Modern Typology Research Articles

Типологии партийных систем в политической науке: классика и современность

The article characterizes the heuristic potential of modern typologies of party systems. Usually, when conducting comparative studies of political parties, quantitative typologies of party systems by Maurice Duverger, Jean Blondel and Giovanni Sartori are used. However, even their heuristic potential is only partially used. Therefore, the article draws attention to some features of these typologies. In particular, qualitative differences were noted between the two types of one-party systems described by Blondel – traditional and mobilization. Sartori’s analysis of party systems in shifting policies is also noteworthy. As a result of this analysis, four new types of (quasi-) party systems were formulated: dominant authoritarian, dominant non-authoritarian, non-dominant, and atomized. In addition, recently, political scientists have developed a number of new typologies and introduced new categories. Thus, Russell Dalton deepens the idea of the differences between authoritarian and adversarial party systems distinguishing exclusive and inclusive among authoritarian systems, and consensus, conflict, and consociative among adversarial ones. The evolution of Alan Siaroff’s typology is traced, which leads to a difference in party system and party model, as well as the emergence of new subtypes – one-party super-majority in a two-party system, dominance and dominance in a multi-party one. Grigorii Golosov, using a modified version of the Nagayama triangle, identifies polyvalent and bivalent systems with a dominant party, monovalent and polyvalent two-party systems, monovalent and bivalent multi-party systems. Finally, Immaculada Szmolka and Lucia G. del Moral conduct a comparative analysis of party systems based on four independent dimensions: competition, stability, the number of parties and the balance between them, polarization. Each measurement allows one to select from three to eight types of party systems, which creates a convenient set of characteristics. It is important to note that these typologies can be used to study party systems, both in stable and new volatile political systems.

Development challenges of the architecture of intergenerational centers in Russia

The study explores the architecture of intergenerational centers with the aim of identifying their specific features based on a review of theoretical and practical experiences in their construction. Currently, Russia lacks architectural and spatial environments that promote social communication between generations. The research work begins with a review of international and domestic experiences in the construction of intergenerational centers and consideration of the modern typology of intergenerational centers and issues in their design and development. Spatial planning models have been developed, and the disadvantages and advantages of existing intergenerational centers have been identified. The findings of this study may be of use for further theoretical research into the development of intergenerational centers.

Wind loads on structural members of rack-supported warehouses

Rack-supported warehouses (RSWs) represent a modern typology of storage racks. In this system, cladding panel weight and corresponding applied loads, such as wind or snow load, are supported by storage racks, in addition to pallet load and seismic action. While this structural system allows for reducing the amount of structural steel, the uprights and beams, composing each rack, are directly exposed to the wind during the earliest erection phases. This load condition may govern the design of the uprights or that of temporary bracings. Wind load estimation requires the knowledge of the aerodynamic coefficients of each structural member section, for any angles of wind incidence. Unlike any common structural steelwork section, no data are available in the literature for RSW member sections. The current work represents a first step to cover this lack in the literature by reporting the results of an extensive wind tunnel campaign carried out on several portions of uprights and beams commonly designed and produced for RSWs. The results highlight the need for wind tunnel tests on RSW member sections when producers can no longer afford an overestimation of the wind load. In addition, conservative values of the aerodynamic coefficients are provided for preliminary wind load estimations or temporary bracings design. Empirical relationships for the aerodynamic coefficients, changing with equivalent side ratio, are also reported. Finally, design recommendations are provided by highlighting a critical structural configuration during the early erection phases of RSWs that govern the design of the uprights or temporary bracings. A worked example is then developed to clarify the application of the present results in the definition of wind loads.

Typologies of Pondok Pesantren in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis

This research specifically examine the typology of pondok pesantren, both in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study is highly relevant because it provides an in-depth understanding of the typology of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia and Malaysia, which can help in understanding the development and differences in culture and Islamic education in the two countries. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with the type of library research, using the Publish or Perish application as an instrument for identifying journal articles. At the initial stage, the number of articles obtained was 133, and they were reduced based on quality and novelty so that 85 articles remained. These articles were then filtered again based on the focus theme, leaving 44. These articles were read and eliminated again so that only 33 articles were obtained. The results of this study show that there are three typologies of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia and Malaysia; salaf typology, modern typology, and convergence typology of salaf and modern.

СУЧАСНА ТИПОЛОГІЯ ЖИТЛОВИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ

In modern design practice, the idea of housing as a hierarchically constructed system, stretching from the world of things in family life to the settlement as a whole, occupies a strong place. The approval of these ideas in real and futuristic projects, in theory and in buildings is a characteristic feature of the recent history of housing creation. Even in the 20s, many architects sought to push the boundaries of housing design to the development of furniture and equipment. Many projects of that and later times are known, in which social and household services are modeled in a residential building and outside it, zones of individual and social activity are marked. The urban planning aspect received an increasingly active expression in housing issues. Thus, the concept of "housing" was significantly expanded, and in the 1960s and 1970s, another more precise definition of this system as a residential environment became widespread. The modern typology of residential buildings is very diverse and has deep historical roots. It covers both the traditional experience in creating housing and the developments of recent years. Since residential construction is one of the most dynamic areas of architectural practice, the process of improvement and development of housing forms is continuous. The very concept of "type of residential building" has received a rather broad interpretation. This is reflected in various classifications of residential buildings found in the literature. The different properties of buildings serve as the basis for distinguishing types of residential buildings. However, the most stable and common signs for determining the type of house are considered to be: superficiality; type of communications providing access to residential units; connection with the ground level.

Filipp Fortunatov: An Underestimated Talent

This article marks the 175 anniversary of the famous Russian linguist Filipp Fortunatov and looks at his major findings. It is pointed out that in certain respects the scholar has contributed a lot to the linguistic science of his time. While working in the sphere of comparative linguistics, F. Fortunatov was actively involved in the studies of the Baltic-Slavic languages. In his contemplation of the sociological aspect of language, he forestalled the appearance of psycholinguistics. Concurrently, the scholar based his judgments on the then popular neogrammarian movement and the German psychological school. While analyzing the phonic aspect of the word, F. Fortunatov also used the provisions that would nowadays be deemed psycholinguistic. His contribution to the development of the theory of syntax and pedagogical ideas is undeniable, too. F. Fortunatov obviously deserves credit for having founded the Moscow linguistic school that fostered a constellation of talented scholars. Moreover, F. Fortunatov’s morphological classification of world languages is recognized as a most accurate one by modern typology. This classification was elaborated long before the linguists of the 20th century came to similar findings. The above mentioned achievements by F. Fortunatov seem to be misappreciated by Russian linguists let alone the Western ones. Russian textbooks of typology favor the morphological classification put forward by W. von Humboldt, although, as it is argued in the article, F. Fortunatov’s classification presents typological diversity of world languages more profoundly and precisely. If W. von Humboldt distinguished four language types, F. Fortunatov did five. His classification, except for minor terminological differences, overlaps with the five world language types singled out by scholars in the 20th century, in particular by V. Skalička. All this goes to say that the breakthrough in world language typology made by F. Fortunatov has really been misappreciated by modern linguistics and pedagogy.

GLASS OF THE KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI REGION: SOURCE BASIS AND RESEARCH PROSPECTS

The existing source base and research prospects of the development of art glass in the territory of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region are examined in this article. The work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya” (1931), as a source for the contemporary art criticism studies of art glass of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region and a modern base for the prospects of its further research, is characterized. The work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podilya”, as an art history source which allows a comparative analysis of the first collection and the description of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region glass with the modern collections available from the foundations, is studied and systematically analysed. In the work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya”, unique in its identity, the first attempt to analyse and systematize the glassware available at foundations of the Kamianets-Podilskyi Museum of Antiquities at that time was performed. It can be argued that at that time this work was the only one of its kind art attempt to appeal to the study of the glass products from the Kamianets- Podilskyi region, and further fundamental for scientists who addressed the topic of study of Ukrainian glass and glass of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region particularly. Relevant and important remains the work of an outstanding teacher and scientist for contemporary art historians, local historians and teachers of disciplines from the cycle of decorative and applied arts. The object of the article is to consider the source base and research prospects of the development of art glass in the territory of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region. An attempt to analyse the work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya” (1931), as a source for the contemporary art criticism studies of art glass of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region and a modern base for the prospects of its further research, was made. The study and system analysis of the work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya”, as an art history source which allows a comparative analysis of the first collection and the description of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region glass with the modern collections available from the foundations, was done. The research methodology includes the study and system analysis of the work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya” as an art history source, which allows a comparative analysis of the first collection and the description of the Kamianets-Podilskyi region glass with the modern collections available from the foundations. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the description of the glass collection available at the Kamianets-Podilskyi Museum and its foundations is introduced into a scientific circulation. Its modern typology and systematization according to the morphological features with a comparative analysis of the work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya” is presented. The artistic and stylistic features of glass as a research subject are considered. The work of V. Gagenmeister “Huta glass of Podillya” (1931) remains unique and distinctive, fundamental and informative when it comes to the study of decorative and applied arts in our region. V. Gagenmeister made the first attempt to analyse and systematize the glassware available at foundations of the Kamianets-Podilskyi Museum of Antiquities at his time.

Modern criteria of typology of legal systems

This article deals with two modern typology criteria of legal systems, which have been widely recognized in the Western academic literature – the criterion of style and the criterion of law as a means of social organization. The Zweigert-Kötz taxonomy came to serve as the basis for the empirical literature that sought to establish the economic consequences of legal institutions. And the taxonomy proposed by Ugo Mattei tries to be impartial, without prejudicing states that have a different understanding of law, different from the Western tradition. The authors finally highlight the type of civil law, the type of common law, the type of religious law and the type of philosophically inspired law.

Historical environment as a prototype of a new urban typology

The prerequisites of transition from the typology of high-rise residential development of dormitory districts, remote from the epicenter of urban activity, to the typology of mixed functionality, interpreting the morphological and symbolic codes of the metropolis historical heritage are considered. The criticism of modernist strategy is based on the understanding of functional zoning as an excessively rigid model of the city. The historic environment with its hierarchical structure of space and parcellation into yards and blocks provides an opportunity for fractal organization of neighborhoods and self-government. The article hypothesizes possible translation of the codes of historic environment into the basis of modern typology of compact buildings, preserving human scale of environment and effective size of neighborhoods.

Modern Typology of Marginality in Social and Cultural Space

Modern Typology of Marginality in Social and Cultural Space

ПОЛИАСПЕКТНЫЙ ХАРАКТЕР КАВКАЗСКОГО ФРОНТИРА КАК ОБЪЕКТ СИСТЕМНОГО АНАЛИЗА

The article is devoted to the systematic analysis of the Caucasian frontier as a unique phenomenon of national history. The article shows the multidimensional nature of the Caucasian frontier, analyzes the modern typology of the concept of "frontier". The substantiation of the necessity and expediency of a systematic approach to the study of the frontier as an objective reality that affects the development and stability of the state is carried out.

Consumers as Unassisted Minors: Asymmetrical Sanction for Unfair Contract Terms

The consumer distance contract regulated within the European Union was compared to the Roman law solution known by its medieval name as negotium claudicans, thus to the contract with unassisted pupilli (children under the age of puberty, i.e., minors). This article builds on this comparison and applies it to yet another EU directive which follows even more closely the idea to interfere with the binding nature of contractual terms. The recent case law of the CJEU regarding the sanction enclosed in the Article 6(1) of Directive 93/13/EEC, its implementation into national laws, and the standpoints of various legal doctrines especially in Polish law inspire to ask about the nature of sanction for unfair contract terms and its importance for the modern discussion on the typology of nullity. The paper tries to answer these questions by marrying solutions applied in different times and contexts. It compares the EU sanction with the Roman law of contracts with unassisted minors and with its legacy in European and South African law. Both examples, according to us, are related by the similar nature of the sanctions which bear strikingly similar characteristics: they are asymmetrical and escape the modern typologies of nullity.

Mutual peer-to-peer insurance: The allocation of risk

• We analyze the conditional mean sharing rule in peer-to-peer insurance. • We increase the conditional mean contribution with a safety loading term. • We show our model’s effectiveness by two examples: dependent and independent risks. This work focuses on a modern typology through which mutual solidarity in the insurance sector finds application: peer-to-peer insurance. This cooperative insurance model arises from the translation of the sharing economy concept into insurance risk management, and it is realized thanks to the use of digital technology connecting policyholders and sharing risks. The participants to a peer-to-peer insurance scheme share the first layer of their cumulative losses, while it is possible to transfer to a third part the higher layer. To enter the mutual group, each participant has to pay an initial contribution based on a risk-sharing rule that has to be intuitive and transparent. According to the most considered conditional mean risk-sharing rule, the participant has to contribute with an amount equal to the expected value of the risk he brings to the pool given the total loss distribution. We propose to modify the conditional mean risk-sharing rule with an ex-ante contribution that takes into account a safety loading to hedge the possible fluctuations of total losses.

Experimental Results of Using the Bone Needle for Punching Rough-Workmanship Hides

Purpose. The seemingly simple procedures, the methods of their implementation in remote times may cause heated discussions among the researchers. Bonding of skins and hides is difficult to imagine without the involvement of a needle and thread, but do we always have correct ideas about their use by our predecessors? To a certain extent, this problem is solved by an experiment; the main stages thereof are described in the article. Its purpose is to obtain and analyze the traces of utilization, the dynamics and specificity of their formation on the bone needle (with a tendon-based thread) in the conditions of perforation of a fragment of a roughly treated hide. Results. The study presents the results of making and using a needle made from a mammoth tusks splinter for punching rough-workmanship hides. Particular attention is paid to the description of modification of the tool in the course of this procedure and to discussion of traces of utilization formed on its surface in the process of hundreds of perforation acts. The obtained data make it possible to reasonably discuss the particular stages of both the manufacture and use of similar items, the pace of formation of typical signs of activity on the surface of the tools. Obviously, short-type needles were used for rough hides and skins. Punching of the said material is possible only with cranking (threading) of the tool, which leaves characteristic marks on the tip of the needle; the search of them should be made both on the needles and on the tools accompanying the hide treatment procedure (sharp-pointed tools, piercing tools, cranking tools, pricking tools). Conclusion. The obtained trace samples allow for discussion of the methods for using the needle for punching rough hides. The traces of utilization on the Paleolithic-period needles remain poorly described, which complicates detailed comparison of experimental data and original sources. The needle could undoubtedly be used for punching rough materials, but in this case, it is comparable with compound-functional tools (for punching hides and thread transportation), and the traces of use are comparable with the traces on piercing and cranking tools. The continuation of experiments in this area contributes to the formation of a reference samples base regarding production process traces on the tools used for treatment of hides and skins, which brings us closer to comprehension of production processes of the far-back primitive time, the evolution of functions of the tools we know well, the adjustment of modern tool typologies.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-ПЛАНИРОВОЧНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЗОН СЕРВИСНОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ МАЛЫХ ГОСТИНИЦ

Nowadays, small hotels are the most popular and intensively developing sector of the hotel industry. The modern typology of small hotels has significantly expanded and it includes new types of focus at a specific target segment of consumers. Customer focus is the most characteristic feature of small hotels and it is reflected in the organizational features of the functional and planning structure of the service areas in small hotels. The article is devoted to the discusses of the main and additional functional areas of small hotels (service part) based on the analysis of modern experience in the design and construction of small hotels, as well as the analysis of regulatory documents and scientific work on the design of this type of facilities. The main variants of functional schemes of the reception and lobby area, public catering area, consumer service and trade area, cultural and leisure, business, fitness and recreation, administrative and production areas, and areas for servicing cars (only for motels) are given. Conclusions are drawn about the direct relationship between the form of organization of the functional and planning structure of the service areas of small hotels with their specialization. It is concluded that the presence and composition of various functional areas of small hotels is always determined by a combination of the following external factors: type of hotel, location, level of comfort, contingent of guests. The tendency of consolidation and unification of separate functional zones of small hotels for maximum optimization of their space is revealed.

FORMATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF TIME-MANAGEMENT OF A MODERN EXPERT IN THE FIELD OF FINANCE

The article generalizes the psychological peculiarities of time-management of financial experts within the framework of modern understanding of time-management problems. The aim of this research is to substantiate psychological aspects of time-management of a modern expert in the field of finance and their manifestation in theory and practice. The relevance of this research is characterized by the fact that most top-managers haven’t enough organizational skills, compulsory, can’t rationally use personal and working time and aren’t aware in psychological aspects of time-management. The types of time-management are analyzed in the article; the practical characteristics of each type are presented. It is determined that every type of time-management for the employees of financial institutions is quite different and requires the using of special forms of work such as diagnosis, activity analysis, designing, individual counseling, individual or group training, and, accordingly, the using of specialized time-management techniques. The notion of «self-motivation of employees» is characterized: authors propose to consider it more as a vital position, rather than as a managerial characteristic. The article presents methods of self-motivation, which have a positive effect on most people. The modern typology of personality depending on the type of self-motivation including the individual approach to a person is presented: purposeful type, gambling type, hardworking type and creative type.
 The authors give clear symptomatic of the «burnout syndrome», its prevention and practical advice on combating the personnel «burnout» in the company. The conducted research helps to answer on many questions in time-management and personnel management spheres. The classification of time-management and its practical manifestation will help to choose the correctly type of time-management and apply it, effectively use the provided recommendations. The proposed methods of self-motivation, typology of personality will contribute to the formation of a new human behavior and additional motivation in financial sphere and in personal life too.

Aromanian – Language or Dialect? Overview of Historical and Contemporary Opinions

This article aims at presenting two concepts from the modern typology of the Romance languages, with a special focus on the Aromanian ethnolect. The first concept, which is widely accepted in the Romanian linguistics and was most prevalent before the Second World War, does not recognise Aromanian as a separate language, but treats it as one of four dialects of the Romanian language. The second movement, much closer to modern Romanist research at the international level, opts for a full autonomy of all Balkan Romance ethnolects and attributes to them statuses of national languages. It also negates the existence of a common Romanian language in the first millennium, arguing that the Balkan Romance languages developed independently from a late form of Balkan Latin around the 11th century.

Идеологический взгляд на состязательность и инквизиционность через метод бинарных оппозиций

The “binary approach” in criminal proceedings is often used as a tool for ideological opposition of principles. The existing tradition, which imposes competition and search as negating poles of the criminal process, is more an ideological Convention than a scientifically based theory. Real binary oppositions that can bring us closer to the essence of criminal proceedings are much deeper than the levels indicated by modern typology. The sharp inconsistency of these elements of binary opposition is characteristic only in the «ancient» worldview context, programming their initially opposite attitude to rationality. The basic concept of competition is actualized in the context of an irrational worldview, while the basic concept of inquisitionism is activated in the Wake of the introduction and strengthening of a rational worldview.

Дискурс о правовых ценностях в аспекте современной типологии правосознания

Дискурс о правовых ценностях в аспекте современной типологии правосознания

Comparability and measurement in typological science: The bright future for linguistics

AbstractLinguistics, and typology in particular, can have a bright future. We justify this optimism by discussing comparability from two angles. First, we take the opportunity presented by this special issue ofLinguistic Typologyto pause for a moment and make explicit some of the logical underpinnings of typological sciences, linguistics included, which we believe are worth reminding ourselves of. Second, we give a brief illustration of comparison, and particularly measurement, within modern typology.