Modern Science Research Articles

AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF KAMALA W.S.R. TO JAUNDICE: A SINGLE CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Kamala is both raktapradoshaja vyadhi and pittaja nanatmaja. According to Charakacharya, kamala is a more advanced level of panduroga. While Vagbhatacharya described kamala as a distinct ailment, Sushrutacharya considered it a separate disease that might be caused by a further panduroga problem. In con-temporary medicine, kamala is associated with jaundice. Vyadhi Aacharyas have described Virechana Karma in Kamala. The limitations of modern science in treating Kamala Vyadhi (jaundice) are evident in the Ayurvedic literature, which elucidates the etiology and therapy of the condition and highlights the peculiarity of Ayurveda. The majority of individuals have grown accustomed to spicy fast food over time. Humanity has been separated from nature by this. The intake of alcohol is likewise rising daily in the modern day. Hepatocellular jaundice is referred to in Ayurvedic writings as Kamala. "Kamali tu virechanama" has also been cited by ancient Acharyas as the Chikitsa Sutra for Kamala. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To find out the effect of Ayurvedic medicine in the management of Kamala (Jaundice) managed with Shaman chikitsa. MATERIAL AND METHODES A 15yr. Old girl patient came with the complaint of Anorexia, Urine -Pale yellow, Ab-dominal pain after taking of food, Face yellow, and yellowish coloration of eyes and nails. The patient has taken medicine, but no relief was found, so she came to us for Ayurveda treatment. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The outcomes were noteworthy Regarding the clinical and analytical criteria. According to statistics, there is improvement in the yellowing of the urine and eyes, weakness, appetite loss, and serum bilirubin levels. 15-year-old girl came for Ayurvedic treatment for Kamala. We planned Sanshaman chikitsa.

Shota Tsuru.

"Modern science needs to focus on bridging the gap between theory and experiment… If I were stranded on a desert island and could have only one book, I would choose The Martian by Andy Weir, because the description of survival makes me brave…" Find out more about Shota Tsuru in his Introducing… Profile.

Technoscience: the ambiguity of the concept and scientific profiles

Relevance. The understanding of modern science as a branch of knowledge totally integrated with technology still causes heated discussions and, as a consequence, is ambiguously perceived in the scientific community, demonstrating both the position of supporters of the appropriate use of the concept of ‘technoscience’ and the arguments of those who consider the term far-fetched and artificial. The complexity and multidimensionality of this concept makes it difficult to incorporate it into both theoretical science and the language of practitioners.The purpose of the work is to clarify whether this phenomenon has philosophical and practical value in the context of the modern stage of science development.Objectives: to review the historical development of the term and to identify its three profiles in the scientific context; to analyse the epistemological, ontological, political and ethical aspects of technoscience; to show the mutual process of internal entry of science into technoreality and technology into science, the convergence of their values and approaches, which eventually leads to the idea of fusion in the term ‘technoscience’.Methodology. Philosophical analysis allows to characterise and structure science at the present stage, historical approach ‒ to identify the preconditions and trace the formation of the term ‘technoscience’.Results. The concept of technoscience can be a bridge between different studies of science, technology and society, as well as contribute to the development of critical views on fashionable terms and processes. A philosophical analysis of technoscience represents an important tool to better understand current scientific trends and their impact on society. The study of technoscience can open new philosophical perspectives and stimulate a deeper discussion of the problems arising at the interface between science and technology.Conclusions. Despite its controversial and ambiguous nature, technoscience is an important philosophical tool that can help to better understand current scientific trends and their impact on society. The study of technoscience can open up new philosophical perspectives and stimulate deeper discussion of the problems arising at the intersection of science and technology.

Etiopathological study of Ardita w.s.r. to Facial Paralysis - An observational study

Ardita is one of the Vata Vyadhis which is caused by aggravation of Vata. Ardita has been enlisted amongst the eighty types of Nanatmaja Vata Vyadhis. The vitiation of Vata especially aggravation of Vata causes ‘Ardita’ as mentioned in almost all Ayurvedic classics. Acharya Charaka has included Sharirardha in Ardita while Sushruta has considered only face or upper part of the body is affected in Ardita. Ardita can be co-related with facial paralysis on the basis of its signs and symptoms mentioned in texts. Here, temporary suspension or permanent loss of function, especially loss of sensation or voluntary motion of unilateral side of face is considered. It occurs due to any injury or inflammation to facial-VIIth cranial nerve, which leads to partial or total loss of movement of unilateral face. Actually, facial paralysis leads to a disability of interaction by loss of facial expression, which is a major part of human communication. It may reoccur or leave synkinesis. Modern science found drugs like steroid and Antivirals etc. for it, also surgical and other treatments are available for facial paralysis. Yet, its recurrence and synkinesis also reported. Facial function plays an integral part in everyday lives disability of both verbal communication and facial expressions are hampered in Ardita. It is a condition that causes temporary weakness or paralysis of muscles in face.

Bridging the Past and Present by Skill: Exploring Medieval Bell Casting by Experiment

This paper presents key results from experimental work on traditional bronze casting, focusing on early to high medieval bells, roughly between the 8th and 12th century AD. It demonstrates that combining craft, historical sources, and modern science can effectively revive lost technologies. The reconstruction is based on Theophilus Presbyter’s Schedula Diversarum Artium, dated to the early 12th century, whose precise instructions were critical, though several field-scale experiments were required to refine the process.These experiments are part of broader research into medieval large-scale casting methods in central Europe. The paper argues that more than experimental archaeology or traditional craft is needed to understand and recreate lost technologies. Researchers must invest significant time mastering materials, tools, and techniques to grasp craft processes fully. Brief experimental engagements fail to capture the depth of these traditions. This approach bridges archaeology and hands-on practice, challenging conventions in both traditional craft and mainstream academia.

MODERN REFORMS IN THE ISLAMIC THOUGHT WITH REFERENCE TO SCIENCE: A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

Orientalist scholarship in Western academic literature has portrayed Islam as ignorant, backward, and anti-science. However, there has been a paradigm shift in this monolithic approach to the academic study of Islam. The modern interpretation of Islam supports science and shows the face of Islam as being in harmony with Western practices and procedures. The new representation of Islam has further been categorised into friends and foes. This paper consists of three sections, one of which is based on a study of some of the key reforms proposed by Muslim modernists regarding Islam and modern science. The second part aims to present the Islamist response to modern science, a group that is often presented as an opponent and foe of Islamic modernism. It also includes a comparison between Islamic modernist and Islamist approaches to highlight the differences in their methodology. The final section proposes a new methodology to address the issue of the incompatibility of Islam and modern science. The study employs an analytical research methodology with a qualitative approach. It prioritises primary sources but also uses secondary sources when needed. Books, research papers, and online resources are utilised to analyse differing viewpoints and approaches. Books, research papers, and online resources have been used to explore various methods adopted by Muslim scholars in the Indian subcontinent regarding the relationship between Islam and modern science.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ITS IMPACT ON THE MODERNISATION OF BUSINESS PROCESSES AND STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

THE PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE is to study the theoretical concept of artificial intelligence and its impact on the modernisation of business processes and strategic development of enterprises. RESEARCH METHODS. The article uses the following methods: expert assessments; algorithmic analysis; experimental research; statistical analysis; monitoring and evaluation of results; analysis and synthesis; graphical method, etc. PRESENTING MAIN MATERIAL. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary scientific concept that has a huge potential for transformation in the field of business process modernisation and strategic development of enterprises. AI is capable of radically modernising business processes and their strategic development by automating decision-making systems and predicting innovations in production based on data analytics. As AI touches upon issues such as ethics, privacy, and cybersecurity, the misuse of AI can have serious negative consequences for users. The main types of AI fall into two broad areas: Weak AI – systems that are capable of performing specific tasks, but without understanding the broader context or the ability to adapt in general, which can outperform humans in certain tasks but do not have true ‘consciousness’; Strong AI – systems that can think, understand and learn at the level of human intelligence (Strong AI is still a hypothetical area of research, as there is no fully implemented Strong AI in modern science). Currently, there are several main approaches to AI development, each of which has its own peculiarities. The main methods are machine learning, expert systems, neural networks, and evolutionary algorithms. AI is becoming a relevant tool for modernising business processes, optimising resources, and developing enterprises strategically. Thus, AI opens up new horizons for business, allowing companies to optimise their business processes, minimise costs and increase efficiency. Integrating AI into the development strategy of enterprises requires a deeper understanding of its potential and limitations, where the introduction of AI changes not only individual business processes but also affects the overall approach to the management and development of enterprises. One of the key areas of AI use in the strategic development of enterprises is forecasting and strategic planning, where AI can help enterprises predict economic trends, analyse the competitive environment, and develop strategies that meet future customer demands. CONCLUSIONS. It has been established that AI has a mega-potential for business transformation, contributing to the modernisation of business processes and strategic development of enterprises. However, to achieve effective results, it is important to be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages associated with its integration. Successful AI integration requires not only technical training, but also the adaptation of business models, a strategic approach, attention to all ethical aspects, investment in innovation, and continuous training of employees. The introduction of AI will allow businesses to optimise their operations, make more informed decisions and adapt to the changing environment. Understanding the importance of AI for businesses allows them not only to adapt to new conditions but also to gain a competitive advantage, as AI is becoming one of the key factors in business development, and its role will only grow in the future. KEYWORDS: artificial intelligence; modernisation of business processes; strategic development of enterprises; business transformation; integration; innovation; enterprises; adaptation; implementation.

Sustainable non-volatile resistive switching memory using chitosan/MEH-PPV polymer blend

Functionalisation of materials is crucial in modern science and technology, particularly biodegradable ones, to reduce the increasing electronic waste affecting the planet. In this study, the electronic behaviour of chitosan was modified by incorporating the MEH-PPV polymer. Four composites with weight percentages of 0.25 (S1), 0.5 (S2), 1 (S3), and 1.5 (S4) wt% were prepared. The optical energy bandgap of these composites ranged from 2.0 to 3.02 eV. These materials were studied for their potential use in resistive switching memory (ReRAM). Two device classes: Class A (drop cast) and Class B (spin coat), were developed. The Class A S4-based device exhibited memory behaviour with a minimum of 20 write/erase cycles. The other devices in this class demonstrated poor conductivity and data noise. Class B devices exhibited no switching, except for the S3-based device. This research suggests that the thickness of class A devices has a notable impact on their performance limitations. The study shows that the chitosan:MEH-PPV blend holds promise for environment-friendly ReRAMs, and optimizing the thickness and weight ratio can significantly improve device performance.

Study of the applicability of ACdSe (A – Co, Ni) thin films as catalysts for heavy metal capture

Expansion of the possibilities of using photoactive thin films with a unique combination of optical and morphological characteristics as a basis for creation of highly efficient catalysts for the aqueous media purification is one of the promising research areas in modern materials science, which has both fundamental significance and potential for practical application. This study examines the prospects for using modified thin CdSe films by substituting nickel or cobalt for cadmium and selenium as a basis for creating highly efficient catalysts for the aqueous media purification from heavy metals such as arsenic, manganese and iron. A rather inexpensive electrochemical synthesis method was proposed as a method for obtaining thin films, in which the substitution effect is achieved by addition of nickel or cobalt sulfates to the electrolyte, which allows obtaining films with an equally probable distribution of elements in the composition of the synthesized films. Optical spectroscopy methods were used as methods for characterization of the initial samples, which made it possible to establish the dependences of the change in the band gap and absorption bands on the composition of the synthesized films, as well as to anticipate the influence of morphological features on optical absorption. During the conducted studies it was established that partial substitution of nickel and cobalt for cadmium and selenium in the composition of films results in growth in the adsorption efficiency of heavy metals, alongside operation stability maintenance of modified films during cyclic tests. At the same time, enhancement of the adsorption efficiency of heavy metals for modified films is due to both an alteration in the optical properties of the films and morphological features associated with the specific surface area growth due to a reduction in the grain size and a more developed surface.

Introduction to Focus Issue: Chimera states: From theory and experiments to technology and living systems.

One of the pillars of modern science is the concept of symmetries. Spontaneously breaking such symmetries gives rise to non-trivial states, which can explain a variety of phenomena around us. Chimera states, characterized by the coexistence of localized synchronized and unsynchronized dynamics, are a novel example. This Focus Issue covers recent developments in the study of chimera states, from both theoretical and experimental points of view, including an emphasis on prospective practical realization for application in technology and living systems.

Evidence of Vedic Sanātana Hinduism as a Global Dharma

This research explores the spread-out influence of Vedic Sanātana Hinduism, postulating that it once served as a foundational spiritual and cultural tradition with a reach that extended well beyond the Indian subcontinent. By looking into key aspects of Vedic culture, such as meditation, ritual practices, and Ārcavigraha (deity worship) as expressions of the divine, this study presents a multifaceted view of Hinduism’s spread and adaptation across diverse ancient civilizations. Evidence of Hindu deities and symbols found globally in archaeological excavations—ranging from Southeast Asia, Europe to the Americas and Canada, —demonstrates that elements of Hindu spirituality were not confined to any one region. Rather, they appear to have permeated a variety of cultures and belief systems over time, often integrating with local customs and symbols. Moreover, this research examines Vedic Hinduism’s contributions to scientific knowledge, literature, governance, and technology, highlighting the sophistication and cultural advancement of early Hindu society. Ancient Hindu texts like the Mahabharata and the Vedas depict Bhāratavarṣa, a concept of a unified Earth or global empire under Vedic values, which is reflected in historical records describing interactions with regions beyond South Asia, including the Mleccha, Yavanas, and other international groups. Stories and references from these texts suggest a thriving network of trade, communication, and diplomacy between India and other parts of the ancient world, where Vedic influences may have taken root. Furthermore, the principles of Vedic literature continue to shape modern philosophy, science, ethics, and governance, underscoring the enduring relevance of Hindu thought across multiple fields. Further, Vedic texts trace humanity's origins to Rishi Kashyapa and his descendants, with references to various tribes and races like the Yavanas and Mleccha crossing oceans to establish their own cultures. The enduring legacy of Vedic philosophy in science, literature, ethics, and governance underscores its universal appeal and lasting impact on modern disciplines. This study demonstrates that Vedic Sanātana Hinduism, in its scope and influence, was more than a regional faith; it served as a global dharma, profoundly shaping the course of world history and spirituality. Through a combination of historical documentation, scriptural analysis, and contemporary scholarship, this research contends that Vedic Sanātana Hinduism not only shaped Indian civilization but also left an indelible mark on the religious, intellectual, and cultural landscapes of many regions across the globe. This convergence of ancient evidence and modern insight reinforces the idea that Vedic Sanātana Hinduism once operated as a truly global dharma, offering a comprehensive and profound framework for understanding the interconnectedness of human society.

A qualia-centric approach to Ayurveda and Hindu knowledge systems can address modern science’s blind spot

In this paper, I argue for approaching Ayurveda and Hindu knowledge systems in a qualia-centric manner, the way their originators intended. The materialist assumptions that underlie modern medicine, while undeniably effective, are not the only way to understand the body, just as the Western tonal system is not the only way to approach music. Using the wrong metaphysical lens is the root cause behind many seemingly intractable debates on the validity of Hindu knowledge systems. At the same time, it is important to have externally verifiable benchmarks — quality, reliability and efficacy — as universal metrics, and every healthcare provider must seek to meet them.

The power of Logos in human rationality and its relevance in the modern era of science

The concept of the Logos in the Gospel of John has long been the subject of theological and philosophical discussions. In the era of modern science, questions have arisen about the relevance and relationship between this concept of the Logos and the development of science and human rationality. A hermeneutical approach is used to interpret the meaning of the Logos in historical and contemporary contexts. This study aims to explore the relationship between the concept of the Logos in the Gospel of John and the development of modern science, and to analyze how this understanding can bridge the gap between faith and rationality. The Logos in the Gospel of John is understood as the creative and rational principle underlying the universe, which is also manifested in Jesus Christ. There is a parallelism between the function of the Logos in creation and the role of human rationality in the development of science. The concept of the Logos offers a framework for integrating scientific progress with spiritual wisdom. This view challenges the dichotomy between science and faith, proposing that both realms an complement each other in understanding reality. The concept of the Logos in the Gospel of John has significant relevance in the era of modern science. It offers a holistic perspective that allows for the integration of scientific and spiritual understanding, encouraging a more comprehensive approach to knowledge and reality. This understanding has the potential to bridge the gap between faith and rationality, paving the way for a more constructive dialogue between religion and science.

TERRORISM AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY: ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL COUNTERACTION MEASURES

The main content of the study is the analysis and contradictions of improving legal regulation in the field of countering terrorism and extremism. The article provides an analysis of the views of modern scientists that made it possible to identify the main content and directions of activity in the organized and managed process in the field of countering terrorism and extremism, as well as the unresolved problems of this activity to date. The normative legal acts forming the state policy in the field of countering terrorism and extremism are considered. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the relevance of the process of countering terrorism and extremism, which is an important factor in ensuring the military security of the state. In the context of ensuring military security, countering extremism plays an important role, since terrorism is an extreme form of extremism. Conclusions are drawn about the need to improve the legal framework in the field of countering extremism and terrorism.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF MODERN ECOLOGICAL SAFETY

Environmental safety of objects, states and processes on the eve of the next qualitative leap in the structure and dynamics of science and production is considered in the context of a radical reorientation of scientific and technological progress. Paying attention to the social, political, economic and moral prerequisites of the globalization reorientation of society, attention is drawn to those opportunities that have appeared in society in modern times. The study of the phenomenon of environmental safety is structured in the work in such a way that a person no longer simply confronts the object as something external, but turns into a constituent part of the system that it changes. The work provides some basic parameters of the state of ecological security in Ukraine, including the period of war. Modern science and technology, which are the basis of technologies, including environmental protection, fragment the world in a fundamentally different way than in previous eras, bringing new types of objects into the orbit of human activity – complex self-developing systems with human participation. The study shows that the development of such systems is accompanied by passage through special states of instability (bifurcation); at these moments, influences lead to the emergence of new structures, levels of organization, transforming the previous ones. The course of evolution clearly shows that the promotion of bio-saving technologies takes place on a number of levels: low-waste technologies, environmentally friendly production, bioautonomous processes, rising by extrapolation to the degree of biosphere-compatible technologies or autotrophic production. In the given chain, each subsequent element cannot function without the previous one. And there is no reason to simplify the situation, believing that in the future production will be based exclusively on bioreproduction. it will probably contain elements of bioconservation, bioregeneration, and bioautonomy. It has been established that a person is subject to such influence as an object not only of the biosphere, but also of technology and the primary source of technogenic influence on the environment, which must be taken into account during the formation of the philosophical basis of the strategy of environmental security of society.

Microarc Molybdenum Steel Saturation Using Ammonium Molybdate

Introduction. One of the most significant challenges in modern materials science is increasing the reliability and durability of tools and machine parts. To address this issue, it is essential to develop high-hardness coatings with enhanced properties. Typically, high-energy techniques are employed for this purpose, but they require complex and costly equipment, limiting their widespread use. Therefore, problem of creating such coatings remains a significant challenge. An effective and affordable approach to creating these coatings on steel products is microarc surface alloying from a coating pre-applied to the surface of the hardened products. The aim of the work was to assess the potential of diffusion molybdenum saturation for creating such coatings. Ammonium molybdate was used as the diffusant agent.Materials and Methods. To achieve the aim of this study, we used thermodynamic analysis of chemical reactions that can occur within the temperature range of the microarc heating process. For each reaction, we calculated the change in standard Gibbs energy, which allowed us to determine the feasibility and range of occurrence. An experimental study of the microarc molybdenum saturation process was conducted using ammonium molybdate on steel 20 samples using a laboratory setup. The surface current density was set at 0.53 A/cm², and the duration of the process was 6 minutes.Results. The Gibbs free energy changes for chemical reactions that can occur during the thermal decomposition of ammonium molybdate have been calculated. An experimental study has shown the formation of a molybdenum coating, and the concentration of molybdenum in the diffusion layer has been determined. On the surface of the samples, carbides Mo2C and Fe3Mo3C have been found. The dependence of the coating depth on the content of diffusant in the coating and its thickness has been determined.Discussion and Conclusion. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that atomic molybdenum can be formed through direct reduction or with the intermediate formation of molybdenum dioxide. The research has confirmed the formation of a diffusion coating on steel after microarc saturation with molybdenum, and the depth of this coating depends on the amount of diffusant in the coating and its thickness. These findings will be used to develop technological processes for microarc molybdenum plating of steel products.

Implementation of Distributed Machine Learning in Medicine Industry

Abstract. As a matter of fact, machine learning (ML) has become a cornerstone in modern science and engineering, evolving from early algorithms like the perceptron to sophisticated deep learning models. The rise of distributed machine learning (DML) has enabled scalable, privacy-preserving analysis of large healthcare datasets in recent years. With this in mind, this study summarizes the principles of DML, contrasting it with traditional as well as parallel computing approaches. At the same time, this research discusses its applications in medical imaging, predictive analytics, and real-time monitoring. According to the analysis, despite significant advancements, challenges related to data privacy, heterogeneity, and scalability persist. Based on the evaluations, future research is needed to overcome these limitations and further integrate DML into healthcare. Overall, these results underscore the transformative potential of DML in enhancing healthcare delivery and outcomes and pave a path as well as offer a guideline for implementations of machine leaning in medic industry.

Audio-visual aesthetic teaching methods in college students’ vocal music teaching by deep learning

In recent times, characterized by the rapid advancement of science and technology, the educational system has continuously evolved. Within this modern educational landscape, Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education has emerged as a prominent pedagogical paradigm, gaining substantial popularity in college-level instruction and capturing widespread societal attention. Notably, the cultivation of audio-visual aesthetic proficiency occupies a central role within this educational approach, prioritizing the enhancement of aesthetic sensibilities. By ingeniously amalgamating scientific knowledge with emotional expression, this research assumes a crucial facet in the holistic development of individuals. The research aims to explore the cultivation of students’ audio-visual aesthetic abilities in university-level vocal music education by integrating deep learning and STEAM education principles. Drawing upon an extensive review of relevant literature, this research synthesizes the principles of STEAM education with those of deep learning, while considering the current cultural and societal context and the distinct realities faced by contemporary college students. Consequently, this research posits a novel conceptual framework for curriculum design and proposes a three-stage teaching process model. To substantiate the efficacy of this innovative educational model, an empirical investigation employing a questionnaire survey is conducted to assess its teaching effectiveness, confirming the marked superiority of this pioneering pedagogical approach. The results demonstrate that the new teaching model has led to notable enhancements in students’ audio-visual aesthetic abilities, self-confidence in learning, and learning efficiency. Additionally, compared to traditional educational methods, the curriculum primarily, which focused on STEAM education with the project as its core, emphasizes the logic of the learning process and its connection with other disciplines. In conclusion, the three-stage educational model combining STEAM education and deep learning fully considers students’ learning situations and utilizes the analytical capabilities of computers for educational purposes. This learner-centric approach significantly augments teaching efficiency and flexibility. Finally, the research concludes by summarizing its contributions and limitations, offering practical recommendations for the field. This research provides new insights and references for the practice and improvement of audio-visual aesthetic education in higher education institutions.

Photogrammetry—The Science of Precise Measurements from Images: A Themed Issue in Honour of Professor Emeritus Armin Grün in Anticipation of His 80th Birthday

Photogrammetry has been a cornerstone in mapping history and still functions as one of the key techniques in modern geospatial science and engineering [...]

Crime Scene: A Mystic Place

This document highlights the essential role of Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) in modern forensic science, emphasizing the need for systematic protocols to preserve evidence integrity. In the U.S., a request for CSI services acts as a formal agreement, requiring a thorough evaluation of the requesting agency’s needs and the lab’s capabilities, a process that differs significantly in India. Effective CSI involves identifying the scene, collecting and securing evidence, and reconstructing events to establish facts. Advanced forensic techniques, including DNA analysis and comprehensive documentation, enhance the credibility of evidence, transforming speculation into definitive conclusions about guilt or innocence. The document addresses challenges such as human interference, which necessitates rigorous protocols to protect evidence and maintain scene integrity. Meticulous documentation is vital, as even small oversights can undermine investigations. It also examines the impact of technological advancements, particularly the rise of cybercrime, which introduces unique challenges due to anonymity. Additionally, it underscores the legal obligations of investigators, focusing on the critical need to maintain a clear chain of custody. Recent court rulings emphasize evolving evidence collection standards, especially for digital data, which must be handled carefully to safeguard privacy. Ultimately, robust crime scene management and scientific analysis are essential for delivering justice in both conventional and cybercrime cases.