from researchers. Multiple mode modulation can enhance utilization by transmitting symbols of different modes on different subcarriers. Inspired by the concepts of index modulation and multiple mode modulation, this paper proposes a method that combines multiple mode indexing with the filter bank multicarrier system (MM-FBMC-IM), enabling the transmission of different modulation orders on each subcarrier to increase system flexibility. Simulations demonstrate that under the same spectral efficiency, multiple mode indexing FBMC offers superior bit error rate (BER) performance compared to conventional FBMC and index modulation FBMC.

A Digital Project Management Framework for Transnational Prefabricated Housing Projects

Compared with an ordinary prefabricated housing project (PHP), a transnational PHP tends to involve more uncertainties, with major stakeholders residing in different countries. This study proposes a novel digital project management framework that integrates building information modeling to enhance information utilization. This framework also incorporates innovative design concepts of modulor, modulus, module, model, durability, and recyclability for enhanced user comfort, housing industrialization, and extended lifespan. It was demonstrated how planning, design, manufacture, and transportation processes can be streamlined in transnational PHP delivery. A case study was performed in a typical transnational PHP between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and China for validation. By applying the framework, this PHP could install a single house within 24 h, improve precast level by about 20%, and reduce project cost per square meter by 5.2%, because of integrated design concept, reduced labor cost, effective material cost control, and enhanced information management.

Towards fiber-reinforced front-sheets for lightweight PV modules in VIPV

Novel approaches in the field of photovoltaics, such as building or vehicle integration require investigations of lightweight PV module concepts [1]. This research proposes and evaluates a lightweight PV module concept using glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) based on epoxy composites within the module stack. The usage of GFRP as front material as proposed in this work, reduces weight by 44–74 % compared to conventional glass-back sheet modules. We show results that with the proposed module stack hail impact resistant module can be built with small and large size avoiding any cell cracks after impact. Additionally, modules with GFRP front layer withstand thermal cycling tests with low power losses ranging from −0.9 % to −1.1 % at Pmpp depending on the individual GFRP layer. We also show results of cut susceptibility tests with an increased performance compared to modules with a polymeric front layer. Development topics remain as shown by damp-heat and UV irradiation testing, were an optimization of the module stack still needs to be performed.

Durable and programmable ultrafast nanophotonic matrix of spectral pixels.

Locally addressable nanophotonic devices are essential for modern applications such as light detection, optical imaging, beam steering and displays. Despite recent advances, a versatile solution with a high-speed tuning rate, long-life durability and programmability across multiple pixels remains elusive. Here we introduce a programmable nanophotonic matrix consisting of vanadium dioxide (VO2) cavities on pixelated microheaters that meets all these requirements. The indirect Joule heating of these VO2 cavities can result in pronounced spectral modulation with colour changes and ensures exceptional endurance even after a million switching cycles. Precise control over the thermal dissipation power through a SiO2 layer of an optimized thickness on Si facilitates an ultrafast modulation rate exceeding 70 kHz. We demonstrated a video-rate nanophotonic colour display by electrically addressing a matrix of 12 × 12 pixels. Furthermore, inspired by the unique pixel-level programmability with multiple intermediate states of the spectral pixels, a spatiotemporal modulation concept is introduced for spectrum detection.

A new generalized perspective to establish vortex beams

Vortex beams are powerful primitives for optical operations and communications. We propose general mathematical methods to establish new vortex beams and optimize existing vortex beams. Based on these methods, two new types of vortex beams are demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The propagation characteristics of these vortex beams can be finely controlled through specific parameters. Additionally, influences of periodic discontinuities and orbital angular momentum of two vortex beams are analyzed. The innovative concept of beam modulation and the introduction of new vortex beams in this paper indicate significant potential for applications in particle trapping, spatial communication, and quantum computation.

On diagnostics of the properties of functional-gradient composites considering rheology

Abstract The solution of inverse problems on determining the variable rheological properties of functional-gradient beams using additional information about the angle of rotation of the end section is presented within the framework of the most used models: Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko. Within the framework of the concept of complex modules, nonlinear operator equations are obtained that connect the given and sought functions (instantaneous and long-term module, relaxation time). The solution is based on the linearization method and the formulation of an iterative process, at each step of which it is necessary to solve complex-valued boundary value problems and invert completely continuous operators with complex-valued kernels. Functions reflecting the laws of change in long-term and instantaneous modules have been restored. The results of computational experiments in some special cases are presented.

Positive Allosteric Modulators of Trk Receptors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Neurotrophins are important regulators of neuronal and non-neuronal functions. As such, the neurotrophins and their receptors, the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has attracted intense research interest and their role in multiple diseases including Alzheimer's disease has been described. Attempts to administer neurotrophins to patients have been reported, but the clinical trials have so far have been hampered by side effects or a lack of clear efficacy. Thus, much of the focus during recent years has been on identifying small molecules acting as agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of Trk receptors. Two examples of successful discovery and development of PAMs are the TrkA-PAM E2511 and the pan-Trk PAM ACD856. E2511 has been reported to have disease-modifying effects in preclinical models, whereas ACD856 demonstrates both a symptomatic and a disease-modifying effect in preclinical models. Both molecules have reached the stage of clinical development and were reported to be safe and well tolerated in clinical phase 1 studies, albeit with different pharmacokinetic profiles. These two emerging small molecules are interesting examples of possible novel symptomatic and disease-modifying treatments that could complement the existing anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to present the concept of positive allosteric modulators of the Trk receptors as a novel future treatment option for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders, and the current preclinical and clinical data supporting this new concept. Preclinical data indicate dual mechanisms, not only as cognitive enhancers, but also a tentative neurorestorative function.

Enhanced connectivity through double RIS uplink MIMO and advanced modulation

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have garnered significant attention in the development of Internet of Things (IoT) networks and vehicular communication systems, offering improved spectral efficiency with reduced power consumption and complexity overhead. However, employing a single RIS (S-RIS) may limit certain application scenarios and prove insufficient for ensuring reliable communication between transmitters and receivers. Consequently, the use of multiple RISs is recommended to further enhance coverage, capacity, and spectral efficiency. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Index Modulation (IM) into the double RIS (D-RIS) uplink Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communications, utilizing the antenna indices at the base station (BS). IM is realized through a combination of Space-Shift Keying (SSK) and Spatial Modulation (SM) techniques. We present an analytical model for the Double RIS based on SSK/SM methods and obtain a closed-form expression for the theoretical bit error probability (BEP), employing a greedy detector. To validate our theoretical BEP derivations for d-RIS-SSK/SM, we compare them with simulated BEP results. Our simulation data reveals an excellent match between the derived BEP and the simulated BEP, especially at lower Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs), specifically -34 dB for SSK and -24 dB for SM. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the proposed d-RIS-aided IM methods by contrasting them with conventional d-RIS and single RIS-aided IM systems. Our simulation results demonstrate that the d-RIS-assisted IM outperforms the conventional d-RIS and single RIS-aided IM, achieving lower BEP at lower SNRs. d-RIS aided IM saves 15 dB in SNR compared to d-RIS without IM. Moreover, it saves 9 dB and 7 dB in SNR compared to single RIS-SSK and single RIS-SM, respectively when N = 64 and saves 3.5 dB and 1 dB in SNR with N = 128.

Ontology Supported Domain Knowledge Module for E-Tutoring System

E-tutoring Systems are computer applications that provide direct customized education to learners. The E-tutoring system usually includes four modules: Teaching Module, Knowledge Module, Learner Module, and Learner Interface. This investigation focuses on Knowledge Module, considering design and implementation for a selected domain. One of the useful mechanisms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is commonly used to formalize domain knowledge module concepts and their relation in an E-tutoring systems is ontology. The term ontology is described as a representation of the entities in a domain and the way those entities connect to each other. This paper introduces a domain knowledge module for an E-tutoring system that allows knowledge stored in a well-defined form to support reusability, shareability, flexibility, and standardability and to assist the storage of transfer and prerequisite knowledge relationships. The introduced knowledge domain module is designed in two ways the general concepts domain knowledge module and a specific domain knowledge module ontology. This innovative technique is helpful for students in enhancing their learning progress. Combining the proposed ontology domain knowledge module with an E-tutoring system can enhance the quality of intelligent problem-solving. Also, it will be possible to reuse the knowledge domains. As a result, the proposal of the domain knowledge module for the E-tutoring system can enhance the teaching and learning process, support recommendations, and generate hints. In the future, the suggested module can be improved by adding some functionalities and automatically supporting the generation of problems and their solutions.

A new subcarrier‐index modulation schemes for downlink NOMA systems

SummaryIn this paper, we propose two downlink multiple access architectures for networks where human‐type communication users (HTCUs) and machine‐type communication devices (MTCDs) coexist. The proposed schemes combine non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and index modulation (OFDM‐IM) concepts. In the first scheme, the base station (BS) transmits bits of HTCUs using modulated symbols and bits of MTCDs by the subcarrier activation pattern (SAP). This approach called IM‐NOMA with null subcarriers (IM‐NOMA‐NS) ensures that inactive subcarriers are always null, which improves the system bit error rate (BER) performance. To improve the spectral efficiency (SE), we propose a second approach, termed IM‐NOMA with dual‐mode modulation (IM‐NOMA‐DM), in which the HTCUs' bits are transmitted using two‐dimensional modulation and the MTCDs' bits are transmitted using one‐dimensional modulation and the SAP. For each proposed system, a near‐optimal low‐complexity detector, based on the energy‐detection (ED) and the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR) criterion, is provided to mitigate the detection burden of the optimal maximum‐likelihood (ML) detector. The BER performances and SE of the proposed schemes are investigated. The average BERs of IM‐NOMA‐NS and IM‐NOMA‐DM are derived in closed‐form expressions corroborated by the simulation results. We have proved numerically that the proposed schemes achieve a good trade‐off between BER performance, SE, and the number of supported users, making them more suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Second modules relative to subclasses of preradicals of $R$-Mod

We study the concept of second module and extend it to more general environments. We also provide descriptions of simple left semiartinian, left local rings, semisimple and simple rings in terms of their $\mathscr A$-second modules with respect to a preradical class.

Multi-user directional modulation with reconfigurable holographic surfaces

Large intelligent surfaces arise as an emerging technology and critical building block for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. Reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHSs) have been attracting significant attention recently as active antenna arrays with the capability of forming narrow beams at low cost and complexity. This paper introduces the directional modulation (DM) concept for RHS, where a large number of elements are exploited to control not only the signal’s power at the receiver but also its phase. Thus, a novel DM algorithm is proposed for RHS enables modulating a carrier wave to transmit information toward specific directions while broadcasting arbitrary signals toward other directions. Error vector magnitude results are reported for multiple users, where the directions of two users with respect to the RHS are varied. Mutual information result is also provided for 6 users to demonstrate the application of RHS for the physical layer security. Results are highly promising for future low-cost and secure spatially multiplexed communications.

On iso-DICC modules

In this paper, the concept of iso-DICC modules is introduced and extensively investigated. These modules are the generalization of DICC, iso-Noetherian and iso-Artinian modules. We prove that any direct sum of a projective iso-simple and an iso-DICC module is iso-DICC. Unlike DICC rings, we show that iso-DICC rings don’t have finite Goldie dimension, but if R is a semiprime right iso-DICC ring and I is an annihilator ideal of R, then either I or R I has finite Goldie dimension. Furthermore, we investigate the Krull dimension of iso-Noetherian modules and we give an answer to an open problem on this topic. Finally, we generalize some results on semiprime right iso-Artinian rings to a certain class of iso-Artinian modules. We provide sufficient conditions for iso-Artinian modules to have finite Goldie dimension. Also, we show that any semiprime FQS iso-Artinian module, is non-M-singular.