Modulation Instability Regime Research Articles

Numerical investigation on nonautonomous optical rogue waves and Modulation Instability analysis for a nonautonomous system

In this paper, we report existence of optical rogue waves in the focussing non—autonomous nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) through numerical studies of modulation instability (MI). The dynamics of non-autonomous rogue waves discussed and its associated modulation instability through linear stability analysis taken place followed by pulse splitting behaviour due to non—autonomous coefficient. We prove that the excitation of rogue waves with certain conditions in the base band modulation instability regime. The above analysis of complex dynamics in terms of MI processes has allowed to experiments to excite the nonlinear superposition of rogue wave solutions using a modulated plane wave optical field injected into optical fiber which offer the evidence for excitation of nonautonomous rogue waves in an inhomogeneous nonlinear medium. It is identified from the results frequency modulation on a wavefield induces modulation instability as a result of rogue waves. We analyze the dependence of parameters coefficient of group velocity dispersion(GVD) and nonlinearity (α(z)) and non—autonomous coefficient (β(z)) and the instability of rogue waves. Our work suggests that the presence of non-autonomous coefficients can have a significant impact on the emergence of extreme events, particularly in relation to their self—steepening nature.

Dispersion engineering in a Brillouin fiber laser cavity for Kerr frequency comb formation

We conduct numerical and experimental investigations on Kerr comb generation in a nonlinear and non-reciprocal fiber cavity by leveraging both stimulated Brillouin backscattering and cascaded four-wave mixing. By engineering the net cavity dispersion to be either normal or anomalous, we enable the formation of diverse patterns and localized structures in the cavity field. The comb’s properties depend crucially on the mismatch between the frequency spacing of the bichromatic pump and the free spectral range of the Brillouin laser cavity in both cases. Particularly, in the anomalous regime, adjusting this parameter yields coherent, stable frequency combs in the modulation instability regime. This allows control and expansion of the spectral bandwidth up to 2 THz in normal dispersion and to 6 THz under anomalous net dispersion. This versatile and easily reconfigurable method holds potential for applications in high-speed communications and microwave synthesis.

Measurement of the nonlinear parametric instability gain in dispersion oscillating fibers.

We report the observation of the parametric gain band distortion in the nonlinear (depleted) regime of modulation instability in dispersion oscillating fibers. We show that the maximum gain is shifted even outside the boundaries of the linear parametric gain band. Experimental observations are confirmed by numerical simulations.

Engineering dissipative chirped solitons in the cardiac tissue under electromagnetic induction

This work deals with the engineering dissipative chirped solitary waves in the cardiac tissue under electromagnetic induction. Employing the a two-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation describing the spatiotemporal evolution of transmembrane potential in cardiac cells under magnetic flow effect, we use the phase imprint technique to reduce the model equation into a derivative GL equation (alias chirping model equation) that allow us to investigate the dynamics of dissipative chirp solitary wave propagating through a cardiac tissue. The baseband modulational instability (MI) of the chirping model is investigated and the analytical expression of the MI growth rate is derived. In the baseband MI regime, we use the approximative solitonlike solution of the chirping model to investigate the dynamics of transmembrane potential in cardiac cells. We show that the frequency chirp associated to the solitary wave is directly proportional to the wave amplitude and the nonlinear chirping parameter can be used to modulate the chirping amplitude. Also, our results show that the approximate solution of the chirping model can be used to generate bright (dissipative) solitons, dark solitons, breather solitons and first-order rogue wave in the cardiac cell under electromagnetic induction. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of this work can motivate the investigations of qualitative new phenomena in the presence of large dissipation.

Modulation instability-enhanced frequency comb generation in graphene-based electro-optical modulator at terahertz frequency range

In this study, a modulation instability (MI)-enhanced optical frequency comb generation (FCG) method is proposed on the platform of graphene-dielectric heterostructure included in a Fabry–Perot microresonator. The latter can provide the enhanced nonlinearity required for initiating and proceeding the MI procedure and leads to the generation of extra sidebands within the comb spectrum. In the first step, the influence of Fermi energy/feedback depth on the FCG process is investigated, considering that the MI mechanism merely interferes in the FCG process. Then, the combination of MI mechanism and electro-optical modulation is assumed as a hybrid method to explore the effects of modulation depth and modulation frequency. It is shown that a tooth spacing of about 0.49 GHz can be obtained while the linewidth is almost 0.8 MHz as the best result. Other important features are the adjustable tooth spacing due to the tuneable Fermi energy of graphene with a very low bias voltage (less than 1 V), low turn-on power of 11 µW and the amplification of optical power more than 95 dB which is in consequence of the MI-induced amplifying scheme. On this basis, the graphene-based electro-optical modulator working in the MI regime can be suggested for applications in atomic clocks and molecular fingerprinting for which precise measurements are needed using a terahertz frequency comb.

Modulation instability in waveguides doped with anisotropic nanoparticles

We exploit the anisotropic plasmonic behavior of gold nanorods (AuNRs) to obtain a waveguide with a nonlinear coefficient dependent on both the frequency and polarization of incident light. The optical properties of the waveguide are described by an extension of the Maxwell Garnett model to nonlinear optics and anisotropic nanoparticles. Then, we perform a study of modulation instability (MI) in this system by resorting to the recently introduced photon-conserving nonlinear Schrödinger equation (pcNLSE), as the pcNLSE allows us to model propagation in nonlinear waveguides of arbitrary sign and frequency dependence of the nonlinear coefficient. Results show that the anisotropy of the nanorods leads to two well-differentiated MI regimes, a feature that may find applications in all-optical devices.

Harmonic and subharmonic waves on the surface of a vibrated liquid drop.

Liquid drops and vibrations are ubiquitous in both everyday life and technology, and their combination can often result in fascinating physical phenomena opening up intriguing opportunities for practical applications in biology, medicine, chemistry, and photonics. Here we study, theoretically and experimentally, the response of pancake-shaped liquid drops supported by a solid plate that vertically vibrates at a single, low acoustic range frequency. When the vibration amplitudes are small, the primary response of the drop is harmonic at the frequency of the vibration. However, as the amplitude increases, the half-frequency subharmonic Faraday waves are excited parametrically on the drop surface. We develop a simple hydrodynamic model of a one-dimensional liquid drop to analytically determine the amplitudes of the harmonic and the first superharmonic components of the linear response of the drop. In the nonlinear regime, our numerical analysis reveals an intriguing cascade of instabilities leading to the onset of subharmonic Faraday waves, their modulation instability, and chaotic regimes with broadband power spectra. We show that the nonlinear response is highly sensitive to the ratio of the drop size and Faraday wavelength. The primary bifurcation of the harmonic waves is shown to be dominated by a period-doubling bifurcation, when the drop height is comparable with the width of the viscous boundary layer. Experimental results conducted using low-viscosity ethanol and high-viscocity canola oil drops vibrated at 70Hz are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of our modeling.

Dynamics of perturbations at the critical points between modulation instability and stability regimes.

We study numerically the evolutions of perturbations at critical points between modulational instability and stability regimes. It is demonstrated that W-shaped solitons and rogue waves can be both excited from weak resonant perturbations at the critical points. The rogue wave excitation at the critical points indicates that rogue wave comes from modulation instability with resonant perturbations, even when the baseband modulational instability is absent. The perturbation differences for generating W-shaped solitons and rogue waves are discussed in detail. These results can be used to generate W-shaped solitons and rogue waves controllably from weak perturbations.

Higher-order rogue waves and modulation instability of the two-component derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The determinant representation of the n-th order different kinds of solutions to the two-component derivative nonlinear schrödinger (DNLS) equation is constructed by performing the n-fold Darboux transformation (DT). Based on this representation, the Peregrine-type, double, triple, quadruple, and sextuple vector rogue waves are obtained. Interestingly, the Peregrine-type rogue wave is not usual Peregrine soliton, but anomalous Peregrine soliton whose peak amplitude can go beyond threefold limit. Besides, coexisting rogue waves display more abundant dynamical behaviors which have not been found in scalar DNLS equation. Finally, we analyze modulation instability (MI) and find that there exist two types of MI: one MI has an usual M profile, but the other has a deformed double M-type profile. The parameter space for the two types of baseband MI regimes is agreement with the one which results in the generation of rogue waves. It hence further confirms that the baseband MI is a possible mechanism to generate the rogue wave in a nonlinear system from a plane wave background.

Nonlinear waves in the modulation instability regime for the fifth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We study the linear stability analysis and nonlinear excitations on a continuous wave background for the fifth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We find that there are a modulation stability (MS) quasi-elliptic ring and a MS curve in the modulation instability (MI) regime. The concrete expressions of different types of nonlinear waves are obtained by using Darboux transformation. And we present the relations and phase diagram between MI and these waves. We discover that the antidark (AD) soliton and nonrational W-shaped soliton can only exist on the resonance line of outside of the MS quasi-elliptic ring and the right of the MS curve. We perform numerical simulation to test the stability of the AD soliton. By introducing the perturbation energy, we further show that solitons in the MI regime are caused by both the fourth- and fifth-order effects.

Rogue waves and W-shaped solitons in the multiple self-induced transparency system.

We study localized nonlinear waves on a plane wave background in the multiple self-induced transparency (SIT) system, which describes an important enhancement of the amplification and control of optical waves compared to the single SIT system. A hierarchy of exact multiparametric rational solutions in a compact determinant representation is presented. We demonstrate that this family of solutions contain known rogue wave solutions and unusual W-shaped soliton solutions. State transitions between the fundamental rogue waves and W-shaped solitons as well as higher-order nonlinear superposition modes are revealed in the zero-frequency perturbation region by the suitable choice for the background wavenumber of the electric field component. Particularly, it is found that the multiple SIT system can admit both stationary and nonstationary W-shaped solitons in contrast to the stationary results in the single SIT system. Moreover, the W-shaped soliton complex which is formed by a certain number of fundamental W-shaped solitons with zero phase parameters and its decomposition mechanism in the case of the nonzero phase parameters are shown. Meanwhile, some important characteristics of the nonlinear waves including trajectories and spectrum are discussed through the numerical and analytical methods.

Soliton excitations on a continuous-wave background in the modulational instability regime with fourth-order effects.

We study the correspondence between modulational instability and types of fundamental nonlinear excitation in a nonlinear fiber with both third-order and fourth-order effects. Some soliton excitations are obtained in the modulational instability regime which have not been found in nonlinear fibers with second-order effects and third-order effects. Explicit analysis suggests that the existence of solitons is related to the modulation stability circle in the modulation instability regime, and they just exist in the modulational instability regime outside of the modulational stability circle. It should be emphasized that the solitons exist only with two special profiles on a continuous-wave background at a certain frequency. The evolution stability of the solitons is tested numerically by adding some noise to initial states, which indicates that they are robust against perturbations even in the modulation instability regime. Further analysis indicates that solitons in the modulational instability regime are caused by fourth-order effects.

Vector semirational rogue waves and modulation instability for the coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equations in the birefringent optical fibers.

We report the existence and properties of vector breather and semirational rogue-wave solutions for the coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equations, which describe the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in birefringent optical fibers. Analytic vector breather and semirational rogue-wave solutions are obtained with Darboux dressing transformation. We observe that the superposition of the dark and bright contributions in each of the two wave components can give rise to complicated breather and semirational rogue-wave dynamics. We show that the bright-dark type vector solitons (or breather-like vector solitons) with nonconstant speed interplay with Akhmediev breathers, Kuznetsov-Ma solitons, and rogue waves. By adjusting parameters, we note that the rogue wave and bright-dark soliton merge, generating the boomeron-type bright-dark solitons. We prove that the rogue wave can be excited in the baseband modulation instability regime. These results may provide evidence of the collision between the mixed ultrashort soliton and rogue wave.

A Novel Graphene-Based Electro-Optical Modulator Using Modulation Instability

We propose for the first time a THz graphene-based electro-optical modulator. The novelty comes from working the device in modulation instability (MI) regime. Multiple embedded graphene layers inside an ionic gel enclosed by a Fabry–Perot resonator provide an enhanced nonlinearity required for starting MI process. Appeared as a pump wave, MI intensely amplifies the modulated wave. Consequently, the operational broad bandwidth and high modulation depth can be obtained. By using the double-gated electrodes’ structure, the ultrafast generation rate of the charge carriers and lowly required driving voltage are attainable for a small footprint. The emerging high sensitivity of the device to the external electric field implies its applicability in non-intrusive electric field sensory tools. Finally, this graphene-based modulator introduces a feasible entity to control the chaotic wave propagation in THz optical communication.

Frequency-comb formation in doubly resonant second-harmonic generation

We theoretically study the generation of optical frequency combs and corresponding pulse trains in doubly resonant intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG). We find that, despite the large temporal walk-off characteristic of realistic cavity systems, the nonlinear dynamics can be accurately and efficiently modelled using a pair of coupled mean-field equations. Through rigorous stability analysis of the system's steady-state continuous wave solutions, we demonstrate that walk-off can give rise to a new, previously unexplored regime of temporal modulation instability (MI). Numerical simulations performed in this regime reveal rich dynamical behaviours, including the emergence of temporal patterns that correspond to coherent optical frequency combs. We also demonstrate that the two coupled equations that govern the doubly resonant cavity behaviour can, under typical conditions, be reduced to a single mean-field equation akin to that describing the dynamics of singly resonant cavity SHG [F. Leo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 033901 (2016)]. This reduced approach allows us to derive a simple expression for the MI gain, thus permitting to acquire significant insight into the underlying physics. We anticipate that our work will have wide impact on the study of frequency combs in emerging doubly resonant cavity SHG platforms, including quadratically nonlinear microresonators.

On a deformation of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We study a deformation of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation recently derived in the context of deformation of hierarchies of integrable systems. Although this new equation has not been shown to be completely integrable, its solitary wave solutions exhibit typical soliton behaviour, including near elastic collisions. We will first focus on standing wave solutions which can be smooth or peaked, then with the help of numerical simulations we will study solitary waves, their interactions and finally rogue waves in the modulational instability regime. Interestingly, the structure of the solution during the collision of solitary waves or during the rogue wave events is sharper and has larger amplitudes than in the classical NLS equation.

Rogue waves for a system of coupled derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations

Rogue waves (RWs) are unexpectedly strong excitations emerging from an otherwise tranquil background. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), a ubiquitous model with wide applications to fluid mechanics, optics, plasmas, etc., exhibits RWs only in the regime of modulation instability (MI) of the background. For a system of multiple waveguides, the governing coupled NLSEs can produce regimes of MI and RWs, even if each component has dispersion and cubic nonlinearity of opposite signs. A similar effect is demonstrated here for a system of coupled derivative NLSEs (DNLSEs) where the special feature is the nonlinear self-steepening of narrow pulses. More precisely, these additional regimes of MI and RWs for coupled DNLSEs depend on the mismatch in group velocities between the components, and the parameters for cubic nonlinearity and self-steepening. RWs considered in this paper differ from those of the NLSEs in terms of the amplification ratio and criteria of existence. Applications to optics and plasma physics are discussed.

Measurement of microresonator frequency comb coherence by spectral interferometry.

We experimentally investigate the spectral coherence of microresonator optical frequency combs. Specifically, we use a spectral interference method, typically used in the context of supercontinuum generation, to explore the variation of the magnitude of the complex degree of first-order coherence across the full comb bandwidth. We measure the coherence of two different frequency combs and observe wholly different coherence characteristics. In particular, we find that the observed dynamical regimes are similar to the stable and unstable modulation instability regimes reported in previous theoretical studies. Results from numerical simulations are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations. In addition to demonstrating a new technique to assess comb stability, our results provide strong experimental support for previous theoretical analyses.

Localized plateau beam resulting from strong nonlocal coupling in a cavity filled by metamaterials and liquid-crystal cells

We investigate the formation of a localized plateau beam in the transverse section of a nonlinear optical ring cavity filled with a metamaterial and a nonlocal medium such as a nematic liquid crystal. We show that, far from the modulational instability regime, localized structures with a varying width may be stable in one and two-dimensional settings. The mechanism of stabilization is related with strong nonlocal coupling mediated by a Lorentzian type of kernel. We show that there exists stable bright and dark localized structures. A reduction of Lugiato--Lefever equation in the regime close to the nascent bistability allows us to analytically derive a simple formula for the width of localized structures in one-dimensional systems. Direct numerical simulations of the dynamical model agree with the analytical predictions.

A coupled "AB" system: Rogue waves and modulation instabilities.

Rogue waves are unexpectedly large and localized displacements from an equilibrium position or an otherwise calm background. For the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) model widely used in fluid mechanics and optics, these waves can occur only when dispersion and nonlinearity are of the same sign, a regime of modulation instability. For coupled NLS equations, rogue waves will arise even if dispersion and nonlinearity are of opposite signs in each component as new regimes of modulation instability will appear in the coupled system. The same phenomenon will be demonstrated here for a coupled "AB" system, a wave-current interaction model describing baroclinic instability processes in geophysical flows. Indeed, the onset of modulation instability correlates precisely with the existence criterion for rogue waves for this system. Transitions from "elevation" rogue waves to "depression" rogue waves are elucidated analytically. The dispersion relation as a polynomial of the fourth order may possess double pairs of complex roots, leading to multiple configurations of rogue waves for a given set of input parameters. For special parameter regimes, the dispersion relation reduces to a cubic polynomial, allowing the existence criterion for rogue waves to be computed explicitly. Numerical tests correlating modulation instability and evolution of rogue waves were conducted.