Modulated Electromagnetic Fields Research Articles

Hygienic Studies of Electromagnetic Fields in the Work Environment during Operation of Ground-Based Radio Navigation and Aircraft Landing

Introduction: The development of navigation support for flights takes place in an environment of constantly increasing intensity of aeronautics, stricter requirements for accuracy, volume, and reliability of navigation information, efficiency of its processing. Radio navigation aids are improving, thus necessitating assessment of the electromagnetic situation at the workplaces of the personnel servicing modern equipment. Objective: To study and assess electromagnetic fields in the work environment of personnel engaged in the maintenance and operation of modern means of radio navigation and aircraft landing. Materials and methods: The research was carried out at three civil aviation facilities (two airports and an airfield) in 2021–2022. We established the composition, technical characteristics of the equipment, its operating modes, and parameters of radio frequency signals and measured the levels of electromagnetic fields at workplaces using the P3–42 electromagnetic radiation level meter. Results: The personnel are exposed to multi-frequency modulated electromagnetic fields of varying intensity. During the operation of glide and course radio beacons, radio transmitting devices at the dispatchers’ workplaces, levels of energy flux density and electric field strength exceeding hygienic standards are not created. In the premises of the hardware remote and near drive beacons, during the operation of the drive automatic radio station, an excess of the hygienic standards for the intensity of the electric field of the medium-wave range established for an 8-hour working day was registered; in the territory, the radiation from the antennas did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. Conclusions: The professional activity of the personnel servicing modern means of radio navigation and aircraft landing is carried out in a complex electromagnetic environment. A specific feature of working conditions is the effect on the body of multi-frequency, modulated electromagnetic fields of varying intensity and duration of exposure. These characteristics of radio frequency signals are essential adverse parameters that affect the formation of body responses. When choosing devices measuring the levels of electromagnetic fields, it is necessary to take into account the modulation parameters of radio frequency signals.

Envelope Dyadic Green\u2019s Function for Uniaxial Metamaterials

We introduce the concept of the envelope dyadic Green’s function (EDGF) and present a formalism to study the propagation of electromagnetic fields with slowly varying amplitude (EMFSVA) in dispersive anisotropic media with two dyadic constitutive parameters: the dielectric permittivity and the magnetic permeability. We find the matrix elements of the EDGFs by applying the formalism for uniaxial anisotropic metamaterials. We present the relations for the velocity of the EMFSVA envelopes which agree with the known definition of the group velocity in dispersive media. We consider examples of propagation of the EMFSVA passing through active and passive media with the Lorentz and the Drude type dispersions, demonstrating beam focusing in hyperbolic media and superluminal propagation in media with inverted population. The results of this paper are applicable to the propagation of modulated electromagnetic fields and slowly varying amplitude fluctuations of such fields through frequency dispersive and dissipative (or active) anisotropic metamaterials. The developed approach can be also used for the analysis of metamaterial-based waveguides, filters, and delay lines.

1604P - Exposure to low energy amplitude modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) is associated with rapid improvement in quality of life (QoL) status in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), using various analyses of EORTC-C30

BackgroundPatient-centered endpoints, overall survival (OS) and QoL (where the benefit is detectable by the patient as an improvement in symptoms or functional capacity), are considered valid “direct” endpoints by the FDA. While EORTC-C30 is an accepted indicator of QoL, there is no accepted standard for time to QoL status improvement, nor any accepted standard of analysis for EORTC-C30 data. MethodsA single-group, open-label, feasibility study was performed to assess QoL status in HCC patients exposed to modulated EMF at patient-specific frequencies. A 120-min outpatient EMF exposure procedure was performed every 30 days until significant QoL deterioration or death. An oral spoon-shaped RF antenna applicator was used to apply EMF while individuals were kept in supine position. EORTC-C30 v3.0 questionnaires were answered by individuals immediately prior to every EMF exposure. The 17 QoL parameters were divided into those measuring improvement (G+ functional scales and global health status/QOL) and those measuring deterioration (G- symptom scales). QoL index was calculated as (mean G+) – (mean G-). Different QoL index calculations were made using three groups of QoL parameters: all 17 QoL parameters, 15 QoL parameters (removing Functional scales and Symptom scales) and 3 QoL parameters (restricted to Functional scales, Symptom scales and Global health status/QOL). A change of +/-5% in QoL index was considered a clinically relevant improvement/deterioration in QoL status. Results42 HCC were exposed to 151 EMF procedures. 4,530 QoL data points were collected for analysis, with 0.1% missing data. QoL index was measured at baseline and 30 days after the baseline exposure procedure. Using the 3 QoL index calculation methods (17 QoL, 15 QoL and 3 QoL) measured 30 days from the baseline exposure, QoL status improved in 63%, 59% and 74% of HCC patients respectively. ConclusionsRapid and significant improvement in QoL status in HCC patients exposed to EMF was detected within 30 days of exposure regardless of the QoL index calculation methods used. Clinical trial identificationNCT 01686412. Editorial acknowledgementLuiz Fernando Reis PhD, Research Director Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil, Riad Younes MD and Bertram Wiedenmann PhD MD. Legal entity responsible for the studyHospital Sírio Libanês. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureF.P. Costa: Leadership role: Autem Medical. A. Iemma: Honoraria (institution): Autem Medical. F. Soares: Honoraria (institution): Autem Medical. J. Tuszynski: Advisory / Consultancy: Autem Medical. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Reorganization of the cytoskeleton

The effect of a modulated electromagnetic field on the cytoskeleton is possible through the action of voltage-sensitive phosphatase (VSP). Field-controlled phosphorous hydrolysis could have important roles in cytoskeleton restructuring, as well as in resonant-type behavior.

Non-thermal continuous and modulated electromagnetic radiation fields effects on sleep EEG of rats

In the present study, the alteration in the sleep EEG in rats due to chronic exposure to low-level non-thermal electromagnetic radiation was investigated. Two types of radiation fields were used; 900MHz unmodulated wave and 900MHz modulated at 8 and 16Hz waves. Animals has exposed to radiation fields for 1month (1h/day). EEG power spectral analyses of exposed and control animals during slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) revealed that the REM sleep is more susceptible to modulated radiofrequency radiation fields (RFR) than the SWS. The latency of REM sleep increased due to radiation exposure indicating a change in the ultradian rhythm of normal sleep cycles. The cumulative and irreversible effect of radiation exposure was proposed and the interaction of the extremely low frequency radiation with the similar EEG frequencies was suggested.

Mobile communications and health of population: the risk assessment, social and ethical problems

Today world population lives in a new electromagnetic environment, characterized with (i) around the clock enforcement of chronic exposure of all age and gender groups to a wide range of modulated electromagnetic fields (EMF) from base stations; (ii) daily, repeated from early childhood throughout entire life exposure to EMF RF mobile phone the brain and vestibular receptor apparatus and auditory analyzers, located directly “under the EMF beam” in the inner ear. On the other hand, the world science and epidemiology is missing well-planned and executed research results of prolonged exposure of EMF RF on the brain. International recommendations and domestic guidelines do not include changing conditions of RF EMF on the population: the brain has become a critical organ, and the children entered the risk group. The population continues to actively use the mobile phone. In this situation the problem of assessing the risk of mobile communications has become a social and ethical.

Study of reaction of a viscous oil structure on actions by a physical field

The regularities of reaction of the viscous bitumen (maltha) structure when affected by modulated and impulse electromagnetic and acoustic fields via recording of infrared emission spectra are studied. It has been found that characteristic reactions of viscous oil clusters and links between them are located in the THz range for electromagnetic waves and in the MHz range for acoustic actions, which are revealed in absorption and emission spectra. The reaction of the rest (non-THz) part of the infrared spectrum is described on the basis of the physical-mathematical model of the process of a photon-phonon soliton, which causes decrease of emission IR spectrum intensity after microwave action due to fixation of the electromagnetic field by a soliton. The obtained results, which establish selectability of the maltha specimen reaction on spectral composition of the affected radiation, are important for increasing the efficiency of ultrasonic and electromagnetic microwave actions on the productive stratum during application of secondary methods for oil deposit exploration.

Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field

The exposure of primary rat neocortical astroglial cell cultures to acute electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the microwave range was studied. Differentiated astroglial cell cultures at 14 days in vitro were exposed for 5, 10, or 20 min to either 900 MHz continuous waves or 900 MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50 Hz using a sinusoidal waveform and 100% modulation index. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10 V/m. No change in cellular viability evaluated by MTT test and lactate dehydrogenase release was observed. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation was found only after exposure of the astrocytes to modulated EMF for 20 min. No evident effects were detected when shorter time intervals or continuous waves were used. The irradiation conditions allowed the exclusion of any possible thermal effect. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that even acute exposure to low intensity EMF induces ROS production and DNA fragmentation in astrocytes in primary cultures, which also represent the principal target of modulated EMF. Our findings also suggest the hypothesis that the effects could be due to hyperstimulation of the glutamate receptors, which play a crucial role in acute and chronic brain damage. Furthermore, the results show the importance of the amplitude modulation in the interaction between EMF and neocortical astrocytes.

900 MHz modulated electromagnetic fields accelerate the clathrin‐mediated endocytosis pathway

We report new data regarding the molecular mechanisms of GSM-induced increase of cell endocytosis rate. Even though endocytosis represents an important physical and biological event for cell physiology, studies on modulated electromagnetic fields (EMF) effects on this process are scarce. In a previous article, we showed that fluid phase endocytosis rate increases when cultured cells are exposed to 900 MHz EMF similar to mobile phones' modulated GSM signals (217 Hz repetition frequency, 576 micros pulse width) and to electric pulses similar to the GSM electrical component. Trying to distinguish the mechanisms sustaining this endocytosis stimulation, we exposed murine melanoma cells to Lucifer Yellow (LY) or to GSM-EMF/electric pulses in the presence of drugs inhibiting the clathrin- or the caveolin-dependent endocytosis. Experiments were performed at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.2 W/kg in a wire patch cell under homogeneously distributed EMF field and controlled temperature (in the range of 28.5-29.5 degrees C). Thus, the observed increase in LY uptake was not a thermal effect. Chlorpromazine and ethanol, but not Filipin, inhibited this increase. Therefore, the clathrin-dependent endocytosis is stimulated by the GSM-EMF, suggesting that the cellular mechanism affected by the modulated EMF involves vesicles that detach from the cell membrane, mainly clathrin-coated vesicles.

Microscopic observation of living cells during their exposure to modulated electromagnetic fields

Studying cell behaviour under irradiation with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is often impeded by the difficulty to monitor cell characteristics during irradiation. Here we report the design and the application of a complete device for continuous microscopic observation of cells exposed to modulated EMF similar to mobile phones signals. The system allows the follow up of cell progression into mitosis under controlled temperature and CO2 environment. Protocols are proposed in which the same cells are the controls before and after the EMF exposure and we demonstrate the interest of the “before exposure” controls. The exposure system was validated by cell endocytosis measurements. While the endocytosis rate was increased, no alteration of mitosis progression and mitosis duration was observed in cells exposed to 900 MHz modulated EMF for 1 h, at 30 °C and at a Specific Absorption Rate of 2.2 W/kg.

Influence of a modulated electromagnetic field on fouling in a double-pipe heat exchanger

In this study, the effect of a modulated electromagnetic field (MEF) on fouling in a double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) has been investigated. A double-loop-configuration consisting of cooling and heating water cycles was used for the experiments. The quality of heat transfer in the DPHE was studied via in situ monitoring of the fouling resistance. Moreover, the influence of cooling water linear velocity, on the MEF treatment efficiency has also been investigated. In this regard, the water flow velocities of 0.5, 0.8 and 1.3 ms −1 were selected. Results show that the application of the MEF on the cooling water flowing at 0.5 ms −1 velocity, decreased the fouling resistance in the heat exchanger by 76.3% compared to the blank (untreated) test. However, increasing the water velocity resulted in a decrease in the MEF efficiency, where 64.3% and 57.8% drop in fouling resistance of the DPHE was recorded for 0.8 and 1.3 ms −1 water velocities, respectively. On the other hand, the water ionic calcium (Ca 2+) measurements showed a significant decrease in the cooling water calcium as a result of the MEF treatment. Finally, the MEF design parameters along with the responsible mechanism for the observed results have been discussed.

Study of effects of low level microwave field by method of face masking

The aim of this study was to examine experimentally effects of low level, modulated microwaves on human central nervous system function utilizing the phenomenon of visual masking. Ten healthy volunteers, four males and six females, were exposed to electromagnetic field (450 MHz, 0.16 mW/cm2) with 7 Hz modulation frequency. Two photo series (visual stimuli) of unfamiliar, young male faces were presented to the subjects, one picture after another. All the photos were frontal views of unfamiliar faces, which could be recognized only by their unique combinations of features. The task was to identify the pictures from a group of six photos and to decide which order they were presented in. The phenomenon of visual masking is revealed as anamorphosis in subject's perception of two instantaneous visual stimuli presented within a short time interval. When both stimuli were to be recognized correctly and put in the right order, there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the identification of the stimulus with microwave electromagnetic field and sham exposure. Recognition of both stimuli in a pair was better under the sham exposure conditions but the actual difference was only 5%. It was concluded that early stages of visual information processing are overwhelmingly robust and routine (and adaptively significant) activities, so that the low level 7 Hz modulated electromagnetic field effects exerted upon it are extremely weak.

Action of modulated electromagnetic fields on the emotional component of the systems organization of behavioral acts in rats.

This article reviews experimental data providing evidence on the effects of modulated electromagnetic fields of 30-120 V/m with a carrier frequency of 30 MHz modulated sinusoidally at frequencies of 2-50 Hz on the emotional responses accompanying various stages in the systems organization of behavior in rats. The blocking effects of fields were demonstrated in self-stimulation models in different types of conditioned reflex behavior, as well as during extinction of conditioned reflex responses in individual conditions and emotional intercourse. It is suggested that modulated electromagnetic fields which have information effects on the body act on the information component of behavior, i.e., emotion.

An electromagnetic urological stimulator

The paper deals with an electromagnetic urological stimulator which generates a modulated low-frequency electromagnetic field of nonthermal intensity and its brief technical data. It presents a treatment regimen for urolithiasis and recommendations how to use the above therapeutical agent to stimulate urinary function in patients with urolithiasis in order to inoperatively eliminate urinary calculi and sand which form following extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.

Effect of modulated shf electromagnetic fields on calmodulin levels in brain structures

Effect of modulated shf electromagnetic fields on calmodulin levels in brain structures

Action of a modulated electromagnetic field on experimentally evoked epileptiform brain activity in rats

Effect of the modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on the experimentally evoked epileptiform activity of the brain structures was studied. The effect of MEMF of 2-30 hz was shown to induce suppression of the brain epileptiform activity in 41% of the experiments. The epileptiform activity was markedly decreased in 23% and potentiated in 10% of the experiments, while in 25% of the experiments the MEMF effect did not essentially change the pattern of the evoked epileptiform brain activity.

Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field

Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50 Hz, intensity 100--120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal cortico-subcortical relationships.

Effect of a modulated electromagnetic field on self-stimulation response in rats

The effect of an electromagnetic field (EMF) with different frequencies of modulation (2, 7, and 50 Hz) on the self-stimulation response was studied in rats. Exposure to an EMF of 2 Hz caused a primary increase in frequency of the self-stimulation response, followed by depression. Exposure to an EMF of 7 Hz initially did not change the intensity of self-stimulation, but later led to a gradual decrease in its frequency. EMF with modulation of 50 Hz suppressed the self-stimulation response virtually immediately. The changes observed in the self-stimulation response were independent of the location of the stimulating electrodes and were determined by the frequency of modulation of the EMF.

Production of experimental sleep in cats by the action of a low-frequency modulated electromagnetic field

Production of experimental sleep in cats by the action of a low-frequency modulated electromagnetic field

Resonant and nonresonant energy gain of a charged particle in a modulated electromagnetic field

The possibility of energy transfer to a charged particle, in a static magnetic field, by a modulated electromagnetic field is investigated. The existence of a resonant and a nonresonant mechanism for the energy gain is found.