Modified Cathode Material Research Articles

In-situ exsolved Ni nanoparticles for boosting CO2 reduction in solid oxide electrolysis cell

Due to their excellent high Faraday efficiency, perovskite solid oxide cells (SOECs) have attracted considerable attention. Nevertheless, they still face significant challenges in terms of stability and electrocatalytic activity during CO₂ electrolysis. In this study, Ni particles in La0.65Ba0.35Mn1-xNixO3-δ are successfully separated by a unique in-situ exsolved method of metal nanoparticles, which are uniformly anchored to the electrode surface as Ni nanometal particles. This effectively suppresses the generation of carbon deposits on the cathode surface. Under test conditions of 850 °C, 1.6 V and 50 sccm flow rate, the CO yield of the modified cathode material reached 5.9 mL min−1 cm−2, which is nearly four times higher than that before doping. The synergistic effect of in-situ exsolution of Ni metal nanoparticles with oxygen defects generated by the perovskite, creating more active locations for CO2 adsorption and electrolysis, is responsible for the significant improvement in electrochemical performance. This work provides new strategies and ideas for the development of efficient and durable SOEC cathode materials.

Exploring the Impact of Oxygen Doping in Li2FeS2 Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Over the past few decades, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have become popular for a variety of applications, such as electric vehicles, smart grids, and portable energy devices. However, due to their limited capacity, stability, and lifespan, they are not suitable for advanced transportation applications. To overcome these challenges, researchers have investigated the use of low-cost, high-energy-density, and safe positive electrode materials for secondary lithium batteries, including lithium iron sulfide. In this particular study, our focus is to investigate the effect of highly electronegative anion doping on the properties of lithium iron sulfide cathode through the solid-state method. Our approach involves using both in-situ and ex-situ observations to establish a correlation between the Redox behavior and structural properties of the prepared cathode materials. We have designed and characterized the material using various techniques, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement was conducted to study the morphology of the cathode material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to further study the microstructure of the cathode material at an atomic level. We analyzed the electron density distribution of the modified cathode material using XANES measurement and studied the structural properties through synchrotron-based XRD. Our study has revealed that oxygen-doping helps to improve material stability. As a result, the modified cathode (with optimal oxygen doping) exhibited a 50% capacity enhancement compared to pristine after 100 cycles. We also observed a shift to a higher voltage oxidation plateau of the oxygen-doped cathode material which is due to the influence of anion substitution on the electrochemistry and charge storage mechanisms. In summary, our detailed characterization and experimental results demonstrate the potential of oxygen-doped Li2FeS2 as a promising cathode material for advanced lithium-ion battery applications. The study's detailed characterization and experimental results will be presented, along with future perspectives.

Revealing the Impact of Dual Site Modification on the Phase Transformation and Ion Transport Mechanism of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials.

Ni-rich cathode materials have garnered significant attention attributable to the high reversible capacity and superior rate performance, particularly in the electric vehicle industry. However, the structural degradation experienced during cycling results in rapid capacity decay and deterioration of the rate performance, thereby impeding the widespread application of Ni-rich cathodes. Herein, a Mg/Ti co-doping strategy was developed to boost the structure stability and Li-ion transport kinetics of the Ni-rich cathode material LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (NCM9055) under long cycle. It is demonstrated that the Mg2+ ions inserted into the lithium layer could serve as pillars, enhancing the stability of the delithiated layer structure. The introduction of robust Ti-O bonding mitigated the detrimental H2-H3 phase transition (∼4.2 V) during cycling. In addition, despite the fact that Mg/Ti co-doping slightly reduces Li+ diffusion coefficient in the modified cathode material (NCM9055-MT), it effectively stabilized the robustness of the layered structure and maintained the Li+ diffusion channel while charging and discharging, thereby improving the Li+ diffusion coefficient after a long cycle. Therefore, the Mg/Ti co-doped cathode materials exhibited an exceptional capacity retention rate of 99.9% (100 cycles, 1 C). Additionally, the Li+ diffusion coefficient of the co-doped NCM9055-MT (2.924 × 10-10 cm2 s-1) after 100 cycles was effectively enhanced compared with the case of undoped NCM9055 (4.806 × 10-11 cm2 s-1). This work demonstrates that the Mg/Ti co-doping approach effectively enhanced the stability of layered Ni-rich cathode materials.

Improving electrochemical properties by Na+ doping for Co-Free Li-Rich Mn-based layered oxide

The capacity of Co-free Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide decreases rapidly due to the irreversible lattice oxygen lose and the crystal structure change. The sodium modified cathode materials are synthesized via the sol–gel method and the electrochemical properties are investigated. Specifically, the first discharge capacity of Li1.18Na0.02Mn0.54Ni0.26O2 is 150.5 mAh·g−1 at 2C, demonstrating a capacity preservation rate of 94.1 % after 100 cycles. And the diffusion coefficient of Li1.18Na0.02Mn0.54Ni0.26O2 is 1.2152 × 10-15, which is better than 1.3798 × 10-16 of the undoped material. This work demonstrates that appropriate Na+ doping can stabilize the crystal structure, increase the lithium layer spacing and reduce the irrevocable escape of lattice oxygen within material.

Surface modification of rare earth elements to enhance the electrochemical stability of Ni-rich Co-free cathodes

The Ni-rich Co-free cathode materials are considered the most optimistic choice for the long-term economic development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the limited supply and high prices of cobalt. In this study, a uniform samarium oxide (Sm2O3) layer was coated on the surface of LiNi0.8Mn0.17Fe0.03O2 (NMF) cathode materials through wet subsequent heat treatment. Compared with the unmodified cathode materials, the modified cathode materials exhibit better electrochemical performance at high voltage. The specific discharge capacity of the modified cathode materials increased from 37.5 mAh g−1 (NMF) to 118.2 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 C and the retention rate increased from 21.18% to 69.77%. The samarium oxide coating effectively inhibits the reaction between the cathode materials and the electrolyte. Therefore, our study proposes a simple and scalable method for modifying nickel-rich cobalt-free cathode materials.

Enhanced Cathode Performance in Pr0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ of Perovskite Catalytic Materials via Doping with VB Subgroup Elements (V, Nb, and Ta).

Perovskite-style materials are cathode systems known for their stability in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Pr0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ (PSF) exhibits excellent electrode performance in perovskite cathode systems at high temperatures. Via VB subgroup metals (V, Nb, and Ta) modifying the B-site, the oxidation and spin states of iron elements can be adjusted, thereby ultimately adjusting the cathode's physicochemical properties. Theoretical predictions indicate that PSF has poor stability, but the relative arrangement of the three elements on the B-site can significantly improve this material's properties. The modification of Nb has a large effect on the stability of PSF cathode materials, reaching a level of -2.746 eV. The surface structure of PSF becomes slightly more stable with an increase in the percentage of oxygen vacancy structures, but the structural instability persists. Furthermore, the differential charge density distribution and adsorption state density of the three modified cathode materials validate our adsorption energy prediction results. The initial and final states of the VB subgroup metal-doped PSF indicate that PSFN is more likely to complete the cathode surface adsorption reaction. Interestingly, XRD and EDX characterization are performed on the synthesized pure and Nb-doped PSF material, which show the orthorhombic crystal system of the composite theoretical model structure and subsequent experimental components. Although PSF exhibits strong catalytic activity, it is highly prone to decomposition and instability at high temperatures. Furthermore, PSFN, with the introduction of Nb, shows greater stability and can maintain its activity for the ORR. EIS testing clearly indicates that Nb most significantly improves the cathode. The consistency between the theoretical predictions and experimental validations indicates that Nb-doped PSF is a stable and highly active cathode electrode material with excellent catalytic activity.

A bimetal strategy for suppressing oxygen release of 4.6V high-voltage single-crystal high-nickel cathode

High-voltage cathode materials, such as single-crystal high-nickel layered oxide materials, are a necessary condition for achieving high energy density lithium-ion batteries, but they have to be accompanied by the structural instability and irreversible release of lattice oxygen during operation, posing serious safety hazards. Here, to solve the lattice oxygen release issue of single-crystal high-nickel cathode, we propose an improved strategy for overall cathode by synchronously addressing interface and lattice instability, ensuring stable operation at a high voltage up to 4.6 V. By Al-doping, in the bulk phase, we intensify the charge transfer between transition metals and oxygen, and the columnar effect caused by doped atoms effectively alleviates internal strain, thereby significantly limiting lattice shrinkage and then suppressing oxygen release. On the other hand, the protective layer of LiNbO3 as the fast ion conductor formed at the cathode interface suppresses parasitic reactions and hinders lattice oxygen loss caused by dissolution of transition metals. Therefore, after 200 cycles at a cut-off voltage of 4.6 V, our cathode material still maintains a capacity retention rate of 89.1%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict the effective suppression of oxygen release for the modified cathode materials, which has been further confirmed by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) tests. This work provides a new perspective for solving the problem of oxygen release under high cut-off voltage conditions for single crystal high nickel cathode.

Regulating local chemical environment in O3-type layered sodium oxides by dual-site Mg2+/B3+ substitution achieves durable and high-rate cathode

The O3-Na0.85Ni0.2Fe0.4Mn0.4O2 layered oxide cathode material possesses the advantages of high specific capacity, low cost, and simple synthesis. However, sluggish kinetics and complicated phase transition caused by the large size difference between Na+ and tetrahedral gaps lead to poor rate and cycling performance. Therefore, a scalable and feasible strategy was proposed to modulate local chemical environment by introducing Mg2+ and B3+ into O3-Na0.85Ni0.2Fe0.4Mn0.4O2, which can distinctly improve kinetic transport rate as well as electrochemical performance. The capacity retention of O3-(Na0.82Mg0.04)(Ni0.2Fe0.4Mn0.4)B0.02O2 (NFMB) increases from 43.3% and 12.4% to 89.5% and 89.0% at 1 C and 3 C after 200 cycles, respectively. Moreover, the electrode still delivers high rate capacity of 93.9 mAh/g when current density increases to 10 C. Mg2+ ions riveted on Na layer act as a “pillar” to stabilize crystal structure and inhibit structural change during the desodiumization process. B3+ ions entering tetrahedral interstice of the TM layer strengthen the TM-O bond, lower Na+ diffusion energy barrier and inhibits the slip of TM layer. Furthermore, the assembled full batteries with the modified cathode material deliver a high energy density of 278.2 Wh/kg with commercial hard carbon as anode. This work provides a strategy for the modification of high-performance SIB layered oxide materials to develop the next-generation cost-effective energy storage grid systems.

(Invited) Structure Reconstruction Strategy for High-Energy Lithium Ion Batteries without Capacity Sacrifice

Lithium nickel oxides (LiNiO2) is considered to be a promising high-energy-density cathode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)1-3. However, its inherent Li off-stoichiometry composition and structural deterioration under various phase transition usually bring about low initial capacity and rapid capacity decay4,5. To stimulate the high capacity and extend the lifespan for LiNiO2 in LIBs, the structure reconstruction method is applied to modify the cathode materials by Mo regulating (Mo-LiNiO2). The cross section high-resolution transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) images show that the concentration of Mo is gradually decreased from the surface to the bulk center. Correspondingly, the concentrated Ni2+ ions in the surface of Mo-LiNiO2 build up the rock-salt phase layer with 5-20 nm in the surface, which plays the pinner effect based on in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns to enable excellent mechanical and structural reversibility for the layered Mo-LiNiO2 upon cycling. Finally, electrochemical results show that the modified cathode materials (Mo-LiNiO2) has a high capacity (~235 mAh g–1 at 0.1C) and the stable cycle performance (~94% for 90 cycles at 1C) as shown in Figure 1. The Mo-LiNiO2 cathode can provide high capacity and cycle stability with low material cost, which is suitable for the long service life of electric vehicles, further realizing a commercially viable cathode materials for LIBs.

Improving the safety performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 through strategies of doping, coating and oxygen self-absorption additive

By employing a modification strategy that involves Mg2+ doping and Cu coating on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode material, along with a composite of zeolite and graphene as an additive in conductive carbon black, we successfully develop multifunctional cathode materials with internal oxygen self-absorption capabilities. We conduct various tests, including morphology and structure analysis, oxygen release and absorption evaluation, weight loss examination, and electrochemical performance assessment, on the prepared samples. Results reveal that Mg2+ doping restrains the release of lattice oxygen from LNMO materials, thereby enhancing their structural stability. Cu coating and additives play a crucial role in absorbing released oxygen, preventing combustion, and inhibiting side reactions. The micropores of zeolite in the additive adsorb and immobilize gas molecules, reducing the release and diffusion of pyrolysis products, which exhibit flame retardancy properties. Additionally, the presence of graphene, as a highly conductive material, further improves the electrochemical performance of the cathode material. Remarkably, even after 500 cycles at a 1C rate, the modified cathode material with additives maintains a capacity of 115.03mAh⋅g−1 (93.29 % capacity retention). Overall, the demonstrated spinel-type cathode materials exhibit exceptional structural stability, thermal stability, and electrochemical performance, making them promising candidates for advanced lithium-ion batteries.

CoS2 and FeS2 Nanoparticles Embedded in Carbon Polyhedrons for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

CoS2 and FeS2 nanoparticles with mesoporous structures embedded in carbon polyhedrons are prepared by reasonable design of materials (CoS2-FeS2-NC), which are used as a modified cathode material. This composite material can limit the shuttling of polysulfides and catalyze and adsorb polysulfides. Further, electrochemical properties of Li–S batteries are enhanced. Li–S batteries using S/CoS2-FeS2-NC electrodes have the best cycle and rate performance. The S/CoS2-FeS2-NC cathode’s initial discharge capacity at 0.2C is 938.9 mAh g–1, while its reversible capacity remains 394.8 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles, with a 0.28% decline on average. S/CoS2-NC and bare sulfur cathodes have maximal discharging capacities of 82.3 and 63.8% of S/CoS2-FeS2-NC cathodes at 0.2C. The initial discharge capacity of S/CoS2-FeS2-NC at 0.5C is 795.6 mAh g–1, and the capacity of 354.4 mAh g–1 is maintained after 200 cycles. So, S/CoS2-FeS2-NC has excellent electrochemical properties.

Heterogeneous electro-Fenton system with Co/N-GO modified cathode to degrade phenolic organic pollutants: The main role of singlet oxygen

Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (hetero-EF) system has attracted much attention for the removal of refractory organic pollutants. In this study, hetero-EF for phenol degradation was constructed to use cobalt and nitrogen co-doped graphene (Co/N-GO) modified cathode. The microstructure and composition of the modified cathode material were explored using SEM, TEM, XPS, and XRD. Systematic investigation of the effects of various factors on phenol removal showed that the phenol removal rate could reach 97.00 % in the hetero-EF system by Co/N-GO within 4 h, and the substrate could be removed well in a wide pH range (3–9). The phenol removal rate was still up to 90.71 % after eight consecutive reaction cycles. Combined with the quenching test and EPR analysis, singlet oxygen (1O2) played a major role in the degradation of phenol. Further research revealed that •OH and •O2− were not only involved in oxidative degradation of pollutants, but also contributed to the production of 1O2. Meanwhile, dissolved oxygen (DO) also participated in the formation of 1O2. The study is beneficial to further develop the potential of hetero-EF system for environmental organic pollution remediation.

Stabilizing the surface of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 by a facile pre-oxidation-coating strategy on the precursor

Ni-rich layered LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 cathode material is stabilized by a facile oxidation-coating strategy on the hydroxide precursor Ni0.815Co0.15Al0.035(OH)2. Potassium permanganate is employed as both oxidizing agent and manganese source for the Mn-containing coating layer on the precursor. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the surface modification does not alter the crystallographic structure and particle morphology of the layered cathode. Energy dispersive spectrometry confirms the uniform distribution of manganese on the modified cathode materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that the oxidation-coating strategy gives rise to a relatively higher content of Ni3+ in the cathode, thereby suppressing the cation mixing. Electrochemical characterizations reveal that the oxidation-coating strategy on the precursor improves the cycling performance at both room temperature and elevated temperature, as well as the moisture resistance in the air.

Solid Phase Fusion: A Simple and Eco-Friendly Modification Strategy for Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2Li-Rich Cathode Materials

Li-rich cathode materials, with promising specific capacity, have attracted continued research attention. However, when charged to a high voltage, the materials experience rapid capacity decline and transition metal ion dissolution over the long cycle of the battery. In this work, fast ion conductor modified Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2(LLNM), as a Li-rich cathode material, has been effectively synthesized by the solid phase fusion technology (SFT). Typically, the structural transformation, metal ion dissolution and interface side reactions with the electrolyte are efficiently suppressed by the NaNbO3modified layer. The modified cathode materials exhibit optimal cycling stability with an initial discharge capacity of 186.8 mA h g−1and merely 0.22 V voltage fading after 200 cycles at 1 C. And this material shows better high and low temperature electrochemical performances. Moreover, SFT is an eco-friendly method, which is suitable for large scale synthesis, and shows good commercial perspective.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of cobalt oxide layers coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 by polyvinylpyrrolidone-assisted method cathode for Li-ion batteries

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) stands out among many cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to its high energy density. However, the Li-Ni mixing phenomenon and the side reactions between the active cathode material and the electrolyte during the charging and discharging process have hindered its commercial application. Co3O4 is a transition metal oxide with a spinel structure that can provide Li+ embedding sites for NCM811 and is considered a competitive coating material. Here, we use polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the assisting material and Co(NO3)2·6H2O as the cobalt source to form a uniform and continuous Co3O4 coating on the surface the of NCM811 by a simple wet chemical method. The formed coating can avoid direct contact between NCM811 and the electrolyte, enhance the structural stability of the material surface, and reduce the polarization of the electrode during cycling. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the modified cathode materials is higher than that of NCM811, with a higher initial specific capacity (183.59 mAh·g−1 at 0.1C), specific capacity (151.10 mAh·g−1 at 2C) and cycle performance. The performances are better than those of many oxide coating materials at this research stage and provide a potential solution for the practical application of NCM811 lithium-ion batteries that provide high energy.

The highly efficient cocatalyst of molybdenum powder enhancing low-cost and stable electro-Fenton system for organic contaminants degradation at wide pH range

To conquer the challenges in conventional electro-Fenton (EF) such as catalyst deactivation and expensive modified cathode material, commercial molybdenum powder (Mo) is firstly applied as co-catalyst in GACSS (the cathode fabricated by granular active carbon wrapped with stainless steel mesh) EF process for organic contaminants degradation. The intermittent energy saving system is proved to enhance the co-catalytic performance, without external O2 aeration, extra catalyst addition and pH adjusting. Optimal parameters are 50 mA applied current, 0.15 g/L Mo and 10 min on-10 min off power frequency in intermittent Mo-GACSS system, where 94.03% Rhodamine B (RhB) removal and 0.0467 min−1 degradation rate constant in 60 min is remarkable than other systems. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and quenching experiment confirm the major dominant radicals are superoxide radical (·O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2), which originate from Fe2+ catalyzing and active site on Mo surface. Furthermore, the long-term consecutive experiments and characterization analysis are investigated to prove the stability of Mo-GACSS system. Various contaminants removal and electric energy consumption evaluation confirm the superiority of wide application and cost-effectiveness. The study combines co-catalyst Mo and low-cost GACSS to provide new perspective in practical organic wastewater treatment to reduce energy consumption.

Enhanced cycling performance of Li ion batteries based on Ni-rich cathode materials with LaPO4/Li3PO4 co-modification

The recent development of Li-ion batteries based on Ni-rich cathodes with high specific capacity has generated considerable interest. However, cathodes with a sufficiently high Ni concentration suffer from rapid capacity decay and poor thermal stability during charge/discharge cycling, which represents a substantial challenge toward commercialization. While the application of a coating layer has been demonstrated to be an effective means of solving this issue, this typically increases the complexity and expense of cathode material fabrication. The present work addresses this issue by applying a LaPO4/Li3PO4 (LP) layer on the surface of LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 cathode materials using a facile in situ coating method. This simple method functions concurrently with the high-temperature solid-state method employed for fabricating the cathode materials using Ni0.83Co0.11Mn0.06(OH)2 as a precursor with added ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and lanthanum nitrate (La(NO3)3). The modified cathode material reacts with residual Li, and forms a LP layer on the Ni-rich cathode surface, while a proportion of the La3+ diffuses into the layered LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 structure during the modification process. Experimental investigation indicates that the LP layer not only eliminates the residual Li, but also deters the formation of microcracks, and thereby inhibits reactions with the electrolyte during charge/discharge cycling. The LP-modified LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 sample is demonstrated to attain a capacity retention of 94% and 79.8% after 100 and 500 charge/discharge cycles conducted at 1C, respectively.

Effect of Different Calcination Temperatures on the Structure and Properties of Zirconium-Based Coating Layer Modified Cathode Material Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2

Effect of Different Calcination Temperatures on the Structure and Properties of Zirconium-Based Coating Layer Modified Cathode Material Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2

Coupling-Agent-Coordinated Uniform Polymer Coating on LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 for Improved Electrochemical Performance at Elevated Temperatures.

The high-voltage Ni-rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials attract attention due to their high capacity and relatively low cost. However, the undesired instability originating from side reactions with liquid electrolytes at elevated temperatures still hinders their practical application. This research aims to build a stable interface between cathode and electrolyte. We use the coupling agent KH570 to induce vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) monomers to in situ polymerize on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) to form a uniform, ultrathin (∼12 nm), and highly ion-conductive poly(vinyl ethylene carbonate) (PVEC) solid polymer electrolyte layer. The modified cathode material exhibits significant improvement in rate performance and cycling stability up to 4.5 V at elevated temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques prove that the flexible polymer coating layer effectively suppresses the mechanical degradation and crystal structure changes during cycling.

Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a novel spinel Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode coated with conductive glass for Lithium-ions batteries

A new spinel Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode reported in our previous work displays high initial specific capacity (260.4 mAh g−1) and good coulombic efficiency (92.2%), but suffers from low capacity retention of 80.2% after 50 cycles. In this paper, Li2O-0.2B2O3-1.8SiO2 (LBSO) glass phase surface modification is adopted to promote the electrochemical performance of LNMO. LBSO layer coated on the surface of LNMO cathode, as confirmed by SEM and HRTEM observation, can effectively prevent the cathode from dissolving in the electrolyte, therefore suppresses the increase in resistance and the degradation in Li-ions diffusion. Consequently, the electrochemical properties of the surface modified cathode material are improved. The initial specific capacity of 0.3 wt% LBSO coated LNMO is kept as 263 mAh g−1 with coulombic efficiency of 95%. Notably, the capacity retention after 100 cycles is improved from 69% to 83% by a comparison between the pristine and coated samples. Moreover, the coated cathode exhibits good rate performance, giving high specific capacity of 142 mAh g−1 even at a current density of 5C. All the results presented above suggest high potential for the material as candidate cathode for high energy density batteries.