Modified Hydrolysis Method Research Articles

A Modified Hydrolysis Method of Decolorizing Reactive-Dyed Polycotton Waste Fabric and Extraction of Terephthalic Acid: A Perspective to Reduce Textile Solid Waste

To manage the polycotton textile-waste fabric (PCWF), a modified alkaline hydrolysis method is used for decolorization and separation of polyester as terephthalic acid (TPA). The effects of optimum conditions on TPA yield (%) have been determined to be 97.66 ± 1.94 % . Dye degradations and K/S values are measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer. K/S value of PCWF is 37.06 and separated cotton fabric (SCF) is 0.035, respectively. The chemical functionalities and crystallinity of PCWF, SCF, and TPA are determined by using FTIR and XRD. FTIR peak values are 1684 cm-1, 1574 cm-1, 1512 cm-1, 1280 cm-1, and 1425 cm-1 that prove transformation of polyester to TPA. XRD peaks confirm polyester conversion to TPA, and the values are 17.4, 25.13, 28.12, 29.09, and 38.7. TGA, SEM, and EDX data showed the thermal stability, morphology, and elemental composition of TPA.

Synthesis and electrorheological properties of silica-coated MoS2 nanocomposites with hierarchical and core-shell structure

The silicon oxide coated flower-like sheet layered MOS2 is synthesized by a simple two-step method, in which a modified hydrothermal method was firstly used to synthesize 3D radically oriented MoS2 nanoflowers initially and increase the surface area and enhance the active site to enable the SiO2 to grow on MoS2 uniformly by using a modified hydrolysis method. Field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Fourier infrared spectrometer (FI-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) etc., were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and chemical composition state of the monodispersed and characterized core/shell nanoparticles. At the same time, a high-voltage vol rotary rheometer was used to test the ER performance and dielectric performance of the prepared MoS2/SiO2-based suspension. The comprehensive analysis of rheological, dielectric, and conductive properties shows that MoS2/SiO2-based electrorheological fluid is a very promising electrorheological fluid material.

Photocatalytic mineralization of antibiotics using 60%WO3/BiOCl stacked to graphene sand composite and chitosan

In this work, effective mineralization of antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and ampicillin (AMP) using WO3/BiOCl photocatalyst stacked to graphene sand composite (GSC) and chitosan (CT) was investigated. Common sugar and river sand were used as precursor for the preparation of GSC. Modified hydrolysis method was used to prepare WO3/BiOCl photocatalyst with different weight percentage ratios of WO3. 60%WO3/BiOCl displayed highest photocatalytic efficiency for OTC and AMP removal. Furthermore, 60%WO3/BiOCl was immobilized onto GSC and CT to prepare 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT nanocomposites. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, FT-RAMAN, BET, photoluminescence and UV-Visible reflectance spectral analysis. Both 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT displayed significant photocatalytic activity for OTC and AMP removal. The adsorption effect of OTC and AMP photodegradation was also evaluated. The adsorption of OTC and AMP was described by pseudo second order kinetics. Simultaneous adsorption and photocatalysis had synergetic effect on antibiotic degradation. Power law model was applied to understand the complex nature of mineralization process. 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT exhibited significant recycle efficiency and easier recovery of photocatalyst for 10 catalytic cycles as compared to 60%WO3/BiOCl.

Photocatalytic mineralization and degradation kinetics of ampicillin and oxytetracycline antibiotics using graphene sand composite and chitosan supported BiOCl

In precedent work, nano-sized BiOCl was immobilized onto graphene sand composite (GSC) and chitosan (CT) to report efficient photocatalytic system for wastewater treatment. GSC was prepared by graphitization of sugar over river sand. The supported BiOCl was prepared by modified hydrolysis method to report BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT photocatalysts. The citric acid directed nucleation and growth process resulted in well dispersed BiOCl nanoplates over GSC and CT. The supported catalysts were characterized by FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX, BET, Raman, photoluminescence and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectral analysis. The optical band gap of BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT was given by 3.31 and 3.33eV, respectively. The size of BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT was found to be 50 and 70nm respectively. The catalytic efficiency of BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT was tested for ampicillin (AMP) and oxytetracycline (OTC) removal. The adsorption of AMP and OTC followed pseudo second order kinetics. Both BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT exhibited significant photocatalytic activity for the mineralization of ampicillin (AMP) and oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotics under solar light. Simultaneous adsorption and degradation process (A+P) process showed higher antibiotic degradation rate. The applicability of power law model showed the complex nature of mineralization process. During A+P process, both antibiotics were mineralized to CO2, H2O and NO3− ions. BiOCl/GSC and BiOCl/CT exhibited significant recycle efficiency for 10 catalytic cycles in comparison to native BiOCl.

Physical properties of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles fabricated by modified hydrolysis technique

We have tested modified hydrolysis method for the preparation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The particles after synthesis were applied for a series of physicochemical techniques. Iron chloride was used as a precursor material. The particle size distribution was determined using zeta sizer and scanning electron microscopy. The surface area and the morphology of the particles vary by changing the concentration of the precursor material. The size of nanoparticles varies from 10 to 90 nm. The particles having size of 23 ± 1 nm were separated out from the solution and their size remains almost the same even after one month. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) of Fe2O3 nanoparticles confirms the purity of the desired material. The weight loss of the particles with respect to the temperature was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been employed to study the crystallinity of the particles.

Pattern of consecutive urinalysis results for patients on take-home buprenorphine–naloxone in India: Do patients really take it at home?

International experience suggests that buprenorphine–naloxone combination can be misused and diverted. Little is known about the non-adherence to take-home buprenorphine–nloxone in India. A retrospective pilot study of 100 consecutive urine samples of heroin-dependent patients on take-home buprenorphine–naloxone medication was carried out. Urinalysis was done by thin layer chromatography, using a modified hydrolysis method. The mean daily dose for prescribed buprenorphine was 7.93 ± 2.73 mg/day, dispensed once or twice a week. Urinalysis results revealed that 30% of samples tested negative for prescribed drug despite being on regular take-home buprenorphine–naloxone medication. Nearly half of these patients also tested positive for a non-prescribed drug. The results and trends of urinalysis results carry important clinical implications and urges for a close monitoring for non-adherence and diversion of take-home medication.

Synthesis and electrorheological properties of oxalate group-modified amorphous titanium oxide nanoparticles

A kind of titanium oxide nanoparticles modified with varying amounts of oxalate group was prepared using a modified hydrolysis method. The microstructure, dielectric properties, and electrorheological (ER) performance were investigated. The results indicate that the oxalate group can effectively improve the dielectric properties and surface polarizability of the particles, and the ER performance of modified titanium oxide-based ER fluid is much higher than that of pure titanium oxide-based ER fluid. The shear stress of suitable oxalate group-modified amorphous titanium oxide-based ER fluid with a volume fraction of 30% reaches 47.5 kPa at E = 5 kV/mm, and the current density is less than 18 μAcm−2. The yield stress can be up to 114 kPa at E = 5 kV/mm with a volume fraction of 40%.

Giant electrorheological effects of aluminum-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles

Titania nanoparticles doped with cations have been synthesized via a modified hydrolysis method. The X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy and other characteristics measurements, were used to study the structure of the nanoparticles. The results showed interesting electrorheological (ER) effect with titania nanoparticles modified by aluminum ions, and different cations on ER effect were determined by ionic potential and resistance of the particle aggregates in the electric field. The doping ratio of aluminum ions was dominated by the appropriate sites of the particle surface and the ER effect strongly depends on the doping ratio.

Synthesis Bone Mineral (SBM) for Osteoporosis Therapy: Part 1 - Prevention of Bone Loss from Mineral Deficiency

Osteoporosis is a ‘silent’ disease characterized by thinning cortical bone and disorganized trabecular architecture causing bone fragility leading to fracture. Osteoporosis results when the rate of bone resorption far exceeds the rate of bone formation. Current pharmaceutical interventions (estrogen therapy, bisphosphonate-based drugs) focus on inhibiting bone resorption. However, some of these therapies have serious side effects (e.g., cancer risk from estrogen therapy; osteonecrosis of the jaw and delayed fracture healing from bisphosphonate-based drugs). The long term objective of the study was to develop a novel material for potential osteoporosis therapy, prevention and fracture repair. This novel material MZF-CaP or synthetic bone mineral, SBM) incorporates Mg, Zn and F ions in a calcium phosphate matrix. Separately, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and fluoride (F) ions have been associated with biomineralization and osteoporosis therapy in human and in animals. MZF-CaP or SBM was prepared by a modified hydrolysis method previously described and characterized using x-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, inductive coupled plasma and dissolution in acidic buffer. Separately, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups depending on the diet: GA: normal on basic diets; GB: on mineral deficient diets (md); GC: on md + Mg-CaP; GD: on md + Zn-CaP; GE: md+F-CaP; and GF: md+MZF-CaP. The rats were sacrificed after 3 months and the femur bones separated, cleaned of extraneous soft tissues and stored until needed for analyses. Femur bones were analyzed using microradiography (Faxitron), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microCT. Results: SEM, Faxitron and microCT analyses showed thinning of cortical bone and disorganized trabecular bone architecture for osteoporotic rats on mineral deficient diet (GB) and prevention of bone loss in rats receiving the supplemented diets (GC,GD,GE,GF). Conclusion: These results indicate that the novel material, MZF-CaP or SBM had a potential for osteoporosis therapy and prevention. Studies to demonstrate the use of SBM in reversing (recovering) bone loss are in progress.