WO3 Modification Research Articles

Oxygen vacancy and double carbon modification of WO3 for enhancing the photoelectric performance

WO3 and N-GQDs were loaded in a two-dimensional graphene sheet layer by hydrothermal method, and then oxygen vacancy-rich WO3/N-GQDs/N-rGO composites were successfully prepared by calcination. The structures, morphologies and surface chemical states were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, FTIR, and the electrochemical properties were studied by EIS, i-t, LSV and M-S. The WO3/N-GQDs/N-rGO composites had a high carrier density of 5.88 × 1020 cm−3 and presented an instantaneous photocurrent density of 2.96 × 10−4 A/cm2 under 365 nm irradiation, which was 4.4 times larger than that of pure WO3. The enhanced properties were mainly ascribed to the increased light absorption and carrier migration by the two-carbon modification of N-GQDs and N-rGO. Meanwhile, the presence of oxygen vacancies can improve the carrier lifetime, thus suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the WO3/N-GQDs/N-rGO composites. The photoelectric properties of the composites were improved by the cooperative effect of double carbon modification and oxygen vacancies.

The Modification of WO3 for Lithium Batteries with Nickel-Rich Ternary Cathode Materials

Nickel-rich ternary cathode materials (NRTCMs) have high energy density and a long cycle life, making them one of the cathode materials of LIB that are currently receiving much attention. However, it has shortcomings such as poor cycling performance (CP) and a high-capacity decay rate. Because of this, the study analyzed the modification effect of WO3 on NRTCM lithium batteries by preparing WO3-modified poly-crystal and single-crystal NCM622 materials under the existing conditions of better original cathode materials as reference samples. The results showed that in the morphology and structure testing, with the increase of WO3 addition, the c/a values of all NCM622-WO3 samples were greater than 4.95. In the analysis of cycling and rate performance (CRP), as W increased, the rate performance (RP) of the NCM622-W4.0 sample had a discharge specific capacity ratio of 86.2% at 10.0 C/1.0 C. In cyclic voltammetry testing, when the addition amount of WO3 was 1.0%, the polarization degree of SC-NCM622 sample was the weakest. In the AC impedance test, after six cycles, compared with the original sample, the Ret and R + Rct values of the NCM622-W sample modified with WO3 showed a significant downward trend. The above results prove that WO3 modification can lower the polarization of the material, effectively raising the CRP of the battery. It provides a reference path for the further progress of high capacity and stability ternary cathode materials.

CO oxidation over PdOσ/Fe1-xWxOy catalysts and their SO2 resistance at relatively low temperature

Efficient sulfur-tolerant catalysts for purification in sulfur-containing steel sintering flue gas remain a severe challenge. Herein, a series of Fe2O3 modified by WO3-supported PdOσ was fabricated to make progress in this issue. WO3 decoration decreases Pd dispersion but significantly enhances the sulfur resistance of PdOσ/Fe2O3 for CO catalytic oxidation. Typically, at an SO2 concentration as high as 1000 ppm, the optimal PdOσ/Fe0.6W0.4Oy can keep its activity with a CO conversion of 90% even at relatively low temperatures (175 °C) for 20 h, which was superior to most reported catalysts. As evidenced by systematical surface properties and kinetic analysis, this accepted sulfur tolerance was closely related to the enhanced amount of surface acid sites and the formation of a new phase of FeWO4 from the strong interaction of FeOx and WO3, which could suppress SO2 adsorption and decrease the deposition of the undesirable sulfate (S6+). Additionally, PdO2 (4+) appears to be more resistant to sulfur than PdO (2+), probably due to the latter palladium species being more likely to react with sulfur. Also, WO3 modification induced the chemical state of sulfur component changing from S6+ to S4+, thereby preserving PdO2 (4+) catalytic activity species and showing remarkable performance of sulfur tolerance.

Rational design of molybdenum sulfide/tungsten oxide solar absorber with enhanced photocatalytic degradation toward dye wastewater purification

Integrating advanced technologies into solar-driven water evaporation is gradually considered as a clean and sustainable way to acquire freshwater from saline or wastewater. In this study, thin molybdenum sulfide nanosheet arrays (MoS2 NSAs) modified by tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) were designed. The as-prepared solar absorber could purify water and accomplish photocatalytic degradation of dyes that existed in bulk water via solar-driven water evaporation. Compared with bare MoS2 NSAs, the modification of WO3 enhanced the separation of electrons and holes within the solar absorber, resulting in the improvement of photocatalytic efficiency. The net evaporation rate of the solar absorber reached 0.97 kg m−2h−1 and the degradation rate constant of rhodamine B (RhB) reached 0.101 min−1 under 1 sun. This study successfully combined photothermal conversion and photocatalytic technologies and provided a new method for the treatment of dye wastewater with zero wastewater discharge.

Novel manganese-based assembled nanocatalyst with “nitrous oxide filter” for efficient NH3-SCR in wide low-temperature window: Optimization, design and mechanism

It is still a challenge for de-NOx catalysts to have high activity and N2 selectivity in a wide low-temperature operating temperature window. In this work, we used layered zeolite-like montmorillonite as the support and then obtained a composite catalyst with satisfactory NOx conversion and excellent N2 selectivity in the temperature range of 100–300 °C with the method of pillaring modification, active component doping, and catalyst assembly. It has been proved that doping rare earth elements can improve the redox ability of the catalyst, and WO3 modification can enhance the acidity of the catalyst. The redox ability and the surface acidity of the catalyst system were balanced by assembling the WO3-modified catalyst and the WO3-unmodified catalyst. Besides, we found the composite Pr1Mn9/Fe7Ti3-Wu-mmt catalyst had the best catalytic activity and N2 selectivity only when the reaction gas first passed through the catalyst modified by WO3, in which the WO3-modified catalyst acted as the role of nitrous oxide filter. What’s more, according to the results of in situ DRIFTS, it can be indicated that the montmorillonite-supported catalysts in this work followed the L-H mechanism and E-R mechanism; while the E-R mechanism was dominant when the catalyst was modified by WO3. The results in present work indicate that the novel strategy of assembling catalysts is practicable to obtain an efficient de-NOx catalyst with a wide low-temperature operating temperature window, high NOx conversion, and high N2 selectivity. Furthermore, the novel assembly strategy of tandem catalysis with stronger acidity sites and redox sites in turn “acidityu & redoxd” can be extended to other SCR catalytic systems.

A novel room-temperature formaldehyde gas sensor based on walnut-like WO3 modification on Ni-graphene composites.

Ternary composite with great modulation of electron transfers has attracted a lot of attention from the field of high-performance room-temperature (RT) gas sensing. Herein, walnut-like WO3-Ni–graphene ternary composites were successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method for formaldehyde (HCHO) sensing at RT. The structural and morphological analyses were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). SEM and TEM studies confirmed that walnut-like WO3 nanostructures with an average size of 53 ± 23 nm were functionalized. The Raman and XPS results revealed that, due to the deformation of the O-W-O lattice, surface oxygen vacancies Ov and surface-adsorbed oxygen species Oc were present. The gas-sensing measurement shows that the response of the WO3-Ni-Gr composite (86.8%) was higher than that of the Ni-Gr composite (22.7%) for 500 ppm HCHO at RT. Gas-sensing enhancement can be attributed to a p-n heterojunction formation between WO3 and Ni-Gr, Oc, spill-over effect of Ni decoration, and a special walnut-like structure. Moreover, long term stability (%R = 61.41 ± 1.66) for 30 days and high selectivity in the presence of other gases against HCHO suggested that the proposed sensor could be an ideal candidate for future commercial HCHO-sensing in a real environment.

Tungsten Oxide Modified V2O5-Sb2O3/TiO2 Monolithic Catalyst: NH3-SCR Activity and Sulfur Resistance

In this study, a V2O5-Sb2O3/TiO2 monolithic catalyst was modified by introducing WO3. The WO3-modified catalyst exhibited enhanced catalytic activity in the measuring temperature range of 175–320 °C. The changes in dispersion of vanadia species were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). A durability test was conducted in a wet SO2-containing atmosphere at 220 °C for 25 h. The sulfate deposition was estimated by temperature-programmed decomposition (TPDC) of sulfates, thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3. Isothermal SO2 oxidation and temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) of NH4HSO4 with NO were performed. Based on these characterizations, effects of WO3 modification on the sulfate tolerance of the catalyst were explored.

A Z-scheme system constructed from WO3 modified TiO2 doped with Cr and Sb for visible light-driven overall water splitting

An artificial Z-scheme system using powder photocatalysts and a reversible redox mediator for the overall water splitting has been attracting attention for producing renewable H2 using solar energy. For the efficient use of this system, the development of efficient photocatalysts utilizing longer wavelength light is essential. TiO2 doped with Cr and Sb (TiO2:Cr/Sb) is one of the visible-light-active photocatalysts which has a bandgap of ca. 2.2 eV and absorbs light up to near 600 nm. However, TiO2:Cr/Sb powder in the Fe3+/Fe2+ reversible redox mediator showed negligible activity under visible light irradiation (λ > 460 nm). In this work, it was found that the photocatalytic performance for O2 evolution over TiO2:Cr/Sb modified with WO3 (WO3-TiO2:Cr/Sb) using the Fe3+/Fe2+ mediator was more than 15 times higher than that without modification. The apparent quantum efficiency of WO3-TiO2:Cr/Sb was estimated to be ca. 0.8% at 510 nm. The overall water splitting activity of Z-scheme water splitting (H2/O2 = 2), in combination with Ru/SrTiO3:Rh, was 9 times improved by the WO3 modification compared to that without modification. From the results of photoelectrochemical measurements, it was surmised that the loaded WO3 on the surface of TiO2:Cr/Sb may promote both reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and oxidation of H2O to O2.

Synthesis and in-situ noble metal modification of WO3·0.33H2O nanorods from a tungsten-containing mineral for enhancing NH3 sensing performance

Ag- and Pt-doped WO3·0.33H2O nanorods with high response and selectivity to NH3 were synthesized from a tungsten-containing mineral of scheelite concentrate by a simple combined process, namely by a high pressure leaching method to obtain tungstate ions-containing leaching solution and followed by a hydrothermal method to prepare corresponding nanorods. The microstructure and NH3 sensing performance of the final products were investigated systematically. The microstructure characterization showed that the as-prepared WO3·0.33H2O nanorods had a hexagonal crystal structure, and Ag and Pt nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the WO3·0.33H2O nanorods. Gas sensing measurements indicated that Ag and Pt nanoparticles not only could obviously enhance NH3 sensing properties in terms of response, selectivity as well as response/recovery time, but also could reduce the optimal operating temperature at which the highest response was achieved. The highest responses of 22.4 and 47.6 for Ag- and Pt-doped WO3·0.33H2O nanorods to 1000 ppm NH3 were obtained at 225 and 175°C, respectively, which were about four and eight folds higher than that of pure one at 250°C. The superior NH3 sensing properties are mainly ascribed to the catalytic activities of noble metals and the different work functions between noble metals and WO3·0.33H2O.

Construction of the direct Z-scheme CdTe/APTES-WO3 heterostructure by interface engineering for cathodic “signal-off” photoelectrochemical aptasensing of streptomycin at sub-nanomole level

The newly-emerging direct Z-scheme heterostructures have been extensively studied as photocatalysts; however, their photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensing applications are still in infancy. In this work, we constructed a novel direct Z-scheme heterostructure with CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and WO3 nanosheets via interface engineering for PEC aptasensing of streptomycin (STR). To fabricate the solid-solid interface with a large effective area, the surface modification of WO3 by (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysaline (APTES) was performed to uniformly absorb negatively-charged CdTe QDs via electrostatic interaction. The resultant CdTe/APTES-WO3 heterostructure showed a 2.5-times amplified PEC response compared with that of CdTe QDs. The photoinduced Z-Scheme electron transfer mechanism was confirmed in such heterostructure. Taking advantage of its superior PEC properties, a high-performance aptasensor for the detection of STR was constructed. The proposed aptasensor showed a linear response ranging from 1.0 × 10−9 M (1.5 μg kg−1) to 5.0 × 10−7 M (728.5 μg kg−1) with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 3.3 × 10−10 M (0.5 μg kg−1). Moreover, the aptasensor has been applied to STR analysis in leaves of pimiento. Our work provided a novel and efficient strategy for the detection of STR, which should also promote the application of PEC aptasensing in agricultural field.

Improving methane gas sensing performance of flower-like SnO2 decorated by WO3 nanoplates

The three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical WO3-SnO2 nanoflowers (NFs) composites were successfully synthesized via a simple impregnation method by using WO3 and SnO2 prepared by hydrothermal method as precursors. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were investigated by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission electron scanning microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 sorption. These results indicated that SnO2 and WO3-SnO2 nanostructures with a diameter of about 500 nm self-assembled by numerous nanorods of about 200 nm in length. Gas sensing test results show that the nanostructure WO3-SnO2 nanocomposites possess better methane sensing properties than that of pure SnO2. The modification of WO3 nanoplates reduces the optimum working temperature of SnO2 based sensor from 120 °C to 110 °C, the response of WO3-SnO2 based sensor to 500 ppm methane at 110 °C is 2.3 times of that of pure SnO2 based sensor. In addition, the WO3-SnO2 based sensor possesses lower detection limit, good repeatability and stability. The improved gas-sensing mechanism of the nanocomposite based sensors for methane detection is also discussed in detail.

Mesoporous TiO2 with WO3 functioning as dopant and light-sensitizer: A highly efficient photocatalyst for degradation of organic compound

The suitable doping or modification on TiO2 holds promise for improving charge separation and extending light absorption range. Here, WO3 modifying reduced band gap mesoporous TiO2 (WO3/RM-TiO2) due to WO3 doping was successfully fabricated by immersing mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in the peroxotungstic acid sol with controllable reaction time (0–1 h). The W6+ ions were first incorporated into the TiO2 lattice to form WOTi bonds, resulting in the formation of WO3 doping TiO2. Then, WO3 nanoparticles gradually formed and attached on the TiO2 surface, constructing a novel heterojunction catalyst with WO3 serving as both dopant and light-sensitizer for TiO2. Photocatalytic activity of the resulting WO3/RM-TiO2 depends on the immersing duration in the peroxotungstic acid. The BET analysis shows that 0.5 h-WO3/RM-TiO2 has the largest pore volume of 0.491 cm3 g−1 and the highest surface area of 82.3 m2 g−1, whereas these values decline with prolonged immersing duration. As expected, the optimal efficiency in removing p-nitrophenol (PNP) is achieved over 0.5 h-WO3/RM-TiO2 under visible light irradiation, which is 2.33 times that of the unmodified M-TiO2. This should be attributed to the suitable WO3 doping and WO3 modification.

Enhanced performance of the CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol by WO3 modification

A series of WO3 modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 mixed oxides with different WO3 contents (0–20 at.%) were prepared by co-precipitation method and used as catalyst for methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation. The effects of WO3 content on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CuO-ZnO-ZrO2-WO3 catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, temperature-programed reduction of hydrogen, temperature-programed desorption of CO2, N2 adsorption and desorption, reactive N2O adsorption, and activity testing. The results indicated that both CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity of the CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst was enhanced by the addition of small amounts (2 and 5 at.%) of WO3. However, the activity was significantly decreased by the addition of excessive WO3 (20 at.%). The activity was closely related to the specific surface area of metallic Cu (SCu), amount of weak basic sites, and reducibility of the catalyst.

Red photoluminescent property and modification of WO3:Eu3+ inverse opal for blue light converted LEDs

Blue light converted light-emitting diodes is of great significance as a candidate for next generation lighting. In this work, the WO3:Eu3+ inverse opal photonic crystals were prepared and their luminescence properties were studied. The results demonstrated that the main excitation peak of WO3:Eu3+ inverse opals were located at 465 nm. The red luminescence peak at the 613 nm was observed in the WO3:Eu3+ inverse opal upon 465 nm excitation, exhibiting better red color purity. The influence of photonic band gap on the photoluminescence of WO3:Eu3+ inverse opal was obtained. When the red luminescence peak is in the regions of the photonic band gap and the edge of the band-gap, the red luminescence suppression and enhancement was observed respectively. The WO3:Eu3+ inverse opals may be a promising candidate for the blue light converted LEDs.

The Effect of WO3 Modification of ZrO2 Support on the Ni-Catalyzed Dry Reforming of Biogas Reaction for Syngas Production

The time-on-stream catalytic performance and stability of 8wt% Ni catalyst supported on two commercially available catalytic supports, ZrO2 and 15wt% WO3-ZrO2, was investigated under the biogas dry reforming reaction for syngas production, at 750oC and a biogas quality equal to CH4/CO2=1.5, that represents a common concentration of real biogas. A number of analytical techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption (BET method), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), temperature programmed desorption (NH3- and CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), thermal analysis (TGA/DTG) and Raman spectroscopy were used in order to determine textural, structural and other physicochemical properties of the catalytic materials, and the type of carbon deposited on the catalytic surface of spent samples. These techniques were used in an attempt to understand better the effects of WO3-induced modifications on the catalyst morphology, physicochemical properties and catalytic performance. Although Ni dispersion and reducibility characteristics were found superior on the modified Ni/WZr sample than that on Ni/Zr, its dry reforming of methane (DRM) performance was inferior; a result attributed to the enhanced acidity and complete loss of the basicity recorded on this catalyst, an effect that competes and finally overshadows the benefits of the other superior properties.

Insight into Charge Separation in WO3/BiVO4 Heterojunction for Solar Water Splitting.

Recently, the WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction has shown promising photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting activity based on its charge transfer and light absorption capability, and notable enhancement of the photocurrent has been achieved via morphological modification of WO3. We developed a graft copolymer-assisted protocol for the synthesis of WO3 mesoporous thin films on a transparent conducting electrode, wherein the particle size, particle shape, and thickness of the WO3 layer were controlled by tuning the interactions in the polymer/sol-gel hybrid. The PEC performance of the WO3 mesoporous photoanodes with various morphologies and the individual heterojunctions with BiVO4 (WO3/BiVO4) were characterized by measuring the photocurrents in the absence/presence of hole scavengers using light absorption spectroscopy and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. The morphology of the WO3 photoanode directly influenced the charge separation efficiency within the WO3 layer and concomitant charge collection efficiency in the WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction, showing the smaller sized nanosphere WO3 layer showed higher values than did the plate-like or rod-like one. Notably, we observed that photocurrent density of WO3/BiVO4 was not dependent on the thickness of WO3 film or its charge collection time, implying slow charge flow from BiVO4 to WO3 can be a crucial issue in determining the photocurrent, rather than the charge separation within the nanosphere WO3 layer.

Preparation of hierarchical micro/nanostructured Bi2S3-WO3 composites for enhanced photocatalytic performance

Novel hierarchical micro/nanostructured photocatalysts composed of WO3 microspheres and needle-like Bi2S3 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by a simple combination of hydrothermal and post-calcination method. The as-obtained Bi2S3-WO3 composites was applied for photocatalytic removal of Rhedamine B (RhB) organic pollution in water under visible light irradiation. The morphology and structure of the as-obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption techniques, UV–vis DRS, XPS and PL spectra. It was found that 70%-Bi2S3-WO3 has the highest photocatalytic activity and more than 90% (over 3 times than pure WO3) of the RhB solution were degraded in 100 min. The degradation kinetics data were found to be consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetics model. Furthermore, the kinetic rate of 70%-Bi2S3-WO3 composites is 9 times more than the pure WO3. The modification of WO3 by deposited Bi2S3 could improve charge separation and transfer with the increase of special surface area and higher utilization of visible light. These favorable factors lead to significantly enhanced visible photocatalytic performance; and Bi2S3-WO3 composites had an excellent stability in cycling experiments. At last, a tentative mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity for Bi2S3-WO3 composite was discussed according to the calculation of the energy band position.

Surface Modification or Doping of WO<sub>3</sub> for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutant Containing Wastewaters: A Review

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is an oxygen deficient metal oxide and well known semiconductor with a small band gap of between 2.4 and 2.8 eV. It is also used as a photo-catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants present in aqueous environment. It has stable physico-chemical properties and shows strong absorption of solar spectrum and thus can be used in visible-light driven photocatalysis. WO3 has a conduction band (ECB) of +0.4 V versus NHE (normal hydrogen electrode) at pH = 0. Therefore, pure WO3 has lower light energy conversion efficiency as compared to other widely used photocatalysts such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2). This is because the reduction potential of the electrons in WO3 is low due to its low conduction band level. O2 cannot be efficiently trapped in the conduction band electrons to yield superoxide radicals and fast recombination of charge carriers takes place resulting in lesser photocatalytic activity of WO3. However, holes in the valence band (EVB = +3.1 V) are energetically favorably situated to oxidize water to hydrogen. To modify the energy band position and reduce the charge carrier recombination, doping or surface modification of WO3 is necessary. This review article demonstrates the effect of dopants (low band semiconductor catalyst) on the surface modification of WO3 to enhance the photo catalytic activity which helps in degradation of the organic pollutants present in the wastewater.

WO3 modification effects on Pt–Pd/WO3-OMC electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation

This manuscript presents an experimental investigation of the promotional effects of WO3 on Pt/Pd/WO3-OMC electrocatalysts for oxidation of formic acid. Cyclic voltametry of Pd/WO 3-OMC exhibits 15% higher anodic current activity than that of Pd/OMC. The peak potential is also shifted more than 151mV in the negative direction. In the bimetallic catalyst samples, the addition of a small amount of Pt improves the performance of PdPt/WO3-OMC significantly. The atomic Pd/Pt ratio of 2, displays the best current density (56.8mA/cm2), which is 1.2, 1.65 and 5.2 times higher than that of Pd/WO3-OMC, Pd1Pt1/WO3-OMC and Pd1Pt2/WO3-OMC, respectively. It also shows activity over an extended duration without any indication of CO poisoning effects. N2 adsorption/desorption analysis shows that WO3 modification enhances the surface characteristics of OMC with the pore size being slightly decreased from 3.84nm to3.28nm. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that the presence of WO3 enhances the uniform dispersion of active metal(s) on the support surface which is primarily believed to be responsible for superior activity/stability of the Pd2Pt1/WO3-OMC.

Detection of oxygen species generated by WO3 modification fullerene/TiO2 in the degradation of 1,5-diphenyl carbazide

In the present work, powders with different relative mole ratios of WO3-fullerene/TiO2 were irradiated by visible light and ultrasonic. The composite obtained was characterized by BET surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis analysis. A methylene blue (MB) solution under visible light and ultrasonic irradiation was used to determine the catalytic activity. The generation of reactive oxygen species were detected through the oxidation reaction from 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) to 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO). Finally, we performed experiments to find the optimum relative mole ratio of fullerene for the degradation of MB.