Modification Of Lipid Profile Research Articles

Pretreated sugarcane bagasse matches performance of synthetic media for lipid production with Yarrowia lipolytica

Engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica with modified lipid profiles and other desirable properties for microbial oil production are widely reported but are almost exclusively characterized in synthetic laboratory-grade media. Ensuring translatable performance between synthetic media and industrially scalable lignocellulosic feedstocks is a critical challenge. Yarrowia lipolytica growth and lipid production were characterized in media derived from two-step acid-catalyzed glycerol pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Fermentation performance was benchmarked against laboratory-grade synthetic growth media, including detailed characterization of media composition, nitrogen utilization, biomass and lipid production, and fatty acid product profile. A Yarrowia lipolytica strain modified to enable xylose consumption consumed all sugars, glycerol, and acetic acid, accumulating lipids to 34–44 % of cell dry weight. Growth and lipid content when grown in sugarcane bagasse-derived media were equivalent to or better than that observed with synthetic media. These sugarcane bagasse-derived media are suitable for transferable development of Yarrowia lipolytica fermentations from synthetic media.

Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The regulation of lipid metabolism is crucial for preventing cardiovascular diseases, which are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has garnered attention for its potential role in modulating lipid profiles. However, the magnitude of these effects are unclear due to the heterogeneity of the studies. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have examined the effects of HMB on lipid profiles in adults. Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched for relevant studies through January 2024. The study protocol was also registered at Prospero (no. CRD42024528549). Based on a random-effects model, we calculated WMDs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The outcomes assessed included total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Sensitivity, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also conducted. Our analysis included a total of 10 RCTs comprising 421 participants. The pooled data revealed no significant effect of HMB supplementation on TC (WMD: -2.26 mg/dL; 95%CI: -6.11 to 1.58; p = 0.25), TG (WMD: -2.83 mg/dL 95% CI: -12.93 to 7.27; p = 0.58), LDL-C (WMD: 0.13 mg/dL; 95%CI: -3.02 to 3.28; mg; p = 0.94), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.78 mg/dL; 95%CI: -2.04 to 0.48; p = 0.22). The quality of evidence was rated as moderate to low for all outcomes. The current evidence from RCTs suggests that HMB supplementation does not significantly alter lipid profiles, including TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Further research is warranted to confirm these results and explore the potential mechanisms of action of HMB. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=528549, CRD42024528549.

Evaluation of Lipid Profile Modulation by Berberis asiatica, Withania somnifera, and Their Synergy in Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, leading to complications such as dyslipidemia, which increases cardiovascular risks. Current treatments for dyslipidemia often have undesirable side effects. This study aims to evaluate the effects ofBerberis asiatica(BA),Withania somnifera(WS), and their combination in the ratio of 1:1 on the lipid profile in T2DM-induced Wistar rats. Additionally, the study investigates the potential synergistic effects of these two herbs. Materials and methods Mature albino Wistar rats of both sexes were employed, weighing 150-250 g. Rats were obtained from the Central Animal House of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences and kept under standard laboratory conditions. The study was conducted per theguidelines setby the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA). T2DM was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NIC). Thirteen groups of rats were formed, including normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and various treatment groups received varying dosages of BA, WS, their polyherbal combination (PHC), and the conventional medications metformin (MET) and glimepiride (GLI). Lipid profiles were measured, and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. Results The study revealed that both BA and WS showed statistically significant lipid-lowering effects in diabetic rats. The BA-treated groups displayed a statistically significant and considerable decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to the DC group. Similarly, WS-treated groups also showed statistically significant reduced levels of TC and LDL, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The PHCof BA and WS exhibited enhanced lipid-lowering effects compared to individual treatments. No significant differences in triglyceride (TG) levels were observed among the treatment groups. Conclusion BA and WS, individually and in combination,effectively modulate lipid profiles in T2DM rats. Their synergistic effects provide a promising alternative for managing dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. Further research is needed to determine the clinical consequences of these findings.

Effect of Th2 cytokines on ceramide subclasses based on a model of reconstructed human epidermis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with chronic inflammation and an altered skin barrier. Lipids of the stratum corneum of AD patients are known to differ substantially in composition from those of healthy subjects. A reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model has been developed in vitro in order to mimic the characteristics of AD. In this study, using this model, we compared lipid profile modifications between control RHE and RHE treated with Th2 cytokines in order to mimic AD. We focused particularly on the lipid profile of the ceramide subclasses: non-hydroxy sphingosine (NS) and esterified ω-hydroxy sphingosine (EOS), which have been reported to be clearly modified in atopic skin. RHE lipids were extracted and analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The following lipid profile changes were observed in Th2-cytokine-treated RHE: (i) an increase in ceramide NS composed of an unsaturated fatty acid chain; (ii) an increase in saturated ceramide NS with small total carbon content (≤40 carbon atoms), whereas NS with a higher total carbon content (≥42 carbon atoms) was decreased; and (iii) a decrease in ceramide EOS. These results are in accordance with reported lipid profiles of human atopic skin in vivo. Moreover, the in vitro model represents a useful tool to better understand the pathogenesis of AD which may be used for future screening of new effective treatments.

Cardiovascular and physiological risk factors in women at mid-life and beyond.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. After menopause, sex-specific and gender-specific factors may play an important role in increasing CVD risk, with changes in sex hormones, body fat distribution, lipid and metabolic profile, and structural and functional vascular modifications. Premature and early-onset menopause are detrimental to cardiovascular health due to the early cessation of the protective effect of endogenous estrogen. An independent association of menopause with an increased risk of CVD has been documented in early menopause (<45 years). Sex-related differences are relevant in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; different enzyme formations, drug compatibility, efficacy, and side effects vary for different sexes. Despite some progress in sex and gender research in CVD, disparities remain. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is available at mid-life for symptoms of menopause and may impact cardiovascular risk. Taken early, MHT may reduce CVD morbimortality. However, this is balanced against the risk of increased thrombosis. This paper reviews physiologic changes that contribute to cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women and discusses clinical implications. Specifically, it explores the atheroprotective effects of estrogen and MHT and the associations between menopause with lipid levels, hypertension, body composition, and diabetes for women at mid-life and beyond.

Melatonin Mitigates Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress and Modifies Phospholipid Profile in Tobacco BY-2 Suspension Cells.

Many studies have shown that melatonin (an indoleamine) is an important molecule in plant physiology. It is known that this indoleamine is crucial during plant stress responses, especially by counteracting secondary oxidative stress (efficient direct and indirect antioxidant) and switching on different defense plant strategies. In this report, we present exogenous melatonin's potential to protect lipid profile modification and membrane integrity in Nicotiana tabacum L. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) cell culture exposed to lead. There are some reports of the positive effect of melatonin on animal cell membranes; ours is the first to report changes in the lipid profile in plant cells. The experiments were performed in the following variants: LS: cells cultured on unmodified LS medium-control; (ii) MEL: BY-2 cells cultured on LS medium with melatonin added from the beginning of culture; (iii) Pb: BY-2 cells cultured on LS medium with Pb2+ added on the 4th day of culture; (iv) MEL+Pb: BY-2 cells cultured on LS medium with melatonin added from the start of culture and stressed with Pb2+ added on the 4th day of culture. Lipidomic analysis of BY-2 cells revealed the presence of 40 different phospholipids. Exposing cells to lead led to the overproduction of ROS, altered fatty acid composition and increased PLD activity and subsequently elevated the level of phosphatidic acid at the cost of dropping the phosphatidylcholine. In the presence of lead, double-bond index elevation, mainly by higher quantities of linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids in the log phase of growth, was observed. In contrast, cells exposed to heavy metal but primed with melatonin showed more similarities with the control. Surprisingly, the overproduction of ROS caused of lipid peroxidation only in the stationary phase of growth, although considerable changes in lipid profiles were observed in the log phase of growth-just 4 h after lead administration. Our results indicate that the pretreatment of BY-2 with exogenous melatonin protected tobacco cells against membrane dysfunctions caused by oxidative stress (lipid oxidation), but also findings on a molecular level suggest the possible role of this indoleamine in the safeguarding of the membrane lipid composition that limited lead-provoked cell death. The presented research indicates a new mechanism of the defense strategy of plant cells generated by melatonin.

Erjingwan and Alzheimer's disease: research based on network pharmacology and experimental confirmation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a challenging neurodegenerative condition, has emerged as a significant global public health concern. The Chinese medicine decoction Erjingwan (EJW) has shown promising efficacy in AD treatment, though its mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism by which EJW treats AD through network pharmacology analysis and in vivo experiments. We identified EJW's components using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and determined AD-related targets from various databases. A network comprising herbs-compounds-targets was established, and EJW's core targets were ascertained through protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. This study assessed the cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 mice using Morris water mazes and Y mazes, in addition to analyzing blood samples for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Brain tissues were examined histologically with HE staining, Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for amyloid β-protein (Aβ) detection. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the hippocampal region were measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of apolipoprotein A-I (APOA-I), apolipoprotein B (APOB), apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), advanced glycation end products (AGE), the receptor for AGE (RAGE), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was evaluated by quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of AGE, RAGE, NF-κB, and Tau protein. Screening identified 57 chemical components and 222 potential targets of EJW. Ten core targets for AD treatment were identified, with enrichment analysis suggesting EJW's effects are related to lipid metabolism and AGEs/RAGE pathways. EJW enhanced learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice, protected neuronal structure in the hippocampal region, reduced Aβ deposition, and altered levels of TG, TC, LDL, IL-1β, and IL-6, and the expression of APOE4, AGEs, RAGE, NF-κB, and Tau protein, while increasing SOD, APOA-I, and APOB mRNA expression. The study identified four core components of EJW-iosgenin, baicalein, beta-sitosterol, quercetin-and ten core targets including AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, TP53, CASP3, for treating AD. Experimental results demonstrate EJW's capacity to modulate lipid profiles, reduce pathological markers such as Aβ1-42, Tau, IL-6, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species, SOD, and enhance cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice, potentially through inhibiting the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway.

Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone, regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis in hepatic cell lines and high-fat diet-fed zebrafish models

Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) acts as an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), impeding the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) in circulation. Targeting ANGPTL3 is considered a novel strategy for improving dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain several bioactive prenylflavonoids, including xanthohumol (Xan), isoxanthohumol (Isoxan), 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN), and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), with the potential to manage lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of Xan, the effective prenylated chalcone in attenuating ANGPTL3 transcriptional activity, both in vitro using hepatic cells and in vivo using zebrafish models, along with exploring the underlying mechanisms. Xan (10 and 20 μM) significantly reduced ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, leading to a marked decrease in secreted ANGPTL3 proteins via hepatic cells. In animal studies, orally administered Xan significantly alleviated plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, it reduced hepatic ANGPTL3 protein levels and increased LPL activity in zebrafish models, indicating its potential to modulate lipid profiles in circulation. Furthermore, molecular docking results predicted that Xan exhibits a higher binding affinity to interact with liver X receptor α (LXRα) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) than their respective agonists, T0901317 and 9-Cis-retinoic acid (9-Cis-RA). We observed that Xan suppressed hepatic ANGPTL3 expression by antagonizing the LXRα/RXR-mediated transcription. These findings suggest that Xan ameliorates dyslipidemia by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis. Xan represents a novel potential inhibitor of ANGPTL3 for the prevention or treatment of ASCVD.

Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk Modification after Hepatitis C Virus Eradication.

The eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has revolutionized the hepatology paradigm, halting the progression of advanced liver disease in patients with chronic infection and reducing the risk of hepatocarcinoma. In addition, treatment with direct-acting antivirals can reverse the lipid and carbohydrate abnormalities described in HCV patients. Although HCV eradication may reduce the overall risk of vascular events, it is uncertain whether altered lipid profiles increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease in certain patients. We have conducted a review on HCV and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as new scientific advances, following the advent of direct-acting antivirals.

PLA2G4A and ACHE modulate lipid profiles via glycerophospholipid metabolism in platinum-resistant gastric cancer

BackgroundBioactive lipids involved in the progression of various diseases. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of biomarkers and relative regulatory targets. The lipidomic analysis of the samples from platinum-resistant in gastric cancer patients is expected to help us further improve our understanding of it.MethodsWe employed LC–MS based untargeted lipidomic analysis to search for potential candidate biomarkers for platinum resistance in GC patients. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis were used to identify differential lipids. The possible molecular mechanisms and targets were obtained by metabolite set enrichment analysis and potential gene network screened. Finally, verified them by immunohistochemical of a tissue microarray.ResultsThere were 71 differential lipid metabolites identified in GC samples between the chemotherapy-sensitivity group and the chemotherapy resistance group. According to Foldchange (FC) value, VIP value, P values (FC > 2, VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05), a total of 15 potential biomarkers were obtained, including MGDG(43:11)-H, Cer(d18:1/24:0) + HCOO, PI(18:0/18:1)-H, PE(16:1/18:1)-H, PE(36:2) + H, PE(34:2p)-H, Cer(d18:1 + hO/24:0) + HCOO, Cer(d18:1/23:0) + HCOO, PC(34:2e) + H, SM(d34:0) + H, LPC(18:2) + HCOO, PI(18:1/22:5)-H, PG(18:1/18:1)-H, Cer(d18:1/24:0) + H and PC(35:2) + H. Furthermore, we obtained five potential key targets (PLA2G4A, PLA2G3, DGKA, ACHE, and CHKA), and a metabolite-reaction-enzyme-gene interaction network was built to reveal the biological process of how they could disorder the endogenous lipid profile of platinum resistance in GC patients through the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Finally, we further identified PLA2G4A and ACHE as core targets of the process by correlation analysis and tissue microarray immunohistochemical verification.ConclusionPLA2G4A and ACHE regulated endogenous lipid profile in the platinum resistance in GC patients through the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. The screening of lipid biomarkers will facilitate earlier precision medicine interventions for chemotherapy-resistant gastric cancer. The development of therapies targeting PLA2G4A and ACHE could enhance platinum chemotherapy effectiveness.

Bisphenol A and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents: Data from the Generation XXI cohort

Background and aimsBisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor widely used in food contact materials, has been linked to a worse health profile. This study intends to estimate the association between BPA exposure and cardiometabolic patterns at adolescence. Methods and resultsData from the Portuguese population-based birth cohort Generation XXI at the age of 13 were used (n = 2386 providing 3-day food diaries and fasting blood samples). BPA exposure was measured in 24-h urine from a subsample (n = 206) and then predicted in all participants using a random forest method and considering dietary intake from diaries. Three cardiometabolic patterns were identified (normal, modified lipid profile and higher cardiometabolic risk) using a probabilistic Gaussian mixture model. Multinomial regression models were applied to associate BPA exposure (lower, medium, higher) and cardiometabolic patterns, adjusting for confounders. The median BPA exposure was 1532 ng/d, corresponding to 29.4 ng/kg/d. Adolescents higher exposed to BPA (compared to medium and lower levels) had higher BMI z-score (kg/m2) (0.68 vs. 0.39 and 0.52, respectively; p = 0.008), higher levels of body fat (kg) (16.3 vs. 13.8 and 14.6, respectively; p = 0.002), waist circumference (76.2 vs. 73.7 and 74.9, respectively; p = 0.026), insulinemia (ug/mL) (14.1 vs. 12.7 and 13.1, respectively; p = 0.039) and triglyceridemia (mg/dL) (72.7 vs. 66.1 and 66.5, respectively; p = 0.030). After adjustment, a significant association between higher BPA and a higher cardiometabolic risk pattern was observed (OR: 2.55; 95%CI: 1.41, 4.63). ConclusionHigher BPA exposure was associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk pattern in adolescents, evidencing the role of food contaminants in health.

Unlocking the potential of one-carbon gases (CO2, CO) for concomitant bioproduction of β-carotene and lipids

This study investigates the use of a Yarrowia lipolytica strain for the bioconversion of syngas-derived acetic acid into β-carotene and lipids. A two-stage process was employed, starting with the acetogenic fermentation of syngas by Clostridium aceticum, metabolising CO, CO2, H2, to produce acetic acid, which is then utilized by Y. lipolytica for simultaneous lipid and β-carotene synthesis. The research demonstrates that acetic acid concentration plays a pivotal role in modulating lipid profiles and enhancing β-carotene production, with increased acetic acid consumption leading to higher yields of these compounds. This approach showcases the potential of using one-carbon gases as substrates in bioprocesses for generating valuable bioproducts, providing a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to more conventional feedstocks and substrates, such as sugars.

Tissue Lipid Profiles of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cultivated under Environmental Variables on a Diet Supplemented with Dihydroquercetin and Arabinogalactan.

Reared rainbow trout are vulnerable to environmental stressors, in particular seasonal water warming, which affects fish welfare and growth and induces a temperature response, which involves modifications in tissue lipid profiles. Dietary supplements of plant origin, including the studied mix of a flavonoid, dihydroquercetin and a polysaccharide, arabinogalactan (25 and 50 mg per 1 kg of feed, respectively), extracted from larch wood waste, were shown to facilitate stress tolerance in fish and also to be beneficial for the safety of natural ecosystems and the sustainability of aquaculture production. This four-month feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of the supplement on liver and muscle lipid accumulation and the composition in rainbow trout reared under environmental variables. During periods of environmental optimum for trout, a consistent increase in energy lipid stores, particularly triacylglycerols (2.18 vs. 1.49-fold over a growing season), and an overall increase in lipid saturation due to lower levels of PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and arachidonic (20:4n-6) acids, were observed in both control and supplement-fed fish, respectively. However, in fish stressed by an increase in ambient temperature, dietary supplementation with dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan reduced mortality (3.65 in control vs. 2.88% in supplement-fed fish, p < 0.05) and alleviated the high-temperature-induced inhibition of lipid accumulation. It also stabilised the membrane phospholipid ratio and moderated the fatty acid composition of fish muscle and liver, resulting in higher levels of n-3 PUFAs and their precursors. Thus, the natural compounds tested are beneficial in accelerating fish tolerance to environmental stressors, reducing mortality and thermal response, and moderately improving fillet quality attributes by increasing the protein/lipid ratio and the abundance of fatty acids essential for human nutrition.

Milled rapeseeds and oats decrease milk saturated fatty acids and ruminal methane emissions in dairy cows without changes in product sensory quality

Plant lipids in the diet are known to modify milk fatty acid (FA) composition and mitigate ruminal methane emissions. The objective of the present work was to examine the potential of milled rapeseeds and oats to decrease both milk saturated FAs and ruminal methane emissions in practical farm settings. In the pilot study, six Finnish Ayrshire cows were fed a control diet for 3 weeks, which was then followed by a lipid-rich test diet for 3 weeks. The experimental diets were based on grass silage supplemented with barley and rapeseed meals in the control diet and with oats and milled rapeseeds in the test diet. The lipid inclusion rate was 55 g/kg dry matter (DM). In the main study, the whole Finnish Ayrshire research herd in milk (n = 49–59) was used in a switch-back-designed study. The cows were fed a control diet for 3 weeks, then a test diet for 4 weeks, and, finally, a control diet for 3 weeks. The diets were the same as in the pilot study except for a lower lipid inclusion level of 50 g/kg DM. The test diet decreased DM intake by 15% and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield by 13% in the pilot study. The adjustment of supplemental lipids from 55 g/kg to 50 g/kg DM was successful, as the DM intake decreased only by 4% relative to the control diet in the main study. Furthermore, the yields of milk, lactose, protein, and fat were also unaffected by dietary lipids in the main study. The milk fat composition was significantly altered in both studies. The milk fat saturated FAs were decreased by 16%–20% in the test diet, mainly due to the de novo FAs of 6- to 16-carbons (a reduction of 22%–48%). Milk fat cis-9 18:1 was increased by 63%–78% in the test diet relative to the control. Dairy products’ (milk, butter, and cheese) organoleptic quality was not compromised by the modified lipid profile. Ruminal methane and hydrogen intensities (n = 23; g or mg/kg ECM) were 20% and 39% lower, respectively, in the test diet than in the control diet. This reduction can be attributed to a lower amount of organic matter fermented in the rumen, as indicated by the lower DM intake and nutrient digestibility.

Literature review on hepatoprotective effects of diosgenin: possible mechanisms of action.

Liver diseases are among the major causes of death worldwide. Alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes mellitus, viral infection, and drug-induced liver injury are common risk factors for the development of liver diseases. Diosgenin is a herbal steroidal sapogenin with hepatoprotective properties. This phytosteroid modulates lipid profile and prevents liver injury and fibrosis, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), steatohepatitis, and diabetes mellitus. Different mechanisms have been presented underlying the therapeutic properties of diosgenin. Diosgenin with antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators as well as modulating gut microbiota is able to protect the liver. This literature overview summarizes the previously published studies regarding the hepatoprotective function of diosgenin against liver injury in different conditions with an emphasis on possible underlying mechanisms.

Apo B-48 gene expression and low-density lipoprotein as a factor for increased insulin resistance and severity of acne

BackgroundThe contribution of insulin to acne is that it stimulates the synthesis of androgenic hormones, which are important in the development of excess sebum, hyperkeratinization, and sebaceous gland cell growth. ObjectiveTo ascertain whether the lipid profile abnomalies seen in acne vulgaris are genetically induced, we also seek to establish a link between insulin resistance and lipid profiles. MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study with case-control design research investigation of 72 individuals with acne vulgaris and 72 healthy volunteers was carried out. Both groups' medical histories were taken, as were the severity and duration of the disease among acne sufferers, as well as demographic data. Anthropometry tests were performed on both groups, including their weights, height, and circumference of waist, as well as the profile of lipids, blood glucose levels after a fast, insulin levels during fasting, resistance to insulin, and Apo B-48 folding change. ResultsSevere acne vulgaris patients showed significantly increased TG, TC, LDL-C, blood glucose levels after a fast, fasting insulin, and resistance to insulin levels. P = 0.005 showed that Apo B-48 expression increased in patients compared to healthy people. Apo B-48 folding change and insulin resistance were found to have a substantial positive simple linear association. Acne vulgaris, whether mild, moderate, or severe, has a significant positive linear connection with insulin resistance. ConclusionAcne patients had an abnormal in lipid profile. Acne individuals with severe form are more inclined to acquire resistance to insulin as well as higher glucose and insulin levels. Apo B-48 gene expression is elevated in acne individuals with severe form who have lipid abnormalities. This illustrating the importance of genetic variables in acne, insulin resistance, lipid profile modifications as well as Isotretinoin, a standard acne medication, can also cause lipid irregularities.

Is poor sleep quality associated with lipid profile in elderly population? Finding from Iranian Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

Abnormal lipid profile as one of reversible cardiovascular disease risk factors might be affected by poor sleep quality. This study aimed to assess the association between poor sleep quality and serum concentration of lipid profile in Iranian elderly population. The study was performed on a representative sample of 3452 Iranian older people (≥60 years) who contributed in the Iranian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IRLSA). Sleep quality was measured through the validated Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Fasting blood samples were collected from the participants to measure plasma levels lipid profile. We used multiple linear regression model to evaluate the independent association of poor sleep quality with lipid profile. The mean age of participants was 68.0±6.7 years and 52.5% of them were male. In total, 52.4% of study population reported poor sleep quality (PSQI>5). Mean serum concentration of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 143.2±74.2 mg/dl, 195.6±43.2 mg/dl, 112.9±31.0 mg/dl, and 57.3±12.4 mg/dl, respectively. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with serum levels of TG (β=17.85;P=0.006), LDL-C (β=5.45; P=0.039) and HDL-C (β=-2.13; P=0.039) after adjusting for studied covariates. Our study illustrates that poor sleep quality is a risk factor for poorer lipid profile. Therefore, early behavioral or pharmacological interventions that improve sleep quality are necessary to modify lipid profile in elderly population.

Lipids and transaminase elevations in ARV-experienced PLWH switching to a doravirine-based regimen from rilpivirine or other regimens

BackgroundDoravirine (DOR) is a newly approved antiretroviral belonging to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), well tolerated and leading to an improved lipid profile in antiretroviral experienced people living with HIV (PLWH). We aimed at evaluating if the lipid-lowering effect is linked to the drug class, using real-life data from the SCOLTA cohort.MethodsWe compared the lipid profile modifications in experienced PLWH switching to a DOR-based regimen from rilpivirine or another NNRTI-based regimen or from an integrase strand transferase (INSTI)-based regimen. T0 and T1 were defined as the baseline and 6-month follow-up respectively. Data were collected at baseline and prospectively every six months and changes from baseline were compared using a multivariable linear model.ResultsIn 107 PLWH, enrolled in the SCOLTA DOR cohort, with undetectable HIV-RNA at baseline, 32.7% switched from RPV-based regimens (DOR1), 29.9% from other NNRTI-including regimens (DOR2) and 37.4% switched from INSTI-including regimens (DOR3). At T1, TC significantly decreased in DOR2 (-15 mg/dL) and DOR3 (-23 mg/dL), and significantly more in DOR3 than in DOR1 (-6 mg/dL) (p = 0.016). HDL-C declined in DOR2 (-2 mg/dL) whereas it increased in DOR1 (+ 3 mg/dL) (p = 0.042) and remained stable in DOR3. LDL-C significantly decreased from baseline in DOR2 (-12 mg/dL) and DOR3 (-22 mg/dL) and was different between DOR1 (-8 mg/dL) and DOR3 (p = 0.022). TC/HDL ratio showed a significant decline in the DOR3 group (-0.45), although similar to DOR1 (-0.23, p = 0.315) and DOR2 (-0.19, p = 0.254). Triglycerides did not noticeably change. ALT significantly decreased in PLWH with a baseline level > 40 UI/mL.ConclusionsPLWH on doravirine treatment showed different trends in blood lipids according to their previous regimen. In PLWH switching from RPV, minimal modifications were seen, whereas in those switching from other NNRTIs and from INSTI-including regimens, we observed an overall improvement in lipid profile, seemingly independent of the “statin effect” of TDF.

Novel role of PE_PGRS47 in the alteration of mycobacterial cell wall integrity and drug resistance

The proline-glutamic acid and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PE/PPE) family of proteins is widespread in pathogenic mycobacteria and plays different roles in mycobacterial physiology. While several PE/PPE family proteins have been studied, the exact function of most PE/PPE proteins in the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains unknown. PE_PGRS47 belongs to the PE/PPE family of proteins reported to help Mtb evade protective host immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role of PE_PGRS47. Heterologous expression of the pe_pgrs47 gene in a non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, intrinsically deficient of PE_PGRS protein, exhibits modulated colony morphology and cell wall lipid profile leading to a marked susceptibility to multiple antibiotics and environmental stressors. Using ethidium bromide/Nile red uptake assays, Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing PE_PGRS47 showed higher cell wall permeability than the control strain. Overall, these data suggested that PE_PGRS47 is cell surface exposed and influences cell wall integrity and the formation of mycobacterial colonies, ultimately potentiating the efficacy of lethal stresses against mycobacteria.

Biochanin-A alleviates fibrosis and inflammation in cardiac injury in mice.

Biochanin-A (BCA),is an isoflavonoid, exhibits protective effects against various diseases. This study was conducted to observe the effect of BCA on isoprenaline (ISP)-inducedcardiac fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanism. The curative effect of BCA was investigated with oral administration for 14 days in ISP-inducedcardiac fibrosis in mice. The fibrotic biomarkers, like collagen I and III, were estimated by ELISA. Commercial kits were used to estimate cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB)levels. Themessenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) expression studies were performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gelatin zymography was used to study the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2).BCAco-administration significantly improved the morphometric parameters; including heart weight, heart weight to body weight, heart weight to tibial length, and lipid profile. BCA treatment showed a reduction in inflammatory cells and collagen deposition as depicted in the histopathology of heart tissues. The enhanced levels of collagen-I, III, and hydroxyproline were significantly decreased by BCA co-treatment, whereas CK-MBlevel was reduced slightly. BCA co-administrationincreased the activity of reduced glutathione enzyme, showing the antioxidativeeffects of BCA. BCAtreatment significantly reduced interleukin-6 (Il6) inflammatory cytokine along with partially decreased mRNA expression of fibrotic signaling markers such as natriuretic peptide type B (Nppb), α-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), transforming growth factor β (Tgfb), small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3 (Smad-3). However, BCA did not modify Mmp-2expression, which was significantly increased by ISP. In conclusion, BCA exerts an antifibrotic effect by modulating lipid profile, enhancing antioxidant enzyme, and reducing collagen content and inflammation.