Modern Names Research Articles

Age and Gender-based Sociolinguistic Differences in Naming Patterns among Bedouin Communities in Jordan

Objectives: This study aimed to examine and reveal the sociolinguistic implications of personal male names used in the Jordanian Bedouin community as incarnated in the Bani Saker tribe. The study also aimed to trace the changes that occurred to naming patterns in three successive generations: sons, fathers and grandfathers. Male-naming of Jordan represented by the Bani Sakhar tribe. It aims at revealing the sociolinguistic implications of the names and differences in naming patterns throughout three successive generations (sons, fathers, and grandfathers). Based on a previous study conducted by the researcher on female names, this study also attempts to highlight the gender- specific differences in naming among this community. Method: The researcher carried out an in-depth analysis of 300 full names of school male students obtained from 20 male schools affiliated with Al- Muwaqqar Directorate of Education. This sample was selected by drawing 15 names from each school. Then, the names were divided into 3 categories (sons, fathers, and grandfathers) and grouped into several classifications according to their sociolinguistic implications. Results: The study results showed that the names given to males through the three generations underwent some changes on the level of their sociolinguistic implications as well the level of the motive behind their selection of names. It also showed that naming in each generation had different backgrounds; that naming among this tribe has experienced some shift away from traditional Bedouin names in favor of modern names. For example, 34.7% of the grandfathers' names constituted Bedouin-exclusive names compared to 9.6% and only 2% of the fathers and sons’ names, respectively. As for the gender specific differences, results revealed some commonalities regarding certain aspects as well as significant differences in other aspects. The Bedouin exclusive names, for example, accounted for 69% of the grandmothers’ names compared to 34.6% of the grandfathers’ category. Conclusions: The study highlights the strong affinity between the lifestyle change of Bedouin communities and the naming patterns in those communities. It also suggests that gender plays a considerable role in naming conventions.

ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ТОПОСИСТЕМЫ САРЫАРКИ

The article describes the development of toponymic systems in the territory of Saryarka. The materials and methods of toponymic research are considered. The formation of geographical names in Saryarka is connected with historical events. The article presents the achievements of researchers who studied the Saryarka region, where old toponymic and modern names are considered in detail. The article describes in detail the origin of toponyms in the context of outstanding historical events, such as the reign of Genghis Khan, the Era of the Golden Horde, the period of tsarist Russia. The toponymic systems of Saryarka are analyzed, which requires in-depth study in the future. Toponyms based on the names of plants and animals, names of people, tribes and genera are common on the territory of Saryarka. In the course of the research, a map of the genonyms and ethnonyms of Saryarka was compiled on the basis of actual data.

Socio-cultural origins of beer naming in the Kirov region

Russia in its history has experienced completely different attitudes of the population towards alcohol consumption and, at times, diametrically opposite approaches of the state to its regulation: from dry laws to widespread encouragement, from the northern type of alcohol consumption (dominance of strong drinks) to the southern type (dominance of low-alcohol drinks). In this sense, today we are experiencing a unique situation: in modern Russia, beer (a low-alcohol drink) is taking the lead in the alcoholic beverage market. Beer is again becoming, in fact, a people's drink. This circumstance makes interesting and relevant the question of studying beer consumption in the historical context. How has the consumption of alcohol in the past influenced its consumption today? Is there any cultural connection between the eras? Or is today's beer culture starting from scratch? We have tried to answer these questions by studying modern beer naming.
 In this article the socio-cultural origins of modern beer names are analysed on the example of draught beer shops in the city of Kirov. The names are analysed in the context of successive major Russian historical epochs. The study was conducted using a content analysis method of three hundred and seventy beer names collected by the authors in the first half of 2023 in twenty-two beer shops in the city. Three strategies used for naming beer were identified: pre-revolutionary (these names are closely related to the names of varieties from various Western European countries), Soviet (built on the negation of the pre-revolutionary strategy, based on the development of new, unique names) and post-Soviet (modern names that do not correlate with either the pre-revolutionary or Soviet strategy). The study revealed that the most popular strategies are pre-revolutionary and post-Soviet (38 per cent each of all names considered), while the least popular is the Soviet strategy (24 per cent of all names considered). In addition, the coefficient of uniqueness of the strategy used is introduced, which allows us to understand how diverse the use of a particular strategy in sales is. It is shown that pre-revolutionary and post-Soviet beer naming strategies are most often used in beer sales, while the Soviet strategy is the least popular, which indicates the special characteristics of the beer consumer community.

Ergonyms of the thematic group “Educational institutions” of Naberezhnye Chelny

INTRODUCTION. At the present stage of studying proper names, a special place is given to urban ergonyms, which form the urban onomasticon. Ergonyms, being an integral part of the appearance of a modern city, reflect not only the lexical and grammatical systems of the language, but also represent scientific value as an additional source of information about the social, cultural and historical situation in a certain territory. The purpose of the study is to describe the ergonymic space of Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan, which includes the names of educational institutions.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material is the modern names of educational institutions from the official website of the directory of organizations of the city of Nab erezhnye Chelny 2023. The factual material analysis is carried out based on the use of general li nguistic methods (structural and descriptive), as well as the use of elements of the synchronic method and nominative technique analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The main technique for creating new ergonyms is symbolic nomination, which is expressed in nomination using metaphor and metonymy. The emergence of innovative ergonyms in the urban space of Naberezhnye Chelny is mainly associated with the appearance of names in the Tatar language, but with the presence of spellings of words dating back to the English language and Russian words in English transcription. The study of urban ergonoms is carried out in three aspects: analysis of the nominative appearance of a modern city, analysis of thematic groups of urban ergonyms and identification of the peculiarities of the functioning of ergonyms in the speech of modern citizens.CONCLUSION. The names of various children's and youth clubs serve as a certain attribute to attract the target audience. Basically, secondary educational institutions in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny are called by a certain number, but there are a number of specialized institutions that have a name in the Tatar language, indicating the essence of these schools. The city names of additional education institutions for school-aged children reflect Russian names, many of which remain from the Soviet past. Onimization is carried out using metaphorical components in order to expand the semantic structure of the word, its functionality, and the significance of ergonymic vocabulary in communication.

НАИМЕНОВАНИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ, ДОБЫВАЮЩИХ САМОЦВЕТЫ, В УРАЛЬСКИХ ГОВОРАХ

The article examines both historical and modern names for people involved in the mining of Ural gemstones. The material for this analysis was obtained from dialectal and historical dictionaries. Besides that, the material was collected in the Urals through interviews with informants in 2020–2023, as well as through studying regional internet forums devoted to the topic and written sources, including historical documents. The article shows that in the 18th–19th centuries there was no organized gemstone mining taking place under the guidance and control of the government, which led to the absence of an ordered terminology in this sphere. The author concludes that people who mine for gemstones are usually named through lexemes denoting the key concepts of their worldview: gora (‘mountain’) and kamen’ (‘stone’). The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the words that are actively functioning today: gorshchik, kamen’shchik, khitnik. The author researches how these words and their meanings evolved along with the history of the concepts they denote. After analyzing historical and contemporary texts and interviewing the informants, the author identified the following meanings of the words. Gorshchik — ‘a person who extracts gemstones from bedrock’; kamen’shchik — ‘a person who extracts and/or processes gemstones, collects them’; khitnik — 1. (obsolete) ‘a person who mines for gemstones without a license’ 2. ‘a person who mines for gemstones unofficially’. In addition, the article determines the sociolinguistic status of the words under discussion and views their word-formational and axiological aspects. Some of these lexemes are not recorded in dictionaries and introduced into the scholarly discourse for the first time.

Нерешени проблеми на съвременната природогеографска и селищна топонимия на България

Numerous examples of the modern names of settlements, mountains, peaks and rivers in Bulgaria are presented, which continue to bear foreign-language names from past periods of Bulgaria‘s history, as well as those related to the declared criminal communist regime in the country (1944-1989). Reasoned proposals have been made to replace some of these names with Bulgarian ones.

Historical Origins of Circular Dance Ohuokhai: Structure, Semantics, Symbolism

The relevance of studying is determined by the ongoing renaissance of the ohuohai dance in the cultural practice of modern Yakut people. The novelty of the research is seen in the proposal of a scientific version: circular dances following the course of the sun (from east to west) signified movement downward, while dances against the course of the sun (from west to east) signified movement upward. It is noted that the west and east reflected different worlds, and movements in a circle symbolized a journey along the fragile boundary between the two worlds. The work implements a comprehensive approach to the subject of study using historical-comparative, structural-semiotic, functional types of analysis, synthesis and generalization of folklore, ethnographic, linguistic, leading to a unified picture of the semantics of circular movements. The authors conclude that the modern name ‘ohuohai’ dance is an innovation of the Soviet period, absent in sources from the pre-revolutionary and early Soviet periods, in which the term ‘үҥкүү’, equally meaning the circling-dance of the shaman, is consistently mentioned. It is emphasized that the ohuohai round dance included ecstatic elements of shamanism, clearly similar to the shaman’s beliefs about transitions to other worlds.

Proposals for unification and use of the Ukrainian national nomenclature for native and exotic species of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ukraine. Part III: subfamilies Lepturinae and Necydalinae

The emerging and development of Ukrainian biological nomenclature has a long tradition that dates back more than a century and a half. The Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles is found in scientific publications, starting from the middle of the 19th century. For the most part, these are names collected from oral folk speech. The stage of scientific construction of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature began at the beginning of the 20th century. Further development and use of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature was artificially interrupted for political reasons in the middle of the 20th century. We examined in detail this historical dimension of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles from its origin, development, artificial interruption to the modern need for its restoration, and also proposed a methodology for the formation of the modern names. This is presented in the first part of our study. In the first and second parts, we also provided a detailed Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles for three subfamilies: Spondylidinae, Prionunae, and Cerambycinae. The other three subfamilies - Lepturinae, Necydalinae and Lamiinae are still not codified, and their Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature has not been developed. The current (third) part of our study is devoted to the unification and codification of the Ukrainian national vernacular nomenclature of the names of two subfamilies: Lepturinae and Necydalinae. Ukrainian vernacular names of taxa from these subfamilies are very few and scattered in a number of papers published over the last 160 years, starting from 1864. Such an unusual situation occurred despite the fact that these beetles are among the most common and recognizable in the fauna of Ukraine, numbering 79 species from 37 genera, 9 tribes and 2 subfamilies. Today, there is a critical lack of their vernacular names for use in scientific, technical, popular, educational and fiction literature. The main principles we used for the unification and codification of the longhorn beetles Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature: 1) only the binomial name of a specific taxon consisting of the name of the genus (noun) and the specific epithet (adjective) is suitable for use; 2) the names of taxa in the form of three- and four-nomen, transliterations from Latin, transfers from Russian and other languages, appositions, names with a hyphen are unsuitable for use; 3) priority is given to the oldest or most used Ukrainian names; 4) proposals for new names were made only if necessary. It was revealed that for the indicated subfamilies, only 24 taxa (19%) out of 127 have Ukrainian vernacular names. These include 17 species, 6 genera, 1 tribe. At the same time, only 3 binomens and 8 specific epithets have been considered suitable for use, since they correspond to the defined rules of nomenclature. The rest are unsuitable due to non-compliance with the criteria of the nomenclature. On the whole, we unified and codified 137 names of the longhorn beetles in the Ukrainian language, including 6 subspecies, 79 species, 1 subgenus, 39 genera, 9 tribes, 1 supertribe and 2 subfamilies. For the first time, we proposed Ukrainian names for 123 taxa of different ranks.

Տիգրանակերտ մայրաքաղաքի եւ Ամիդ քաղաքի նույնության մասին / On the Identity of the Capital of Tigranakert and the City of Amid

In issue 32 of the "Bulletin of Matenadaran", an article by Gor Yeranyan "The Armenian tradition of calling Amid Tigranakert" was published, in which the author, recognizing that the problem of localizing Tigranakert has not yet been resolved, nevertheless declares that the city of Amida cannot be Tigranakert, since so consider researchers "almost without exception", thereby ignoring published evidence to the contrary. And then he proceeds to clarify the cause, as he believes, of the “confusion”, as a result of which the Armenians began to believe that Amida is Tigranakert. However, in the realm of science, truth cannot be determined by vote. In this case, there are a number of facts that testify precisely to the identity of these cities. In particular, ancient evidence describing the features of the area where the Tigranakert battle took place – the direction of the Tigris River, the narrowness of the battlefield – point specifically to Amida. The message of Memnon is important, who, describing the attack of Lucullus on Armenia, writes about the city of Tigranakert, and, at the same time, also about another city, in which "Tigran keeps his concubines and many treasures." Meanwhile, the city where Tigran kept his concubines is the capital Tigranakert. Thus, Memnon simultaneously reports on two different Tigranakerts, which suggests that there may have been confusion, but it arose even in antiquity, among Greco-Roman authors who did not know about the existence of several cities of the same name. In addition, the very modern name of Amida – Diyarbekir, may be the result of a phonetically regular distortion in a foreign language environment of the name Tigranakert.

Food globalization in southern Central Asia: archaeobotany at Bukhara between antiquity and the Middle Ages

The Silk Road is a modern name for a globalization phenomenon that marked an extensive network of communication and exchange in the ancient world; by the turn of the second millennium AD, commercial trade linked Asia and supported the development of a string of large urban centers across Central Asia. One of the main arteries of the medieval trade routes followed the middle and lower Zarafshan River and was connected by mercantile cities, such as Samarkand and Bukhara. Bukhara developed into a flourishing urban center between the fourth and sixth centuries AD, served as the capital of the Samanid court between AD 893 and 999, and remained prosperous into the Qarakhanid period (AD 999–1220), until the Mongol invasion in AD 1220. We present the first archaeobotanical study from this ancient center of education, craft production, artistic development, and commerce. Radiocarbon dates and an archaeological chronology that has been developed for the site show that our samples cover a range between the third and eleventh centuries AD. These samples from Bukhara represent the richest systematically collected archaeobotanical assemblage thus far recovered in Central Asia. The assemblage includes spices and both annual and perennial crops, which allowed Sogdians and Samanids to feed large cities in river oases surrounded by desert and arid steppe and supported a far-reaching commercial market in the first millennium AD.

KARAKTERISTIK NAMA DIRI MASYARAKAT TANA AI KABUPATEN SIKKA BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF LINGUISTIK KEBUDAYAAN

For the Tana AI people in Sika Flores Regency, NTT, names are not just names, but names given by parents have philosophical and cultural meanings from each character of the name. Personal name in the form of Nickname or Substitute Name is used to avoid misuse of the original name; third, Personal Name with Clan Name; and Proper Name with Modern Name. From this understanding, this research is a type of qualitative descriptive research, while the theoretical basis for interpreting the characteristics of names is anthroponymy which is explained by (Ziolkowska, 2011) that one of the elements that can be used to identify people is character names. Based on the results of the analysis, there are three characters of names in the Tana Ai community, namely, (1) Names Connect the Past and the Future. For the Tana Ai people, names are not just accessories and signs for each individual to complete personal identity; the Tana Ai people consider the name a representation of the past; (2) The name is a sign, the Tana Ai people's name is related to their lineage, ancestry, hopes, virtues and so on; (3) As part of Creation, the Tana Ai people believe in a great power that is beyond human ability, a power that makes everything more harmonious and orderly, namely the power of creation. This research is a local wisdom in giving proper names to the Tana Ai people, it is hoped that the Tana Ai people can pass them on to generations because proper names are a form of respect for the person who owns the name, as well as a bond that connects the ancestors with all their descendants.

NAMES OF PLANTS AND THEIR HEALING EFFECTS IN MEDICINAE EX HOLERIBUS ET POMIS BY GARGILIUS MARTIALIS

Introduction. The present text is analyzing parts of the Latin treaty dedicated to the healing nature of plants. The text Medicinae ex Holeribus et Pomis by Gargillius Martialis is a compilation of names of plants and their effects on human body. We could try to identify a relation between the plant’s name and its use regarding the disease in relation with its qualities. The treaty occupies an important place in the medial ancient literature as it gives a picture for the knowledge of herbs and their classification as mediations. Purpose. The text aims to discuss some plants names used in the treaty for depicting their characteristics and qualities and how they could serve for healing a certain disease. Materials and methodology. The descriptive method is used in comparison with translation of the names in modern English. Citations from the original text are inserted in Latin to illustrate the what characteristics are typical for to each plant and what are the effects provoked in the body. Results. Latin names of plants refer to modern names that predominantly originate of Latin or Greek. The fact is that these plants are still popular and the relation of their medical use in the past and modern studies about them reveals the historical developments of classification and use. Conclusions. The text of Gargilius Martialis is witnessing some very important things about names of plants, theirs cultivation and use. Nevertheless, medial methods and treatments rely on experience and observation, we are likely to admit that a scientific approach is present, because this work is an analytical study of pharmaceutical properties.

(233–240) Proposals on orthography: Epithets honouring persons

(233–240) Proposals on orthography: Epithets honouring persons

«A Man Passionately Devoted to the Ukrainian Idea»: on the Question Regarding Biography of the Head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol, Viacheslav Laschenko (1875—1953)

The Ukrainian national movement of the beginning of the 20th century in Crimea is poorly researched, although at that time Ukrainians constituted the third largest ethnic community among the Crimean population. The article reconstructs main milestones in the biography of one of the leading figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet in 1917–1920, public and political activist, writer and poet Viacheslav Lashchenko (1875–1953). He was born in Yelysavethrad (the modern name of the city is Kropyvnytskyi) in the family of Ukrainian intellectuals. Already during his studies at higher educational institutions, V. Lashchenko took an active part in the Ukrainian national movement, in particular, he organized and headed the Ukrainian Student Community in Warsaw. After receiving a historical and philological education, he taught at schools of the Dnieper Ukraine, where the authorities considered him untrustworthy due to his pro-Ukrainian views and transferred him to new jobs several times. In Sevastopol, during the revolution of 1905–1907, V. Lashchenko combined teaching at the gymnasium with participation in the illegal Ukrainian patriotic circle «Kobzar», which soon he headed. During the revolution of 1917, this organization initiated the creation of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in the city of Sevastopol, which united several thousand Sevastopol civilians, sailors, officers and soldiers. The community played an important role in the development of the movement for the Ukrainianization of the Black Sea Fleet, most of whose sailors were Ukrainians. V. Lashchenko was elected the first head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol. In the summer of 1917, he became a member of the Sevastopol City Council on the list of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, and in the autumn, he probably headed the Ukrainian Council of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies in Sevastopol. During the frequent changes of power in Crimea in 1918–1919, little is known about his activities, and in 1920, during the Wrangel’s regime, V. Lashchenko joined the leadership of the Ukrainian National Democratic Bloc, which proclaimed loyalty to P. Wrangel, the idea of statehood of Ukraine as part of federal Russia and the creation of the Ukrainian army. After Crimea was seizured by the Bolsheviks, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he engaged in public, creative and, probably, teaching activities. During the Second World War, he emigrated to the USA, but, according to the researcher, he returned to Czechoslovakia, where he died.

Switching to the Ukrainian language as a factor of hystorical memory restoration (on the example of Volodymyr Rafieienko’s novel “Mondegreen”)

The article focuses on the language and artistic senses of the novel “Mondegreen. Songs about Deaths and Love” by Volodymyr Rafieienko. The author was born in Donetsk; by 2014, he used to write his books in the Russian language, had them published in Moscow publishing houses, and was honored with prestigious Russian literary awards. In 2014, after Donetsk got occupied by the Russian troops, Rafieienko moved to Kyiv and switched from Russian to Ukrainian as the main idiom of his creative self-expression. “Mondegreen” is the writer’s first novel that he wrote in Ukrainian; therefore, numerous language and psycholinguistic transformations, depicted in the book, are of great interest to both readers and linguists. The article analyzes the main features of the novel’s language, particularly the usage of synonymic lines, specifications, quotations, word games regarding the characters’ names and toponyms, etc. In the main protagonist’s memories, the landscape of his native Donbas remains nameless. It visibly contrasts with the depiction of Kyiv: there, all the places that the character visits have their modern names, including local districts, streets, shops, and cafes. It is a symbolic representation of the refugee’s small homeland — the territory alienated from the est of the state by enemies’ aggression and disappearing from the map of Ukraine. The novel’s main storyline relates to the new linguistic and historical experience that Habinsky (the author’s alterego) acquires thanks to the Ukrainian language. Therefore, this research sheds light on the dominant idea of the novel: it demonstrates the importance of the mother tongue in the restoration of the individual’s connection with their ancestors, especially in the context of the nation’s historical memory and Ukrainians’ tragic experience during the 20th century. Keywords: code-switching, word play, citation, linguistic memory, historical memory.

Luka Voronin’s Expedition Drawings in the Collection of Illustrations to Peter Simon Pallas’ Zoographia rosso-asiatica: Attribution and Descriptions

Twenty three drawings by Luka Voronin, artist to the J. I. Billings – G. A. Sarychev North-East Expedition (1785–1795), were discovered in the collection of illustrations for Academician P. S. Pallas’ Zoographia rosso-asiatica at the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive the Russian Academy of Sciences. For Pallas, this expedition became an important source of information about the Russian fauna. The expedition’s materials were used by him in the preparation of Zoographia rosso-asiatica, which is why some of Voronin’s expedition drawings that had been selected by Pallas were preserved in the collection of illustrations. In this article, the process of attribution of Voronin’s zoological drawings is described and the descriptions of all drawings are published for the first time. The descriptions are given in the order of illustrations in Zoographia rosso-asiatica and contain modern names of the illustrated species, the Latin names given by Pallas, the date, size, transcript and translation of the marks, and descriptions of other distinctive features of the sheets. Introducing Voronin’s zoological drawings sheds new light on the pages from the expedition’s history and broadens the source base for the history of natural science illustration in Russia. Studying these drawings may become an important part of the visual reconstruction of natural-science collections of the Petersburg Kunstkamera of the late 18th – early 19th century.

Accessing the Thiol Toolbox: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Studies on Fluoro-Thiol Conjugated Antimicrobial Peptides.

The para-fluoro-thiol reaction (PFTR) is a modern name for the much older concept of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which the para-position fluorine of a perfluorinated benzene moiety is substituted by a thiol. As a rapid and mild reaction, the PFTR is a useful technique for the post-synthetic modification of macromolecules like peptides on the solid phase. This reaction is of great potential since it allows for peptide chemists to access the vast catalogue of commercially available thiols with diverse structures to conjugate to peptides, which may impart favorable biological activity, particularly in antimicrobial sequences. This work covers the generation of a library of antimicrobial peptides by modifying a relatively inactive tetrapeptide with thiols of various structures using the PFTR to grant antimicrobial potency to the core sequence. In general, nucleophilic substitution of the peptide scaffold by hydrophobic thiols like cyclohexanethiol and octanethiol imparted the greatest antimicrobial activity over that of hydrophilic thiols bearing carboxylic acid or sugar moieties, which were ineffectual at improving the antimicrobial activity. The general trend here follows expected structure-activity relationship outcomes like that of changing the acyl group of lipopeptide antibiotics and is encouraging for the use of this reaction for structural modifications of antimicrobial sequences further.

Translinguality as an Explication of Appellative Character of Urban Names

Modern urban names are characterized by properties that allow them to be simultaneously attributed to a special type of mass communication, to episodes of external communication of an organization and acts of self-presentation. A necessary condition for promoting an organization is the formation of trust among the target audience, and strategies for building trust are verbalized through the name to great extend. Within the framework of a single cognitive space, the name of the organization serves as a kind of trigger that includes interest in the organization as a kind of manifestation of feedback: intellectual / mental (I need it), emotional (pleasant place), behavioral (contacting the organization), verbal (discussion).One of the ways to form the attractiveness of names that appeal to the target audience and create a positive image of the organization is to embody the principles of translinguism in urban names. The essence of using the principles of translingualism is the appeal to the entire communicative repertoire of the speaker, as a result of which languages and cultures smoothly flow into each other. When creating the names of urban objects, translatinguality is manifested in the successful use of various language codes. In some cases, the choice of the nominating subject in favor of a particular language in the name of the company is determined by the specifics of the organization’s activities. One of the purposes of using words of foreign origin in the names of organizations is to mimic an imported brand as the level of trust of the target audience in the goods of domestic producers is often lower than in foreign ones. Modern names show more and more varied types of translingual combinations. A common manifestation of translingualism in ergonymy is the contamination of codes, that is, the combination in the name of the organization of units of different languages. Since in a number of cases the intended perception of the meaning of names of this kind is based not only on an adequate understanding of its foreign language component, but also on acquaintance with the realities of another culture that underlie such discursive elements, it is possible to postulate the transcultural nature of a significant part of modern urban names.

Instrumentation and observations at the astronomical observatory in Hurbanovo in 1871–1918

The period of the last third of 19th century was beneficial to a boom of observatories run by amateur astronomers. One of them was built in Hurbanovo. It is well known that place names have changed throughout history; sometimes more than one was used at the same time, and it often depended on the language in which the historical documents were written. These peculiarities can easily confuse the modern reader. For the sake of clarity, we have decided to use modern official geographical names. Even in Anglophone historiographical literature, modern names are usually used in the first place instead of historical ones. All other historical forms of place names are mentioned in parentheses when they first appear (first in Hungarian, then in German). Several names or variations of those names may be discovered in historical records pertaining to Hurbanovo, e.g.: Stará Ďala (in Slovak), Ó-Gyalla, O Gyalla, Ógyalla, Ogyalla, Ó Gyalla, Ó Gyala, Ó-Gyala, Ó Gyála (in Hungarian), Altdala (in German). The town was named Hurbanovo in 1948. (Slovakia) in 1871 by a local nobleman Nicolaus de Konkoly. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part is focused on the development of instrumentation and domes of the observatory. The second one is focused on various kinds of astronomical and astrophysical observations performed by the observatory staff from the beginning of the observatory until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.

Die jüdische Namenswelt der Vormoderne im Spiegel christlicher Zeitgenossen (von Antonius Margaritha bis Oluf Gerhard Tychsen)

Abstract The article investigates how early modern Christian authors perceived the names of Jews and their naming customs. Based on a variety of printed sources, like ethnographic reports, language manuals, criminal investigations, and academic texts, the article does not only depict early modern Jewish names and rituals but sheds light on the Christian authors, their sources, and their changing perceptions. While theologists and converts in the 16th and 17th century focused primarily on naming customs, authors after 1700 became increasingly interested in contemporary names – their creation, their meanings, and their variations. Closely connected to the negative perception of the Yiddish language, Jewish names were seen as a source of potential fraud and the acquisition of knowledge on the matter as a necessary means of control.