Moderate Power Consumption Research Articles

A method for evaluating the regulation capacity of thermostatically controlled load group based on state complementary control strategy

Electric heating load (EHL) is a type of thermostatically controlled load whose power consumption mode can be flexibly adjusted, as long as the customers’ thermal comfort is ensured. The key to unlocking the regulatory potential of EHL lies in characterizing and harnessing its post-aggregation regulatory capacity, given its inherent dispersion and heterogeneity. Firstly, the second-order equivalent thermal parameter (ETP) model, grounded in the thermal equilibrium of the room, is employed to analyze the operational characteristics and to construct a model for aggregating load group. Secondly, leveraging the analysis of individual EHL regulation capacity, the temperature state characteristic quantity is introduced as a sorting index. Considering the dynamic properties of baseline power over time, a control strategy is proposed, based on state complementary characteristics among EHLs, for a more comprehensive and dynamic system management. Finally, the key indexes for reporting and implementation phases are identified to evaluate the regulation capacity of load group. The case study evidences that the newly introduced control strategy and evaluation method can provide more stable regulation power support for power grid dispatching, and more deeply harness the regulation capacity to maximize its potential value. In addition, this paper also discusses the influence of related factors such as the number, the rated power, the inside temperature control interval, the inside temperature setting value and the outside temperature on the regulation ability of the EHL group, offering a robust framework for the dispatching center to devise well-informed and rational regulation instructions.

Design of Low Noise Low Power Instrumentation Amplifier for Biomedical Applications

Advancements in integrated circuit (IC) technology and circuit design are enabling devices to replace complex biological applications. Despite this progress, achieving necessary functionality at low power levels is crucial for fully integrated systems. Biomedical devices like pacemakers, which require ongoing battery charging, operate at nanowatt power levels over several years. To ensure long-term pacemaker survival, an Analog Front End (AFE) with low to moderate power consumption and high precision is essential. The front-end Instrumentation Amplifier (INA) is vital for signal acquisition, significantly improving the effectiveness of ECG signal collection systems.The primary aim of this research is to develop an integrated ECG instrumentation amplifier (INA) that can deliver top-notch performance while keeping noise and power consumption to a minimum. This amplifier will enable seamless monitoring of the ECG signal without interruptions. Using an AC connected Common Mode Feedback system [1]. in conjunction with an Operational Trans-conductance Amplifier (OTA) that uses a Chopper stabilization technique, the study's band pass filtering response within the ECG signal frequency range of 0-100Hz is obtained as anticipated. CMOS 45 nm technology is used throughout the entire process using Mentor Graphics EDA Tools

Study on graphs of electrical load and analysis of power consumption modes

The issues of planning and managing power consumption modes are considered, using electrical load schedules, comparisons of the declared maximum load with the actual one are presented, the main directions for increasing the efficiency of rational use of electricity and regulating electrical load schedules are given.

Modeling and Performance Projections of a Dual-Purpose CO2 Capture and Energy Storage Device from Oceanwater

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and removal technologies are critical to limit global warming to 2 °C in the next few decades. In addition to the atmosphere, the oceans are large carbon sinks and have to-date captured about 25% of all anthropogenically released carbon. Therefore, ocean water CO2 capture can complement Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies. To harness this source of CO2, this talk proposes, models, and analyzes the performance implications of a reversible, aqueous electrochemical flow device, which uses hydrogen and redox salt looping to achieve pH shifting. The reversible nature of this device enables its use in both power production and consumption modes, enabling CO2 capture to be powered exclusively by variable sources of renewable electricity. To model the performance of the proposed energy storage and CO2 capture device, we developed an equivalent circuit model to predict the current-voltage performance of this device mediated by ferricyanide/ferrocyanide and H2. Performance predictions are modeled as a function of key transport and thermodynamic conditions, specifically, for different mass transport rates of gases and aqueous electrolytes and different extents of pH shift between acidification and basification steps. Estimations of device performance are developed at both laboratory-scale and industrially relevant current densities. Modeled electrochemical energy intensity values of the overall device operation are compared to current state-of-the-art electrochemical ocean CO2 capture technologies to show the approach’s potential. Overall energy intensities are compared to current state-of-the-art DAC technologies. Our results show the energy intensity for CO2 capture during the reversible process has the potential to be reduced compared to present day DAC systems, but is highly sensitive to parasitics, ohmic losses, and the extent of competing reactions. Additionally, projections of the device energy-time profile are demonstrated to show the diurnal energy storage potential, specifically with applications to solar energy. Energy storage capabilities in the proposed device provide additional benefits of powering this CO2 capture device with renewable electricity while providing flexibility to manage grid-scale electricity demand. Overall, a reversible, pH-shifting based oceanic CO2 capture device offers holistic benefits from designing CO2 capture to operate exclusively from renewable electricity.

CONTROL OF VOLTAGE MODES AS A MEANS OF LOAD REGULATION

The article substantiates the regulation of power consumption modes of production facilities due to the management of voltage modes in the power supply system. It is shown that the regulation of electricity consumption with the help of consumers - regulators (CR) is quite often associated with losses that occur when the CR is turned off. Studies have shown that the management of voltage modes in the power supply system, which affects its level, can play a positive role in increasing the efficiency of the optimization of power consumption modes. It is shown that a comprehensive solution to the problem of power consumption management is expedient both at the expense of CR control and the influence on the voltage regimes of the power supply system. It is shown that the regulating effect of the load is characterized by static characteristics. Solving the problem of forming static characteristics is possible in two ways: through active experiments and based on the integration of static characteristics of individual consumers. Experimental studies were conducted to identify the static characteristics of the load. Experiments were carried out on transformers of the main step-down substation of the chemical industry enterprise, equipped with on-load tap-changers. Experimental static characteristics with linear changes are constructed. The parameters of the model are determined by the method of least squares. Constructed experimental and analytical static characteristics. The voltage mode control procedure for load regulation is implemented in the power consumption control system.

Flow and temporal effects on the sonolytic defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid

The removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) pollution from the environment is a globally pressing issue, due to some PFAS’ recalcitrant, bioaccumulative, and carcinogenic nature. Destruction via ultrasonic waves (sonolysis) is a promising contender for industrialisation due to; moderate power consumption, applicability to several PFAS and sample types, and limited by-products. Liquid flow rate through an ultrasonic reactor can affect the size, shape, and spatial distribution of ultrasonic cavities and hence their chemical activity. Such effects have not been studied during PFAS sonolysis, and temporal effects have not been studied much beyond the reactant concentration. Here, the effects of varying recirculating flow rate on the ultrasonic defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and implications for industrial scale up are presented. Under the ultrasonic power (200 W L−1, 2.27 W cm−2) and frequency (410 kHz) used, flow rates of 79 and 214 ml min−1 enhanced defluorination up to 14 % during 30 min of treatment. However, these effects were temporal and most significant in the initial minutes of treatment. This indicated a dynamic bubble size distribution which stabilised after around 15 min. Defluorination rates of PFOS were compared with measured potassium iodide dosimetry, calorimetry, sonoluminescence (SL), and sonochemiluminescence (SCL). Flow rates which enhanced defluorination correlated moderately with enhanced SCL and negatively impacted SL, calorimetry, and dosimetry. Effects were attributed to perturbed cavity surfaces, leading to asymmetric cavity collapse, and the possibility of enhanced solvated electron production/interaction. SL, SCL, dosimetry, and calorimetric measurements were also temporal, and each showed different times to equilibrate. Flow rates of 439 and 889 ml min−1 returned all sonochemical measurements to the levels without flow, likely due to continued collapse temperature quenching by furthered bubble asymmetry. Flow also enhanced reactor cooling, which is significant for industrial temperature control. The pump energy consumed was small (≈1.9 %) compared to that of the amplifier and chiller, hence, PFOS defluorination was more cost-effective using flow. However, the effect may be limited for the longer treatment times needed for environmental remediation.

Power consumption regulation of enterprises for reducing of the energy system peak loads

Purpose. To propose measures for a partial solution to the problem of evening peak loads ensuring in the energy system of Ukraine by regulating the power consumption modes of industrial enterprises. This approach will reduce the level of such loads and align the power consumption profile. The methods. The methods of operations research and analysis of technological processes are used. The operation modes of the Ukrainian operating coal mines were studied and their electrical loading diagrams, which are formed by the appropriate technological processes, were analyzed. Findings. A comparative analysis of electrical loading diagrams of the power system and power consumption profiles of industrial facilities and the residential services was performed. The analysis showed the similarity of the electrical loading diagrams of coal mines, which is due to the typical mode of their operation, namely the presence of three work shifts (for coal mining) and one repair shift (for equipment maintenance). This creates prerequisites for the use of such enterprises as consumers-regulators of active power. As a result of which ways of "mitigation" of the problem of peak loads ensuring of the power system were proposed. Originality. The patterns of formation of the electric loading daily profiles for coal mines, determined by the operating mode of enterprises, were established.A new approach is proposed, which consists in changing the daily operation mode of coal mines, namely, moving the repair shift to a time that coincides with the period of evening peak loads in the Ukrainianpower system. Practical implementation. The practical value of this work lies in reducing the level of power consumption during peak loads in the power system,what is currently a very urgent problem for Ukrainian energy complex. The proposed approach allows to use the normal operation mode of a coal mine with the preservation of all necessary technological processes as an effective consumer-regulator of active load.

Multi-exit DNN inference acceleration for intelligent terminal with heterogeneous processors

Recently, there has been a burgeoning popularity in the deployment of deep learning vision applications upon terminal devices. However, as the number of layers in deep neural networks (DNNs) and structural complexity increase, although the performance of DNN in handling computer vision tasks has become powerful, model inference tasks on computation resource constrained intelligent terminal devices are frequently incapable of meeting latency requirement. A commonly adopted solution to inference acceleration presents multi-exit DNNs to reduce latency via the provision of early exits. However, existing methods do not fully utilize the potential of heterogeneous processors (GPU/CPU) on intelligent terminal devices to cooperatively accelerate multi-exit DNN inference in parallel. Furthermore, the impact of complex image and video input on multi-exit DNNs, as well as the effects of different power consumption modes on processors within intelligent terminal devices, remain inadequately explored. To address these issues, we comprehensively considered the computing performance of heterogeneous processors in different power consumption modes, the structure and characteristic of multi-exit DNNs in inference acceleration, and proposed the Collaborative Inference Acceleration mechanism for intelligent terminal with Heterogeneous Processors (CIAHP). CIAHP includes a deep neural network computation time prediction model and a multi-exit DNN task allocation algorithm with heterogeneous processors. Our experiments demonstrate that CIAHP performs multi-exit DNN inference 2.31× faster than CPU alone, and is 1.23× faster than GPU alone when processing complex image samples.

РОБОТОТЕХНІЧНА СИСТЕМА З ОДНОТИПНИМИ ЧАСТОТНО-ЗАЛЕЖНИМИ КОМПОНЕНТАМИ У ТРАКТІ ОБРОБКИ СИГНАЛІВ ДАТЧИКІВ

Abstract. The issue of building a sensor signal processing path on the same type of components in computer robotic systems, which can comprehensively rebuild their characteristics by software and hardware means depending on the operating conditions to increase the system efficiency, is considered. Different types of connections of analog and digital second-order frequency-dependent components are considered, since a high-order processing path is easier to form from the same type of low-order components. This is due to the low cost of calculating the coefficients of the transfer function and the number of coefficients, ease of adjustment or reconstruction, moderate power consumption and processing time. It is shown that a serial connection is best suited for the sensor signal processing path, since signal distortion occurs in other connections. To increase the order of the processing path, it is suggested to use a serial connection of the same type of frequency-dependent components of the second order. Obtained ratios that allow to calculate the frequency of the main typical component based on the required frequency of several components connected in series. These ratios are very difficult to implement in robotic systems, as they do not have large computing resources. Since the range of frequencies and the number of components are limited, it is recommended to calculate the necessary frequencies in advance and summarize them in the table. When working in real time, it is advisable to use these tables for rebuilding. When connecting analog and digital basic filters of the same type in series, it is advisable to use the main filters of the second order of Butterworth and Chebyshev of the second kind with flat frequency response in the passband, which will ensure a good increase in the steepness of the frequency response decline and make it possible to predict the value of the cutoff frequency for the low-pass filter. And for bandpass filters, only Butterworth filters. Keywords: Industry 4.0-5.0, robotic systems, frequency-dependent components, component connection types, series connection, main typical component, amplitude-frequency characteristic.

Влияние режима потребления реактивной мощности на техническое состояние турбогенератора Т3ФП-110-2МУ3

The necessity of turbogenerators operation in the reactive power consumption mode is determined by the shortage of compensating devices in the network. Recently, accidents associated with generators long-term operation at low levels of excitation have become more frequent, which is a prerequisite for the consumption of reactive power by the generator. The purpose of this research is to assess the effect of the reactive power consumption mode on the technical condition of the T3FP-110-2MU3 turbogenerator. The source of information about the technical condition of the turbogenerator is the data obtained from the operating and repair documentation, electrical and thermal tests protocols, technical reports with the results of comprehensive diagnostic examinations of the turbogenerator. The cores of T3F series generators have been examined. No gaps between the pressure fingers and the surface of the edge packages have ever been detected during examinations, which indicates the absence of significant curvature of the extreme core packages. During the study of temperature by T3FP-110-2MU3 thermal resistance converters, it is found out that with an increase of reactive power consumption, the temperature of the windings and the active steel of the stator core of the turbo generator decreases and it does not exceed the upper warning settings in the mode of reactive power output, the opposite dependence is visible. It is established that the influence of the reactive power consumption mode on the technical condition of the T3FP-110-2MU3 when operating in steady-state modes within the factory PQ-diagram is minimal. In the stator core of the turbogenerator under consideration, high resistance of the teeth of the extreme packages to operational loads has been achieved, due to significant improvements in the design and manufacturing technology of the end zones. From the point of view of practical significance, T3F series turbogenerators are allowed to be used for reactive power consumption. As a further direction of research, it is planned to consider the operation of turbogenerator in maneuverable modes with the transition from the issuance of reactive power to its consumption and vice versa.

Determination of the grid impedance in power consumption modes with harmonics

The paper investigates the harmonic impedance determination of the power supply system of a mining enterprise. This parameter is important when calculating modes with voltage distortions, since the determined parameters of harmonic currents and voltages significantly depend on its value, which allow the most accurate modeling of processes in the presence of distortions in voltage and current. The power supply system of subsurface mining is considered, which is characterized by a significant branching of the electrical network and the presence of powerful nonlinear loads leading to a decrease in the power quality at a production site. The modernization of the mining process, the integration of automated electrical drive systems, renewable energy sources, energy-saving technologies lead to an increase in the energy efficiency of production, but also to a decrease in the power quality, in particular, to an increase in the level of voltage harmonics. The problem of determining the grid harmonic impedance is solved in order to improve the quality of design and operation of power supply systems for mining enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of their workload in the extraction of solid minerals by underground method. The paper considers the possibility of determining the grid impedance based on the measurement of non-characteristic harmonics generated by a special nonlinear load. A thyristor power controller based on phase regulation of the output voltage is considered as such a load. Simulation computer modeling and experimental studies on a laboratory test bench are used to confirm the proposed method. The recommendations for selecting load parameters and measuring device connection nodes have been developed.

Bee colony remote monitoring based on IoT using ESP-NOW protocol.

Information and communication technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), have been widely used in many agricultural practices, including beekeeping, where the adoption of advanced technologies has an increasing trend. Implementation of precision apiculture methods into beekeeping practice depends on availability and cost-effectiveness of honey bee colony monitoring systems. This study presents a developed bee colony monitoring system based on the IoT concept and using ESP8266 and ESP32 microchips. The monitoring system uses the ESP-NOW protocol for data exchange within the apiary and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)/GPRS (General packet radio service) external interface for packet-based communication with a remote server on the Internet. The local sensor network was constructed in a star type logical topology with one central node. The use of ESP-NOW protocol as a communication technology added an advantage of longer communication distance between measurement nodes in comparison to a previously used Wi-Fi based approach and faster data exchange. Within the study, five monitoring devices were used for real-time bee colony monitoring in Latvia. The bee colony monitoring took place from 01.06.2022 till 31.08.2022. Within this study, the distance between ESP-NOW enabled devices and power consumption of the monitoring and main nodes were evaluated as well. As a result, it was concluded that the ESP-NOW protocol is well suited for the IoT solution development for honeybee colony monitoring. It reduces the time needed to transmit data between nodes (over a large enough distance), therefore ensuring that the measurement nodes operate in an even lower power consumption mode.

Hydrodynamics and gas-liquid mass transfer in an oscillatory flow reactor: Influence of liquid properties

Liquid properties, such as, surface tension and viscosity are important parameters as they control gas-liquid mass transfer in bioprocesses. An oscillatory flow reactor provided with smooth periodic constrictions (OFR-SPC) was considered to evaluate its potential for mass transfer performance in non-pure gas-liquid systems. The effect of surface tension and viscosity on the volumetric (kLa) and liquid-side mass transfer coefficients (kL), interfacial area, (a), gas holdup (εG) and bubbles’ dynamics were investigated under different operational conditions (oscillation amplitude (x0) and frequency (f) and superficial gas velocity (ug)). Two liquid phases, ethanol and sucrose aqueous solutions covering a range of surface tension and viscosity values were used. For the bubble size distribution (BSD) measurements an image analysis technique was used. A Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology was implemented in this work to establish the relation of x0, f, ug, surface tension and viscosity with kLa. According to the results, changes in the liquid properties and operational conditions showed marked effects on bubble’s size and mass transfer. However, surface tension and viscosity had no significant influence on εG, contrary to the reported for common contactors, where εG increased in the presence of ethanol and decreased at moderate/high viscosities. Moreover, it was found that increasing the oscillatory movement notably improved kL, and kLa (2–6-fold), either in ethanol or sucrose solutions, compared to common reactors, even with moderate power consumption (∼105 W m−3). This improvement resulted from the bubbles’ breakage, which originates bubbles with small and approximately the same size (homogeneous regime) enhancing a, instead, lower oscillations resulted in large bubbles (heterogeneous regime). The results demonstrate that the OFR-SPC can ensure outstanding mass transfer rates, with potential and feasibility for use in gas-liquid bioprocesses, where mass transfer and liquid properties are important.

Multi-level Topology and Dynamic Power Sharing of Household DC Distribution System

With the popularity of electronic information products and the gradual adoption of DC speed control in electric household appliances, more and more household appliances are equipped with rectifiers or inverters. Moreover, household rooftop PV, wind turbines and energy storage devices also output electric energy in the form of DC. This paper presents a topology of household DC distribution system, which not only improves the reliability of power supply from the power consumption mode, reduces the loss in the process of power form conversion, but also provides users with safer voltage level and more reasonable fault protection. On this basis, this paper proposes an instantaneous power sharing scheme based on droop control, which enables each power module of the system to achieve steady-state and dynamic power sharing.

Low Carbon Operation Mode of Large High Power Consumption Venues Based on Big Data Mining Technology

Given the high power consumption rate of large venues with high power consumption, excessive carbon emissions, and severe environmental pollution, this paper proposes a low-carbon operation mode for large venues with high power consumption based on big data mining technology. The DEA model of high-power consumption venues is constructed by linear programming. Then the preliminary indicators of low-carbon operation mode are selected based on big data mining technology. Finally, the selected indicators are used to set up the operation system. Through experimental analysis, it is found that the low-carbon operation mode of large venues with high power consumption can reduce 2 million kg of carbon emissions on the basis of the initial value of carbon emissions. This mode can effectively reduce the carbon emissions of high-power consumption venues and play a great role in curbing environmental pollution and improving the social benefits of venues.

Electrical load graphs and indicators

The article provides methods for analyzing power consumption modes, discusses the main directions for improving the efficiency of economic incentives for the rational use of electricity with a tense energy balance during hours of maximum load of the power system and insufficient filling of the electrical load schedule at night, while improving the methods of economic regulation of accounting for electricity consumption, regulating electrical load schedules.

Textile process and electrical equipment used in the development and production of the textile industry in Uzbekistan

The article identifies ways to increase energy efficiency in textile industry. The power consumption modes of the electrical process devices involved in the technological processes were analyzed and the most efficient operating modes were identified. In addition, the technological process in the textile industrial enterprise was analyzed, adapted to the consumption of the most electricity, and the sequence of energy consumption was compiled and analyzed.

Порівняльний розрахунок потужності та вироблення електроенергії фотоелектричними станціями (ФЕС) для цивільних об’єктів та автостоянок

Designing residential power supply systems using rene-wable energy sources is an urgent task, as it allows to ensure energy-efficient modes of power supply and power consumption, to reduce the cost of consumed electric power. The article proposes approaches to the design of a photo¬voltaic power station (PPS), which is installed on the roof of an apartment building, a multi-story parking lot, taking into account the architectural features of buildings, which significantly affect the roof area for photovoltaic cells and the consumption of electrical energy. The classification of mul¬ti-apartment residential buildings (MARB) according to architectural features is presented. Design of PPS and calculation of electric loads for MARB of various architectural groups was carried out. The calculation of electrical loads was carried out separately for the MARB and for the life support system of the MARB. The calculation was carried out using information on previously collected data on resi¬dential buildings and specific loads of apartments. The spe¬cific calculated loads of apartments take into account the lighting load of general building premises, as well as the load of low-current devices and low-power power equipment. The calculated load of the MARB power receivers was determined as the sum of the calculated loads of elevator installations and the load of sanitary and technical devices. For MARB of different architectural forms with different number of apartments, simulation of PPS operation modes was performed: taking into account the location of the PPS installation, solar radiation, features of the generating equipment, forecast values of generated power and electric energy for different periods of the year were calculated. Modeling was carried out using the SAM software package. Financial assessment of PPS projects was carried out. Capital investments for the FES and the payback period of the project were calculated.

Incorporating coincidental water data into non-intrusive load monitoring

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is among successful approaches aiding residential energy management. However, the presence of multi-mode appliances and appliances with close power values and lack of a proper volume of training dataset have remained influential in worsening the computational complexity and diminishing the accuracy of classification-based NILM algorithms. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel classification process, which considers the correlation of water and electricity consumption of some appliances as a novel signature in the network to improve the accuracy of disaggregation process in overlapping modes and tackle the lack of proper volume of training dataset. In the first phase of the proposed method, the K -nearest neighbors method, as a fast classification technique, is employed to extract power signals of appliances with exclusive non-close power values. Then, two different deep learning-based methods are proposed to disaggregate the consumption of appliances with close consumption values considering the correlation of electricity and water consumption of some appliances. Throughout these methods the water consumption of these appliances are also disaggregated. The main objectives of the proposed methods are increasing accuracy in the close modes of power consumption, and informing consumers about the water consumption pattern of some appliances. To illustrate the proposed processes and validate its effectiveness, the Almanac Minutely Power Dataset as a real dataset with a sampling rate of 1-minute is considered. The numerical results show marked improvement with respect to the existing classification-based NILM techniques. Moreover, it shows the applicability of proposed methods in dealing with low-frequency readings carried out by existing smart meters.

A universal hybrid precoding scheme for massive MIMO communications

Based on an analog radio frequency (RF) network, hybrid precoding (HPC) for massive MIMO can achieve very high spectral efficiencies with moderate hardware cost and power consumption. Despite the extensive research efforts in recent years, the practioners are still looking for HPCs that are efficient and easy-to-implement. In this paper, we present a new method termed as the universal hybrid precoding (UHP), which is nearly optimal, computationally efficient, and applicable to various types of RF network (thus, the name universal): the components of the network can be phase shifters (with finite or infinite resolutions), switches, or their combinations; the topology of the network can be fully-connected or partially-connected. Besides the standard UHP, we also propose a simplified version termed as sUHP to trade a negligible performance loss for much reduced computational complexity. The analysis shows that the computational complexity of the proposed UHP/sUHP is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art methods. Simulation results verify the (near-) optimality of the proposed UHP scheme for various forms of the analog networks.