Modern Time Periods Research Articles

The formation and development of concepts of access to court: a historical and legal context

The article is dedicated to the study of the elements of the formation and development of the judicial branch of power in specific historical periods in the context of outlining the principle of access to justice, particularly from the establishment of early states to modern times. In light of this, the article draws attention to the manifestations and signs of ensuring citizens' right of access to court from the perspective of studying the general historical progress of the judiciary. The analysis allowed the author to identify four main stages in the formation of the principle of access to justice in the world history of state and law: ancient, new, modern, and globalization. At the same time, the author emphasizes the different degrees of development and characteristic features of specific historical stages of the evolution of access to court and justice. It is established that already at the stage of formation and development of the ancient type of state and law (both Eastern and Western typologies), the formation of territoriality as one of the key components of the principle of access to justice began. Initially, judicial functions within the competence of the bodies and officials of the ancient states were combined with administrative and executive functions. The period of modern times is associated with the formulation of the political and legal idea of the separation of powers with the identification of an independent judiciary and the concept of due process, which is based on the modern notion of the ideal model of the organization and functioning of the judiciary in a democratic society. The rapid development and evolution of access to justice occurred in the modern stage, including the Florentine project of M. Cappelletti's "access to justice movement," which included a set of measures, aimed at ensuring real access to justice. The article concludes that the modern concept of access to court and justice involves its comprehension through empirical and pluralistic (multifaceted) approaches, taking into account not only obstacles and barriers to access to court and justice but also analytical data on the real state of affairs in the field of justice, considering various aspects of access to justice in the modern world

Sufi historical and cultural monuments in Bashkortostan: based on the materials from the archival collections of Arabic manuscripts of Ufa

This article is devoted to the description of historical and cultural monuments of Bashkortostan in the form of Sufi Arabic handwritten works concentrated in the funds of their storage of the Department of Rare Books and Publications of the National Library of the Republic of Bashkortostan named after. Ahmed-Zaki Walidi and the Department of Rare Books of the Scientific Library of the Ufa Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on the study and analysis of these sources, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, it was possible to identify the nature, process, and features of the spread and development of Sufism in Bashkortostan. The variety of Sufi handwritten works in the collections of Ufa city and their wide chronological framework, represented by the Late Middle Ages and the period of Modern times, indicate the demand for these historical and cultural monuments among the Muslim population of the region in the pre-revolutionary period.

Правовой режим оборота информации

The study examines the problematic issues of making transactions with a unique object, which is information. We consider the definition of information through the analysis of normative legal acts and its significance in the modern period of time. Today, such a transaction object can have a special impact on various fields of activity, for example, such as agriculture, the development of the IT industry, the transition of the state to domestic digital formats, and much more. The provision of information for a fee is of particular importance in connection with the total linking of all spheres of citizens’ lives to debit and credit cards. Such information, when it is distributed or lost by credit organizations, carries quite problematic processes for civil society, because on its basis it is easy enough to analyze and calculate not only the location of a person, his interests and even the sphere of activity and hobbies. The weak protection of personal data makes it possible to develop new technologies of psychological impact on citizens and already with their help transfer victims’ funds accumulated in personal accounts to third-party organizations and other people’s property. Distorted and unsupported information that can be covered by mass media that already have the name and reputation of responsible and honest information companies can create a negative opinion among both a certain category of citizens and the world community. Such actions with the distortion of acquired information can even affect the political and economic situation around the world. So, information, its acquisition, dissemination, distortion, reusable use and protection in the 21st century is the most formidable, influential and one of the leading segments for activities in any direction of human development, including in the commercial sphere.

Современные подходы к характеристике хронологических рамок Гражданской войны в России

Introduction. The paper examines various approaches of authoritative domestic and foreign researchers to the issues of substantiation and characteristics of the upper and lower chronological boundaries of the Civil War in Russia in the twentieth century, presented by them in scientific publications of the modern period of time. A comprehensive and detailed description of the time of the beginning and end of the Civil War is of great importance for the essential consideration of this extremely complex, contradictory, ambiguous, tragic, but at the same time significant event in the history of our country. Methods and materials. The study used logical analysis, the method of periodization of the historical process in the “historiographic refraction”, the historical-system method and scientific-critical analysis. The sources of this article are scientific studies of domestic and foreign historians of the modern period of time devoted to the issue of the chronological framework of the beginning and end of the Civil War in Russia. Analysis. The article identifies and critically analyzes various points of view of authoritative domestic and foreign researchers on the issues of the time of the beginning and end of the Civil War. The main approaches of historians to the periodization of the time of the beginning and end of the war, which are currently shared by the overwhelming majority of members of the historical scientific community, are characterized. Both general, fully or partially coinciding author’s positions on this issue and completely different approaches of researchers on its characteristics are shown. Objective analysis and scientific criticism have been subjected to the most controversial, from our point of view, views of some domestic and especially foreign historians on these issues, the argumentation of whose positions raises reasonable objections. Results. A scientific and critical analysis of modern historiographical developments of domestic and foreign historians on this issue has shown that there is currently no single, universally recognized point of view on this issue in historiography. This circumstance is due to both the complexity and ambiguity of the justification of the upper and lower chronological boundaries of the Civil War, as well as the existing author’s approaches, each of which has an appropriate scientific theoretical and factual argumentation.

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО МЕЖДУ РОССИЕЙ И КИТАЕМ В УСЛОВИЯХ НИЗКОУГЛЕРОДНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article presents the results of the authors' analytical work on the interaction between China and Russia in the energy sector. Based on the indicators reflecting Russian energy exports to China, the preservation of international trade in organic fuels in the current period of time is stated, positive dynamics is noted with respect to certain types of raw materials (coal, gas). Special attention is paid to the assessment of possible prospects in the field of energy cooperation between Russia and China in a low-carbon economy. The article presents the results of the work of the two countries achieved within the framework of ongoing measures to ensure carbon neutrality, including specific examples of commissioning of electricity production facilities based on renewable energy sources, including solar power plants, hydroelectric power stations, wind farms. The significant place of nuclear energy in the energy balance of the two countries is noted, with the participation of Russia, the construction of separate power units is carried out on the territory of China, the operation of which involves a significant reduction in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (mainly CO2). The official strategic documents of Russia and China adopted in the modern period of time, establishing a set of measures in the energy sector and corresponding targets, are considered. Further ways of developing energy cooperation between the countries in the context of the "green course" have been identified.

KAZAKH CULTURA AS THE BASIC FOR THE NATION-BUILDING OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the study of the role of the factor of Kazakh ethnicity in the process of nation-building in Kazakhstan. In the opinion of the authors of the article, the Kazakh cultural beginning is the system-forming and founding nation, the beginning. The birth of statehood itself on the territory of modern Kazakhstan is associated with the ethnic and cultural genesis of the Kazakhs. At the same time, in the period of modern times, Kazakhstan was also formed as a multicultural community of peoples. The acquisition of modern independence by the republic in 1991 is associated with national, and, above all, Kazakh, revival, restoration of the Kazakh cultural origin as a system-forming nation. The authors focus on these processes not only of the cultural revival of the Kazakh people, but also of its dominance in all other spheres of life, for example, such as political-ideological and socio-economic. This objective process is reflected in the institutional and structuralfunctional aspects of nation-building, strengthening the role and significance of the Kazakh language as the state language in the country, modern demographic trends, the formation of Kazakh civil political culture and, in fact, the model of the formation of national identity. Scientists pay attention to the peculiarities of the Kazakh model of multiculturalism, the basic values of modern Kazakh society, in which such principles as common interests, social stability, tolerance, loyalty of society to the institutions of power, the culture of cooperation and social comunitarism have taken root. The authors come to the conclusion that the Kazakh model of social project, which is based on the Kazakh social partnership, is the guarantor of sustainable and progressive social development. Attempts to disavow or belittle the value of Kazakh identity or replace it with any other artificial formats under the influence of external factors can have the most negative impact on social stability and constructive, progressive social development. According to scientists, further social transformation is associated, first of all, with the strengthening, modern content, expansion and rooting of the Kazakh cultural origin in the process of nation-building in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Siberian plants in the collection «Alpine Slides» in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS

The article assesses the richness of the collection fund of Siberian plants that grew in the historical periodfrom 1954 to 1963 and grow in the modern period from 2011 to 2020 in the collection “Alpine Slides” of the Peter the GreatBotanical Garden. The main purpose of this article was to assess the preservation of the collection fund of Siberian andpartly Central Asian plants in the historical aspect. It was necessary to identify the plant species that are most resistant tocultivation in the conditions of St. Petersburg. As a result of the comparison, it was found that at present the collection fundof plants is quite poor, compared to the selected historical segment, and it needs to be replenished. The most stable in thecollection were 22 species, as they existed in the collection both in the selected time periods and exist at the present time.The age of individuals of individual species reaches almost 80 years – Brunnera sibirica, Bergenia × ornata, Actaea dahurica,A. simicifuga, Nepeta sibirica, Spodiopogon sibiricus and others. In the modern period of time, more than 20 species didnot pass the initial introduction test and existed in the collection for no more than 2–3 years. These include Viola altaica,Mertensia sibirica, Peucedanum baicalense, Orostachys thyrsiflora and others.

Ecogeomorphogenesis of the Nura river basin under conditions of changing climate and anthropogenic impact

The economic activity of human society is the main factor contributing to the development of the modern landscape. In order to preserve the high ecological quality of the human environment, protect nature and effectively use natural resources, it is necessary to comprehensively take into account and consider any (direct and indirect) man-made changes in the natural environment. That is why today the study of ecogeomorphogenesis in a changing climate and anthropogenic impact is more urgent than ever and the primary task for the preservation of the environment in a supportive state. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to consider the situation of ecogeomorphogenesis in the territory of the Nura River basin, i.e. to show the current state of assessment and accounting of anthropogenic impact for the disclosure of ecogeomorphogenesis of the river basin. The article considers the types of modern processes in the Nura River basin. The data on cartographic and textual material on the geology and morphology of the Nura River basin for the modern period of time were used as the research material, geographical and comparative methods were used. In this paper, the main characteristics and the current state of ecogeomorphogenesis of the Nura River basin are investigated. Based on the results of the study, engineering-geological complexes of rocks were identified based on a set of geological and genetic features, including porphyry-tuff-porphyry, limestone, conglomerate-sandstone-mudstone, mudstone- sandstone-siltstone-coal, clay-gypsum, loam-clay, sandy loam-loam, loam-clay-sand-gravel, mudstone-sand-gypsum and sand and gravel complexes. The current state of ecogeomorphogenesis of the Nura River basin suggests that the rocks have some modifications and deformations as a result of anthropo- genic impact and climate change, with the representation of such formations as effusive, carbonate in the group of rocks, upper terrigenous in the composition of semi-rock. Of the modern geological processes, physical weathering is widely developed. Weathered marls from the surface to the state of heavy loams (up to a depth of 0.5-6 m) have the following physical and mechanical characteristics: natural humidity 16.4-26.1%, porosity coefficient 0.48-0.82, water saturation coefficient 0.82-0.95, total moisture capacity 24.8-29.2, calculated resistance 3.5-4 kg/cm2. Key words: ecogeomorphogenesis, river basin, geology, geomorphology, geological and lithological features.

Определение перспективных отраслей Сирии для привлечения ПИИ

The paper is devoted to identifying promising sectors of the Syrian economy in order to attract foreign direct investment. In order to determine the attractive sectors of the Syrian economy, the statistical indicators of the state's exports were studied: in the pre-war and modern period of time. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded which sectors of the economy were the most resistant to the effects of negative factors. According to the results of the study, a conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of agriculture and the food industry in Syria (including statistics of foreign investors ' investments in these areas). The assessment of the state of the leading sectors of the Syrian economy (mining, tourism) is carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of investments in these areas are described. Based on the results of comparing the prospects of the industries, recommendations were made for foreign investors to choose the direction of investment.

"Monarchists" and "Republicans" in the Western European Political and Legal Thought of the 17th Century

The paper is devoted to the problem of theoretical approaches to monarchical and republican forms of government that were reflected in the works of representatives of Western European political thought of the 17th century. The seventeenth century is the century that opens the period of Modern Times. It was a turning point not only in the history of Western European civilization, but also in the history of philosophical knowledge and "positive" sciences, including in such a specific field as political thought, which developed at the intersection of philosophy and science. The political theory of the period, was able to rise to the realization of the objective of the imperfection of existing political institutions and give its recommendations for addressing the identified deficiencies, as far as it was possible in terms of initial imperfections is given to us in sensations of the world. The political thought of the historical period under consideration showed a lively theoretical polemic between the supporters of the monarchical and republican forms of government. The revolutionary situation developed in some of the advanced European states during the alarming seventeenth century made it possible to understand the advantages or disadvantages of the existing forms of government. It seems quite natural that the formation of the theoretical views of specific political thinkers or jurists was formed under the influence of the dominant ideology (or competing ideologies) of that time. Moreover, it should be noted that the monarchist or republican views of specific authors are not always theoretically well-reasoned, but are often based on the subjective preferences of thinkers. Thus, this paper highlights a rather ambiguous problem of the features of monarchical and republican forms of government in the political thought of the 17th century.

О восстановлении на именном накопительном счету военнослужащего инвестиционного дохода при несвоевременном включении его в реестр участников накопительно-ипотечной системы

In accordance with Federal law No. 117-FZ of August 20, 2004 «On the accumulative mortgage system of housing provision for military personnel», in the modern period of time, it has already allowed many military personnel to purchase their own housing. However, like any public relations, the exercise of their right to housing has a number of issues, including those related to late registration in the register of participants in the accumulative mortgage system, which in turn causes a decrease in funds on the registered savings account.

OBJECT OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION AND ITS PARAMETERS

Abstract: the study is focused on substantiating the theoretical model of the object of crime, corresponding to the legal mechanism of regulation and protection of social relations. Its methodological basis was the dialectical method as a universal tool of knowledge in combination with the method of formal legal analysis. The indicated methods made it possible to highlight the legal nature of the object of criminal law protection and reveal each of its constructive features. The work analysed in detail the concepts of the object of the crime of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern time periods, which had contributed significantly to the methodology for studying the phenomenon under consideration. The mechanism of criminal influence on relations protected by criminal law is disclosed. The criminal law value of the object of the crime is shown. According to the results of the study, the validity of the criminal law theory was proved, positioning the object of the crime as relations settled at the level of positive branches of law.

Disciplinary discourses of globalization in the horizon of lack of meaning: “challenge” and the search for an “response”

The overlapping disciplinary discourses of globalization are built in the perspective of the absence of its concept; the concept presupposes the disclosure of meaning, that is, a philosophical interpretation. The representation of the globalization of the form of modernity actualizes its philosophical understanding and sets the perspective for defining its concept; concepts of the “third era of liberation” I.G. Fichte, “the era of nihilism” F. Nietzsche and M. Heidegger’s “closing period of modern times” are presented as the horizon of the philosophical interpretation of globalization as planetarism, the essential (conceptual) features of which are “destruction of space” as the removal of boundaries and “compression of time” to total modernity, provided by technology as the arche of modernity. In a metaphysical concept, there is a combination of the real and the actual, which for the new time is essentially subjective; the new European subject and the idea of technology are one essence and there is a beginning from which modernity unfolds and is interpreted, which remains for modernity itself both “unnecessary” and “impossible” (M. Heidegger). The article demonstrates the impossibility of the concept of globalization for the dominant view of modernity in the economic paradigm (J. Agamben) and the essential non-reality of Heidegger’s concept of planetarism for modern disciplinarily arranged science. It is concluded that the real challenge is the impossibility of comprehension with the absolute exclusion of the possibility of a response.

Childcare and Development of Paediatrics in Moravia (Czech Republic) in the Context of Palaeopathological Research Focusing on Congenital Malformations, Metabolic and Haematologic Diseases

Prezentovaná práce je součástí komplexní studie zaměřené na sledování původu a vývoje pediatrické péče na Moravě, jedné ze zemí dřívější Rakouské monarchie. Studie také bere v potaz sociální podmínky jako změny moravského zdravotnictví ve studovaném období v souvislosti s tereziánskými a josefínskými reformami. Novorozenecká úmrtnost byla v té době velmi vysoká, což souviselo i s nedostatkem péče o těhotné ženy. Studie sleduje zdravotní stav a příčiny úmrtí dětí od 13. do 19. století, na základě studia dostupných literárních zdrojů v kontextu paleopatologické analýzy dětských kosterních pozůstatků. Analýza koster dospělých jedinců sledované populace poskytuje důkaz vysoké úmrtnosti žen ve věku 20–30 let. Pozornost byla zaměřena na vrozené malformace, metabolická a hematologická onemocnění. Z vrozených malformací potvrdila paleopatologická analýza u dětské populace vývojovou dysplázii kyčelního kloubu a předčasnou obliteraci lebečních švů. Z hematologických a metabolických chorob byla nejčastěji zaznamenány známky anemie ve formě cribra orbitalia a stopy po kurdějích a křivici. Tyto choroby se nejčastěji vyskytovaly u dětí v chudobincích a sirotčincích. Podle literárních zdrojů jejich výskyt významně vzrůstal v závislosti na válečných událostech provázených hladomorem. Výsledky studie poskytují přímý důkaz výskytu sledovaných dětských nemocí na Moravě v období novověku.

근세전기 ‘そなた’와 그 주변어에 관한 고찰

This paper has the following conclusions. First, as a result of researching ‘tikamatu zyoururi’, ‘Nari’decreases in the modern period. Second, as a result of comparing the frequency of use of ‘Nari’ and ‘zo’ in ‘tikamatu zyoururi’, it can be seen that ‘zo’ is in a decreasing trend like ‘Nari’. In other words, the modern period is the decline period of ‘Nari’ and ‘zo’. Third, as a result of comparing ‘Nari’ and ‘dya’ of ‘tikamatu zyoururi’, we can confirm the decreasing trend of ‘Nari’ and the increasing trend of ‘dya’. Through this paper, it is possible tp see the conflict between the old and new expressions, and the period of modern times was the time of replacement. Fourth, as a result of comparing the usage patterns of ‘Nari’, ‘zo’, and ‘dya’ of by other author‘s at the same time as the ’tikamatu zyoururi’, the same result was obtained. I will continue the analysis by focusing on the differences in the use of ‘Nari’ and ‘zo’.

MIKHAIL A. RISNER’S STATE-LEGAL AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS ON MORALITY (THE END OF THE 19<sup>TH</sup> CENTURY)

On the basis of the analysis of the teachings of German canonists and theologians of the 19th century, a famous Russian jurist Mikhail A. Reisner elaborated his own system of views regarding the interrelationship between law and morality from the point of view of their existence in the Christian state. At the beginning of his academic life Mikhail A. Reisner was far from sharing socialist ideas and closer to the ideals of the rule-of-law State. Under the conditions of this type of the State «the moral law» acts as the predetermining social regulator; the concept of «personality altruism» is formed as the theoretical foundation for understanding of the civil society; law is explained through its properties of moral and conciliatory power; the «natural state» of the person is interpreted in the context of impossibility of influence of Christian dogmas on the subjective side of the human will. Despite the fact that Prof. Reisner considered unattainable the existence of a Christian State within the framework of the rule-of-law State, the scholar identified the issues of their joint jurisdiction. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the study of the works written by Prof. Reisner using his individual views concerning the philosophical and legal thought of other representatives of Russian law schools (B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. I. Novgorodtsev) allows the authors to reveal the commonality and relevance of their moral ideas for the modern period of time.

A historical investigation on water resources management in Iran

Swarming water-related problems are threatening many arid and semiarid regions of the earth, and Iran is no exception. Integrating such problems with health, environmental, political, socioeconomic, and sustainability issues has greatly increased demand for managing the problems. This research investigates the Iranians abilities in managing, developing, and maintaining their water resources throughout different traditional, transitional, and modern time periods. The study shows until the mid-transitional period, owning to the low population and large per capita water availability, Iranians did not feel a great need to make upgrades and alterations in managing water. In the late transitional period, after sending students to the West and founding advanced universities, gradually modern hydrological technologies started appearing in the major cities. In the modern era, population explosion, industry’s development, consumerism culture, and unprecedented urbanization coupled with drought and global warming, have brought many difficulties for water sectors. Hence, the desire for supply-based policies has prevailed, and some strategies, such as deep-pumped well drilling, dam building, and inter-basin water transferring, have been undertaken to fix the problems. However, the water resource sustainability not only has not improved, but has worsened through imprudent policies such as food self-sufficiency and subsidizing water. Groundwater over-abstraction, soil–water degradation, shrinking and drying up of water bodies, intensifying flood hazards, dust storming, agricultural and ecological losses, and depopulation of rural areas are among direct and indirect evidence that confirm this claim. In conclusion, if these problems persist, the country will be at risk from water insecurity and water access conflicts.

Al-Faruqi’s Views on Selected Topics of Ilm al-Kalam

The study of Ilm al-kalam is still relevant and meaningful in the modern period of time. It is not outdated rather it has gone through various developments throughout the history in order to cope up with the needs of the age. This paper studies a contemporary approach to ilm al-kalam by a contemporary theologian, Ismail Raji al-Faruqi. It examines al-Faruqi’s distinct approach in comparison to a classical position of ilm al-kalam. In doing so, the study focuses on selected theological issues, namely, the relationship between reason and revelation, the principle of causality, and freewill of choice. After examining those theological issues, the study found that al-Faruqi revitalized the classical position of ilm al-kalam in some respects, thus, presented it in a new dimension. It is observed that al-Faruqi’s approach to Ilm al-Kalam is very intelligible to the modern mind and to a modern age. Therefore, this study acknowledged his vital contributions in the development of ilm al-kalam.

Экстатические практики – «небесные диктовки» на примере группы Ак Jаҥ в республике Алтай

The article examines the contemporary practice of ecstatic contactarte, getting Heavenly dictations — Alt. biciminden in the religious group Ak Jang, and analysis of the teachings and religious beliefs of followers of the Ongudaysky Karakol initiative group V. B. Chekurashev. Considered religious literature, written by the authors of celestial messages, practicing this technique as from the beginning of group formation (O. Erukhimova, K. Machula) and in modern period of time (N. Tabaeva, L. Encynova). A number of authors are active assistants to the spiritual leader, the editors of Amadou Altai The article also used a material consisting of a summary of interview conducted with K. B. Machula (active follower of Ak Jang and one of the authors of celestial messages, blessings) in 2017. Analysis of the statements, texts, heavenly dictations, spiritual literature, concepts and names of deities clearly captures becoming syncretic nature of contemporary Ongudai Karakol initiative group V. B. Chekurashev, claiming to be the true (objective and authentic) positioning of the faith (Ak Altay/Altay jang) in the Republic and abroad.

Lessons from the past: isotopes of an endangered rail as indicators of underlying change to tidal marsh habitats

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tidal marsh systems along the Pacific coast of the United States have experienced substantial stress and loss of area and ecosystem function, which we examined by using the endangered California Ridgway’s Rail, Rallus obsoletus obsoletus (‘rail’) as an indicator of its tidal marsh habitat in the San Francisco Estuary. We organized a collection of historical (1885-1940) and modern (2005-2014) rail feathers and analyzed the feather isotope means for delta carbon (δ13C), sulfur (δ34S), and nitrogen (δ15N) by region and time period.Outcomes: Feather isotopes represented the primary foraging habitat during historical then modern time periods. Neither individual nor regional rail feather isotopes suggested freshwater or terrestrial foraging by the rail. Three regions with both historic and modern feather isotopes revealed non-uniform spatial shifts in isotope levels consistent with a marine based food web and significant δ15N enrichment.Discussion: Our results supported the rail’s status as a generalist forager and obligate tidal marsh species throughout the historic record. The variable isoscape trends generated from feather isotope means illustrated a modern loss of the isotopic homogeneity between regions of historical tidal marsh, which correlated with spatially-explicit habitat alterations such as increasing biological invasions and sewage effluent over time.Conclusion: These findings have reinforced the importance of tidal marsh conservation in the face of ongoing underlying changes to these important ecosystems.