Modern Power Sources Research Articles

Energy Sources of Mobile Robot Power Systems: A Systematic Review and Comparison of Efficiency

Mobile robots can perform tasks on the move, including exploring terrain, discovering landmark features, or moving a load from one place to another. This group of robots is characterized by a certain level of intelligence, allowing the making of decisions and responding to stimuli received from the environment. As part of Industry 5.0, such mobile robots and humans are expected to co-exist and work together in a shared environment to make human work less tiring, quicker, and safer. This can only be realized when clean, dense, and economical energy sources are available. The aim of the study is to analyze the state of the art and to identify the most important directions for future developments in energy sources of robotic power systems based mainly on batteries. The efficiency and performance of the battery depends on the design using different materials. Work environments and performance requirements are considered in this systematic review to classify solutions that help developers choose the best-suited power system for specific application. Indirectly, the aim of the work is to generate discussion within the scientific and engineering community. A narrative review of publications from six major bibliographic databases according to preset inclusion criteria is combined with a critical analysis of current and future technologies. The main findings of the review allow answering the question of what is the role of modern power source technologies, artificial intelligence, and ground-breaking research work in global policies related to energy saving, green policies, and sustainable development. The main opportunities and threats are discussed, and a brief feasibility analysis is carried out. The novelty of the article relates not only to the analysis of technologies, but also to approaches and their use under conditions of limited resource availability, when resource usage must be minimized. The article provides an overview of batteries, their specifications, classifications, and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we propose (1) an algorithm for selecting the main energy source for robot application, and (2) an algorithm for selecting an electrical system power supply. Current mobile robot batteries are, in most cases, the robot’s biggest limitation. Progress in battery development is currently too slow to catch up with the demand for robot autonomy and range requirements, limiting the development of mobile robots. Further intensive research and implementation work is needed to avoid years of delay in this area.

Contributions of A.N. Frumkin and the Frumkin School to power sources research

The historical interplay between the theoretical researches of the Frumkin School and the development of modern power sources technology is described. We show that the combination of solid fundamental knowledge with individual talent was the crucial factor in the development of power sources research and industry in the former USSR. Since historical trends tend to persist over time, it is clear that future developments of power sources will also require substantial inputs from basic electrochemistry, even if such requirements are not obvious to many present-day research managers.

Flexible single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators with MXene/PDMS composite film for biomechanical motion sensors

The increasing demand of portable electronics requires modern power sources to be flexible, wearable, durable, and waterproof. This work reports a flexible single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator composed of MXene/polydimethylsiloxane film. The effect of (MXene) content (wt%) and compressive force on the output performance of the as-prepared devices are systematically studied. A peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage of 225 V, short-circuit current density of 30 μA cm −2 , and a maximum power density of 10 mW cm −2 on a load resistance of 100 MΩ are obtained by periodically hand hammering a 2 × 4 cm 2 smart textile-based composite. The high output directly powers 80 green light emitting diodes connected in series without any additional power source. In addition to its application as a triboelectric nanogenerator, the textile-based composite is also implemented as a human motion sensor, detecting various human motions such as finger tapping, hand clapping, and hand hammering. Such lightweight smart textiles provide potential opportunities for multifunctional power sources and hence have promising applications in self-powered wearable electronics. • The flexible single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator was successfully fabricated. • The STENG device with area of 2×4 cm 2 under the periodic hand hammering can light up at least 80 LEDs. • The as-prepared device can behave as a human motion sensor.

Evaluation of power sources and the effect of varying current in SMAW process

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the most important welding process used in the industry for joining ferrous and nonferrous metals. In SMAW process random fluctuations in current and voltage takes place. Reliable acquisition of these variations during actual welding process and its subsequent analysis can be very useful to study different arc welding parameters. Now a day, the welding power sources have a provision of advance arc control to suitably adjust the welding parameters with minimum time delay and to set the right welding parameters during actual process. Hence, to study the exact behaviour of these modern power sources used for welding it is essential to acquire all the possible minute variations taking place while welding is in progress. In the present study, performance evaluation of six different welding power sources has been performed using probability density distributions (PDD) and self organized maps (SOM). Further the quantification of their performance has also been attempted and the final results were compared with the results obtained using existing techniques. The effect of varying input current on SMAW process has also been studied by acquiring the data at different current values (from 70 A to 120 A). In both the cases data acquisition was carried out at the rate of 100,000 samples/s for 20 s duration using a general purpose digital storage oscilloscope while welding is in progress. These welds were prepared using same type of welding electrode by the same welder employing the identical parameters. From the PDDs and self organized maps (SOM) generated using the data acquired, it is possible to evaluate the performances of the different welding power sources. Grading of the power sources based on PDD and SOM technique matched well with the grading obtained using visual examination of weld beads. Further using these analyses, it is also possible to differentiate various weld geometry. Results clearly indicated that the procedure presented here can be effectively used to assess the various SMAW parameters.

Simple Approach on Intermixing Solar and Wind Energy and Minimizing Their Intermittent Effect

Renewable energy resources especially wind and solar energy are emerging as the modern power sources to electrify remote areas. The main reason behind their emergence is due to their environment-friendly behavior, unlimited availability and short period for replenishment over nonrenewable energy resources. Renewable energy resources are much better than nonrenewable energy resources, but the intermittency in renewable energy resources degrades the system performance. In order to overcome the intermittency, multiple hybrid system techniques were proposed in literature that can achieve suitable results but have disadvantages of complicated control structures and high implementation cost. Considering aforementioned shortcomings, a simple balancing approach is proposed to intermix solar and wind energy together so as to utilize the available energy from both sources at a given time. It is very common that solar farms are the dominating source of energy in daytime and summer, while wind farms are the dominating source of energy at night and in winter. The proposed approach delivers maximum possible power to the load by combining dominating and non-dominating resources all the time, hence mitigating the intermittency of individual resources. Compared with other approaches, the proposed approach offers key benefits with redundancy, simple design and low cost, which can be analyzed from simulation results.

Research on Three-phase Variable Frequency Power Source Based on SVPWM

The traditional SPWM method is designed for analog circuit which is difficult to keep pace with the trend of modern power source development. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) takes advantages of higher voltage utilization rate, less output voltage distortion, lower harmonic content, easier for controlling and digitalization comparing traditional PWM control technology. Therefore, the three-phase variable-frequency power source control system is presented in this paper based on SVPWM technology.

FEATURES OF APPLYING ROBOTIC SYSTEMS IN CROP PRODUCTION

The paper offers the analysis of applying robotic systems in agriculture of Russia. A specific character of agriculture, a low level of technical and technological, information and communications, and staff potentials of mediumand small-sized Russian agricultural enterprises explain the slow pace of introduction of agricultural robots. Weather conditions, agrolandscape zoning, seasonal character of work and other specific features of crop production impose restrictions on the development of robotic systems. The existing engineering tools are characterized by a low level of development of speech understanding technologies; they require the creation of modern power sources, bionic systems, as well as the use of microrobots. There are a number of problems to be solved: to provide RD to create the normative and methodical base for conducting measurements, tests and monitoring, robot quality and safety assessment; to upgrade and re-equip enterprises producing agricultural machinery; to increase competence of the staff and population in using information and communication technologies and robotic systems; to decrease cost prices for machinery; to create a modern information and communication structure in rural areas; to develop an advanced technology and machinery system with regard to agrolandscape zoning and robot application. Experience of industrially advanced countries in robotics has shown that this process could not pass without government support.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum of a Lithium–Sulfur–Bis(Trifluoromethane)Sulfonimide Lithium Salt System: Modeling and Analysis of the Temperature Dependence

Background . Lithium sulfur current sources are the most promising modern power sources. But their widespread application is limited by valid methods of troubleshooting of the formation of poorly soluble film on the electrode, and on the separator surfaces. O bjective . The purpose of this paper is to apply the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for diagnosis of the parameters impacting on the electrochemical properties of Li–S current sources. M ethods . The study and modeling of the electrochemical impedance spectra of the Li–S elements with LiTFSI in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether electrolyte is carried out. The calculated method of the capacitance change and analysis of the mechanisms of electrochemical processes with using of the EIS method are performed. R esults . It is determined that the using of several calculated methods and models of the EIS spectra can not only diagnose the condition of the degree of discharge and temperature in the Li–S current sources, but also enables to correct the quantitative composition of the electrolyte and cathode mass. Conclusions. The paper describes the methods of calculation EIS spectra for analyzing the impact of the Li–S current sources component composition and structural characteristics on their status. The regions of the spectrum, responsible for the various processes implementation were identified in the studied electrochemical systems. This has created the possibility to establish the particular appearance of the charge effect when heated elements discharged due to an increasing of the sulfur nano-sized particles number as a result of the discharge process in the cathode space.

Nickel hydroxide obtained by high-temperature two-step synthesis as an effective material for supercapacitor applications

Hybrid supercapacitors with nickel hydroxide electrode are widely used as modern power sources for electrovehicles, ignition of different electric engines, etc. Nickel hydroxide for supercapacitor use must satisfy special features which are quite different from those requested for battery application. The aim of this work is to improve the promising two-stage high-temperature method by altering hydrolysis condition (hot and cold) in order to obtain Ni(OH)2 with improved electrochemical activity. Ni(OH)2 samples have been investigated by PXRD, TG, DSC, SEM, TEM, cyclic voltammogramm, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. It has been established from PXRD, TG, and DSC analyses that material obtained by hydrolysis at high temperature is a highly crystalline β-Ni(OH)2 characterized by high thermal stability. Materials prepared by cold hydrolysis are a highly defective βbc-Ni(OH)2, with 6.3 % water content and a lower thermal stability. It has been shown that samples prepared by hot hydrolysis have a high redox reversibility and electrochemical cycling stability, but a lower electrochemical capacity. This suggests that the electrochemical processes are localized in the thin layer at the particle surface. Cyclic voltammograms of samples prepared by cold hydrolysis exhibit gradual activation of the active material, anyhow resulting in higher capacity. By means of the galvanostatic charge-discharge curves at different current densities, the specific capacities of the samples have been calculated. The sample prepared by cold hydrolysis has higher specific capacities than the sample prepared by hot hydrolysis.

직류형 마이크로그리드의 전운전영역을 고려한 협조제어

Recently, one of the main research on the power distribution system is the microgrid. The microgrid is a combination of power sources and loads, which is controllable and has separable connection. The main objective of microgrid is the deployment of the renewable clean energy and the enhancement of load-side reliability. The modern power sources and loads have DC I/O interfaces, which is the major advantage of DC microgrid compared to the conventional AC grid. The components in the microgrid have diverse features, so there is need of proper coordination control. For achieving economic feature, the active power of renewable energy resources is regarded as major control parameter and the whole operation modes of DC microgrid are defined, and the proper operations of each component are described. From the inherent characteristics of DC, there are two control variables: voltage and active power. Through analysis of operation modes, it is possible to determine exact control objectives and optimized voltage & power control strategy in each mode. Because of consideration of whole operation modes, regardless of the number and capacity of components, this coordination control method can be used without modification. This paper defines operation mode of DC microgrid with several DC sources and suggests economic and efficient coordinated control methods. Simulation with PSCAD proves effectiveness.

Designing a Real Time Redactor for Power Saving Utilization

Nowadays high importance is given to the development of green technologies which are designed with an emphasis on low energy consumption. Due to the financial crisis the need for such green technologies and devices is more important ever before. All home electric appliances like refrigerators, deep-freezes, washing machines, pumps, etc. produce waste current component, which can be stabilized. This technique can decrease electricity consumption from 10 to 30% - different depending on countries. Current modern devices for adjustment of power of target electrical appliances need a very fine measurement of an input voltage and current. In such cases remote monitoring of mentioned values can be a suitable solution. However, this solution contains some issues such as the need for pre-processing in remote sensor, or wireless transfer to central monitoring device, which need to be solved. Also the powering of such remote device is strictly limited. Sensor needs to be powered only by energy from the current sensor which results in the need for application of modern power source solutions. All of these findings result in a development of miniaturized solution based on 32b microcontroller unit with wireless communication unit and independent powering circuit. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.19.6.4564

Advanced Functions of a Modern Power Source for GMAW Welding of Steel

This paper evaluates the use of a modern welding power source equipped with advanced arc control functions. At the Laboratory of Welding Technologies of CTU in Prague we have focused on GMAW welding of steel using Sigma Galaxy, a modern welding power source produced by Migatronic. Sigma Galaxy is equipped with functions called Intelligent Arc Control and Sequence Repeat. According to the manufacturer, controlling an arc by these functions should significantly stabilize the welding process, lower the heat input and the deformation, and improve the weld quality. To evaluate the benefits of these functions completely, single V butt welds were performed on S275J2 structural steel 10 mm in thickness (2 weld layers: root+capping layer) in PF and PG positions. Welding was monitored by the Welding Information System, and was compared with standard GMAW welding. The results have shown that these “intelligent” functions offer significant advantages for steel welding, especially in vertical and overhead positions, because they lower the heat input and improve the weld metal control.

Special issue with contributions to the Fifth Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry: functional materials in electrochemistry—from fundamental problems to molecular electronics and modern power sources (30 April−3 May 2008, Tartu, Estonia)

Special issue with contributions to the Fifth Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry: functional materials in electrochemistry—from fundamental problems to molecular electronics and modern power sources (30 April−3 May 2008, Tartu, Estonia)