Modern Muslim Societies Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AL-MAKKI AND AL-GHAZALI ON SPIRITUAL DIMENSION OF RAJA’ (HOPE) APPROACH IN TREATING DRUG ADDICTS

Drug abuse is a global alarming concern that affects the world community, including Malaysia with the significant numbers increasing day by days. Drugs were scientifically proven as a damaging substance to brain functionality, which controls social behaviour, reward systems, and human motivational systems. Drug dependency has impacted severely for individuals and society. However, drug addicts are constantly looking for drugs, knowing the fact that the substances are affecting them for a prolonged period. As a response, drugs have been banned in Islam considering their impact on humanity. Thus, several interventions were initiated as a preventative mechanism to address the issue properly. Several types of approaches have been carried including pharmacological, psychological, and psychodynamic treatments to overcome the problem of drug abuse. Therefore, this study seeks to find an alternative treatment for drug addiction based on the religiosity and spirituality approach of the Islamic dimension. This study also intends to evaluate the differences between Al-Makki's views regarding raja' as compared to al-Ghazali. This study is qualitative in nature and therefore, it depends much on in-depth textual analysis. The data was analytically studied from the relevant works of al-Ghazali and Abu Talib al-Makki and later were compared to develop the concept of raja' as suggested by Islam. The finding shows that both figures have extensively discussed the prevalent concept of raja’ as a salutary employment of hope of the soul. It is also suggested that al-Ghazali' ideas was highly influenced by al-Makki, however, he strategizes the concept in an extensive arrangement. Al-Makki emphasizes raja' or hope as the powerful desire of a human being upon requesting something from Allah. The fundamental elements of hope, especially inner meaning, and inner action, can be regarded as a spiritual model for a drug addict considering these spiritual insights are still applicable in modern Muslim society. Hope is believed to be spiritual motivating factors for them to stop the addiction with the help of medication and support from surrounding. This implies that spirituality dimension is a complimentary to a holistic treatment of most illness especially in dealing with addiction. Thus, is it suggested for a structured models to be made based on the concept of raja’ for future study.

Navigating Contemporary Ethical Challenges: Murtadha Muthahhari’s Philosophical Insights for Modern Muslims

This article explores the ethical framework proposed by Murtadha Muthahhari in addressing the moral dilemmas encountered by contemporary Muslims. Motivated by the multifaceted crisis affecting modern Muslim societies, this research seeks to apply Muthahhari’s philosophical insights to contemporary ethical issues. Central to this investigation is Muthahhari’s conceptualization of Ma'rifah Allah (Knowledge of God) and Worship as foundational elements in his ethical philosophy. The study utilizes primary sources, including Muthahhari’s seminal works such as Philosophy of Morals, Perfect Man, and Islamic Moral Philosophy, alongside secondary sources encompassing related scholarly literature. Employing a methodological approach that integrates literature review, inductive reasoning, critical analysis, and heuristic methods, the research elucidates how Muthahhari’s emphasis on aligning human actions with divine commands can lead to a transformative ethical paradigm. The findings suggest that Muthahhari’s philosophy provides a robust framework for resolving the ethical challenges faced by contemporary Muslims, underscoring the transformative potential of grounding ethical conduct in the pursuit of divine pleasure.

The Challenge of Integrating Science and Religion in Indonesia and Malaysia

This article discusses the implementation and problems of integration of science and religion in Madurese Islamic boarding schools and Islamic education institutions in Selangor, Malaysia. The development of a modern Muslim society requires Islamic education institutions to reform and actualize their syllabus. Using a phenomenological approach, the study data were collected through interviews, observations, and online materials. The main research samples are IISM School Gombak, Al Hamra Integrated School, Akademi Tahfiz Al-Hidayah in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Pondok Pesantren Al Amien Prenduan in Sumenep, Pondok Pesantren Annuqayah Sumenep, and Pondok Pesantren Darul Ulum Banyuanyar Pamekasan in Madura, Indonesia. It was found that the Islamic boarding schools in Madura implement adoptive-adaptive formal integration where some parts of the education subsystem are carried out separately, while the Islamic schools in Selangor follow a holistic approach. Both systems attempt to offer an inclusive syllabus; however, the integration of science in Madurese pesantren leans more towards constructive integration with concurrent traditionalist elements, while Islamic schools in Selangor have adopted a more modern and progressive syllabus.

Faktor-Faktor Abortus Provocatus dalam Perspektif Maqasid Syariah

Various kinds of problems that exist today, arise one classic problem to the surface of modern Muslim society which refers to controversy, namely the case of abortion (abortion). The abortion of Provocatus is mostly done by mothers caused by several factors, including medical factors, and rape factors so that it does not have a small impact on death on the mother. This study was conducted to research factors. abortion provocateurs in the perspective of Maqasid Sharia. This research method involves analyzing literature studies for article materials that have something to do with the issues raised and then analyzing using the approach of Sharia Maqasid principles. In this study, it was found that there are factors that cause its occurrence. Abortion provocateurs is like a medical factor, and rape factors are permissible on emergency grounds. This research is expected to contribute to the study of Islamic family law and this research provides insight for the parties involved in understanding the factors that cause abortion provocateurs such as medical factors, and rape factors are permissible.

The Paradoxes of Modern Islamic Discourses and Socio-Religious Transformation in the Digital Age

The introduction of the internet brought about many transformations in the political, social, cultural, and educational fields worldwide. This phenomenon of digital transformation introduced a myriad of positive, negative, and paradoxical impacts. This critical essay tackles some of the significant transformations and paradoxes which the introduction of the internet invited in modern Muslim societies, with a special focus on two specific domains. First, the realm of religious authority or obtaining authoritative religious knowledge in the age of the internet. Second, the realm of shifting gendered Islamic identities in the age of cyberspace. In exploring these complex and hybrid phenomena, special attention is paid to the tensions between the opposing forces of tradition and modernity, diversity and cohesion, hegemony and resistance, and globalization and localization in cyberspace, and their numerous and far-reaching effects.

Muta Marriage in Islam: Understanding the Practice, Controversies, and Significance

Marriage is a social contract between husband and wife for their future life with responsibilities, right and duties. Islam does not rule out the dissolution of marriage as a last resort for estranged couples. A Muta marriage only lasts for a specified period of time. This article examines the legitimacy of Muta marriage, a popular practice among Shia Muslims, practice, controversies and significance. It discusses the legality of children, inheritance, and divorce, as well as the link between prostitution and Muta marriage. Muta marriage is practiced to avoid persecution and find pleasure, particularly for males, while making women’s lives miserable and shameful. The research is based on a qualitative study, focusing on the general situation of Muta marriage, with in-depth interviews and library research method. The study focuses on the historical analysis of the Muta marriage system, with anonymous respondents referred to as Res.1 through Res.3. on the demand of respondents. Other aspects of the subject topic are not addressed in the research. This article aims to shed light on Muta marriage by exploring its historical context, purpose, controversies, and its place in modern Muslim societies.

Metode Talfik Di Sudan Sebagai Wujud Perkembangan Hukum Keluarga Islam

The reform of Islamic family law should involve a process of consultation, dialogue, and participation involving scholars, Islamic jurists, religious leaders, and the Muslim community at large. The aim is to strike a balance between maintaining the tenets of the Islamic religion and meeting the needs and aspirations of modern Muslim societies. In this study, the highlight is the renewal of Islamic family law in Sudan. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach and is a type of library research. Library research method, also known as literature research or literature research, is a research approach that involves the use of library and library resources as the main source of information. This method relies on the analysis of previously published relevant literature, such as books, journals, articles, reports, and other documents. The birth of legal products in Sudan, full of dynamics and colors. Starting from the formalistic Islamization of law carried out by Numeiri, until the end, Sudan is now divided into two states. In the context of Islamic family law in Sudan and Indonesia, there are prominent and almost identical differences. A very prominent difference is seen in terms of legislation. In Sudan, all forms of statutory decisions are given full rights to Judges. In Sudan, judges are acquitted of their legal rulings. Sudan's talfic method of formalizing the law became commonplace and not foreign or taboo.

Feminist Criticism of Traditional Understanding of Women's Roles in Islam

This study comprehensively reveals the intellectual and social dynamics of the significant impact of patriarchal norms embedded in tradition on the limited understanding of gender roles in the Islamic context. By integrating the approaches of literature study and analysis comprehensively, this study offers a strong theoretical foundation for understanding the evolution of views on the role of women in Islam. The study's results highlight the important role of feminist criticism in dismantling the social construction of gender roles in Islam. Patriarchal norms that limit the role of women in Muslim society are not an essential part of the teachings of Islam but the result of interpretation by men in power. It also gave rise to debates about ambiguous interpretations of religious texts, opening up opportunities for interpretations in favor of gender equality and women's rights. Moreover, feminist criticism is not a threat but a constructive attempt to revive equality in Islam and promote an inclusive and progressive understanding of the role of women in modern Muslim society.

Capitalist modernity and gendered subalternity in contemporary Muslim fiction: Saudi Women in Raja Alem’s Fatma: A Novel of Arabia (2002)

ABSTRACT Contemporary Muslim women’s writing can help to shed light on how the ostensibly incommensurate relationship between the conditions of women’s lives and gendered forms of social reproduction in modern Muslim societies are intimately connected with the uneven development of capitalist modernity, especially in oil-rich states such as Saudi Arabia. This paper traces the ways in which gendered forms of social reproduction and patriarchal oppression are mediated but also contested in the form of a text from modern Saudi Arabia: Raja Alem’s Fatma A Novel of Arabia. It considers how this novel combines elements of magic, fantasy, and realism to foreground how the oppression of Muslim women and their relegation to a position of gendered subalternity is a crucial determinant in the combined and uneven development of petro-capitalist modernity in the modern Muslim world. By drawing on Sufism in a modern narrative of so-called magical realism, the novel, I argue, contests gender roles in contemporary capitalist modernity by offering a view that stems from the Islamic tradition but does not align with patriarchy and capitalist ideology; on the other hand, it registers the coexistence of the religious and the magical within the modern world.

RELIGIOUS WOMEN MENTORS: THE MOROCCO VERSION

Since 2005, the Moroccan authorities have decided to reform the country’s mosques’ religious policy and leadership structure. To this end, several strategies have been initiated. One of them was the creation of training programs for imams, male mentors, and female mentors of the new generation for active work among the population, in particular, to curb the radicalization of youth, especially in rural areas. These programs were short-term but quite effective for this purpose, and their specific feature was the involvement of women in the role of mentors. Most importantly, these are well-educated young women whose intellectual level allowed them to carry out creative preaching work in modern conditions. These programs were attached to the Mohammed VI Institute, and the contingent of students quickly became international, so imams and mentors were trained for several foreign, mainly African states. This practice allowed, on the one hand, to remove social-religious tension within the country and, on the other hand, to significantly increase the authority of the Kingdom of Morocco as an international religious educational center. The purpose of this article is to analyze the implementation of the religious policy of Morocco in recent years in the field of using the «female factor» to solve the social problems of modern Muslim society.

Perilaku Konsumen Islam Modern Perspektif Konsumsi dalam Islam

This study aims to determine the concept of consumption in the view of Al-Ghazali and Muhammad Abdul Mannan on its relevance to the consumption behavior of modern Muslim society. This type of research is library research using a quantitative approach method based on secondary in the form of books and related scientific journals in accordance with the theme of this research and primary data in the form of books from Al-Ghazali and Abdul Mannan. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that according to Al-Ghazali and Abdul Mannan Islamic provisions regarding consumption are controlled by five principles, namely justice, cleanliness principles, simplicity principles, generosity principles, and moral principles and there is a relevance between Al-Ghazali and Abdul Mannan's consumption concepts with The consumption pattern of modern Muslim society in Indonesia today is due to the awareness of modern Muslim society about the cleanliness of food consumption and simplicity in consumption. Modern Muslim society is more careful in terms of consumption health and avoids wasteful behavior in consuming things that are not really needed or are not primary needs

معاصر اسلامى معاشروں كو درپىش فكرى تحدىات

Modern Muslim Societies are facing many contemporary challenges since one Hundred Years; it is because of regime Western civilization. Muslims are facing Political, Economical, Social & civilization Problems. We can get prestige by inviting non-Muslims to Islām. Knowledge is a Power that can Defeat other civilizations. We should try to combine for this purpose. Scholars of Relīgion & Politics should be on one stage. All propaganda of the orientalists must be rejected. They should not be allowed to disturb Muslims Countries. Muslim should live peacefully, like a family. Muslims should ignore Sectarianism in religion. It is Very Dangerous for Nations. Allah Says in Qur’ān: All Should Catch Rope of Allah Strongly & Should Not Be Divided. Holy Prophet Says: “Believers are like a Building, They Make Strong to one another. Most of Muslim countries are combined geographically but they are not United physically they Believe in One Allah, One Rasool & one Kaaba, inspire of this are divided in different ways. They should Follow Holly Prophet (PBUH) in all their life. In this way, their all problems will be solved.

Spirituality in the Context of Tablighi Jamaat and its Implication on Muslim Society: The Sufi Perspective

This study aims to discuss the process of self-purification in the Tablighi Jamaat and an attempt to shed light on how this Sufi ideological movement has increasingly gained popularity worldwide. Tablighi Jamaat is known as the institutional da'wah activities introduced by Maulana Ilyas, considering the demands of the modern Muslim mind and society. Tablighi Jamaat's primary purposes are to spread the message of Islam among the people and self-purification through religious practice. At the same time, this movement works for the spiritual restructuring of Islam at the grass-root level of society. The people of this Jamaat have been urging Muslims worldwide to focus on the core religious practices in pursuit of self-development and socio-Islamic reform. On the other hand, their lack of interest in traditional politics also accelerates people's religious fervour; this is considered another big reason for their popularity. In recent times, the activities of Tablighi Jamaat have expanded considerably in the Indian subcontinent and beyond. Through the efforts of the Tablighi people, a great awakening has taken place among the Muslim masses. Moreover, the people's interest in embodying Islam through practice and da'wah has increased anew. However, this paper considers analytical and qualitative research based on secondary data to give a detailed account of how Tablighi Jamaat's spiritual movement has received greater acceptance in Muslim society.

Najmuddīn Al-Tūfī's Thoughts on The Dynamics of Inheritance Law 2:1 Perspective of Maṣlaḥah

Islamic hereditary law in the reality of human life demands legal dynamism to vouch for the flexibility and adaptability of genetic law following the characteristics of modern Muslim societies. This article elaborates on the dynamics of the 2: 1 inheritance law between heirs, male and women, from the perspective of the maṣlaḥah of Najmuddīn al-Ṭūfī. To analyze the conception of inheritance 2:1 division, this study attempts to dissect it with the theory of maṣlaḥah Najmuddīn al-Ṭūfī. The studies and analysis have been discovered, resulting in the conclusion that the dynamics of the 2: 1 hereditary law has been subject to embodying the benefits properly. In the view of Najmuddīn al-Ṭūfī, the help is the goal of sharia, even the highest argument if it is contradicted between text and maṣlaḥah. This view, when applied to the verse of the Holy Qur'an, An Nisa (4): 11, will open up opportunities for responsive reinterpretation. Based on this concept, it is understood that deviating from the law of text in the distribution of inheritance is permissible to create benefits for the heirs and avoid disputes.

Gary R. Bunt, Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming Religious Authority

Reviewed by: Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming Religious Authority by Gary R. Bunt Sahar Khamis Gary R. Bunt, Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming Religious Authority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018) The question of religious authority in Islam, commonly referred to as “who speaks for Islam,” has been receiving more attention and added visibility in recent years due to a variety of factors, including the fact that more diasporic Muslim communities are intermingling with the fabric of new societies and, thus, contributing to accelerating processes of cross-cultural inoculation and cross-intellectual fertilization. Additionally, there is the fast growing, and swiftly expanding, new realm of digitalization of religion in the age of cyberspace, which opens the door for new voices to be heard in the field of ijtihad (re-interpretation of Islamic religious scriptures). This means inviting a plethora of new views and readings of Islamic religious texts, some of which are coming from outside traditional religious establishments,1 which opens the floodgates for an amalgamation of both positive effects and negative consequences as indicated in some of the scholarly publications on this topic.2 [End Page 113] Gary R. Bunt is one of the pioneers in the field of digital Islam and has been writing extensively over the last two decades about how interactions in cyberspace have been reshaping and redefining modern Muslim societies.3 In his book, which consists of six chapters, Bunt takes us on an insightful exploration into this ever-changing realm of Islamic interactions in cyberspace with a special focus on how and why such interactions have been reshaping religious authority in the Muslim world. He unpacks the far-reaching implications and new dynamics of this phenomenon, arguing that “digital content has become a key part of expressions of contemporary Islam in many contexts, in terms of the ways in which faith, command, and control are manifest across complex systems of Muslim beliefs” (1). He pays special attention to the myriad ways cyber-Islamic environments (CIEs), a term which he coined, “has resulted in some cases in a reconfiguration of understandings of models of religious authority and the dissemination of Islamic knowledge” (4). Bunt delves deep into this evolving phenomenon, with all its hybridity, nuances, complexities, and even its paradoxes, contradictions, and contrasts, as it manifests itself across different spatial and temporal contexts. He attends particularly to the rich and vibrant period between 2009 and 2017, which witnessed a number of significant events, including the eruption of the Arab Spring movements in the Arab region in 2011; the escalation of tensions in several conflict zones, such as Palestine, Iraq, and Syria; the displacement of Syrian and Iraqi refugees; and the increased visibility and heightened impact of extremist and radicalized groups, such as Al Qaeda and ISIS, to mention only a few. Bunt skillfully explains how these geopolitical shifts are accompanied, and sometimes even fueled, by parallel transitions in the realm of religious authority in the Muslim world, thanks to the increased digitalization of Islam and the prevalence of CIEs. He argues that one of the ways this phenomenon manifests itself is through the crossovers between the realms of formal and informal—as well as traditional and modern—forms of religious authority, which, in turn, open the door for a plethora of multifaceted and multilayered tensions, struggles, and push-and-pull mechanisms. In tackling these crossovers, he steers away from painting one universal image with a broad brush. He differentiates across countries ranging from Pakistan and Iran to Syria and Indonesia, as well as across generations ranging from the older and more orthodox traditional scholars to the younger, more [End Page 114] liberal, and more technologically-savvy newcomers to the field of fatwa (Islamic religious advice) online. In avoiding the temptation to generalize using a “one size fits all” description of modern Muslim societies, both online and offline, he also explores the overlaps and divergences between Sunni and Shi’a Islam, in addition to the “crossovers between religious and political discourses” (74). He explains how these “religio-political discourses” are both a cause and a consequence of a cacophony of different voices and discourses in cyberspace. In discussing...

The Role of Information Technology on the Muslim Community in the Era of Globalization and Digitalizatio

In the era of globalization and standardization, Information Technology (IT) brought many changes in people’s lives, it also influenced people's behaviour, communication, and lifestyle. The ability of IT in the business and community is to sustain in an increasingly competitive and global environment which largely influenced their capacity to access information as a resource and usage of advanced technologies. This paper analyzing the impact of IT on the Muslim community in the era of Globalization and Islamization. Several types of research have been done on IT and Islam, IT and behavioural and so on, while this paper specifically focusing on the Muslim community in the era of Globalization and Islamization. Information technology has undoubtedly become the central drive for the evolution of a modern Muslim society globally. The Muslim world or society, like the rest of the ‘world’, participates in the evolution, as well as the usage of using IT to obtain Islamic materials. Such materials include among others the translation of the Qur’an, Tajweed, Hadith, and Tafseer, which are available in word, audio, and video forms through digital content or via interactive chat rooms and forums. This paper focuses on Islamic literature globally accessible and assumes a vital role in spreading Islam all over the world. The paper recommends initiatives policy by government and NGO to promote IT technologies among Muslims around the world for a viable impact on society

‘Peaceful civil jihad’ – Saudi Arabia’s Islamic civil rights movement and its concept of jihad

In the 2000s CE, Saudi Arabia saw the emergence of the civil rights group HASM (or ACPRA), whose members engaged in civil society activism for basic rights and argued that their activism could be described as peaceful, civil jihad. In their books, declarations and lectures, HASM’s members presented a complex Islamic theory of civil society activism and explained why they considered what they were doing legitimate. Their theory above all rested on the idea that civil society activism was a form of jihad and superior of other forms, like military jihad. This paper focusses on HASM’s concept of peaceful, civil jihad. It is a complex concept, which is based on the ideas of some twentieth and twenty-first century Islamic scholars, but nevertheless constitutes a new interpretation of the term jihad. HASM’s idea that civil society activism is peaceful, civil jihad is not only relevant in the Saudi context. Rather, it is a significant contribution to the ongoing debate about the meaning of jihad in modern Muslim societies.

Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the veil: Male-female dynamics in modern Muslim society

In Beyond the veil: Male–female dynamics in modern Muslim society, Mernissi explores the impact of modernization on the social order in Morocco in the early 1970s, which was traditionally built on segregation and patriarchal understandings of Shariah law. Divided into two parts, the book begins with the traditional Muslim view of women and the social order through an analysis of the Qur’an and hadiths. Using Imam Ghazali’s concept of sexuality, Mernissi illustrates how this concept, and our understanding of it, resulted in inequalities between the sexes, as well as the belief that the social order is dependent upon women as a consequence of their active female sexuality. Social order is described as being “secured when the woman limits herself to her husband and does not create fit, or chaos, by enticing other men to illicit intercourse” (Mernissi, 1987, p.39).

APOSTASY: IS IT HUMAN RIGHTS OR/AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION?

This study investigates the issue of apostasy or riddahor as a human right to freedom of religion or belief, especially among the Muslims. The purpose is to examine the question of whether apostasy should be recognized by modern Muslim states and societies as a human right that must be guaranteed for their citizens. Or, should it strictly be denied, thus freedom of religion or belief should not be extended to apostasy for Muslims and Muslim converts? The method used to complete the study is historical research and content analysis. This study showed that the call for recognition of apostasy as a human right is indeed influenced by the West which extremely enjoys freedom of belief or religion. As for Islam, apostasy is indeed contradictory with its teachings. This article is meaningful as it highlights the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights (UIDHR) which speaks on religious freedom with limitations. UIDHR invariably attempts to match the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) that recognizes the right to believe in whatever men want or to change their religion as they wish, at any time.

الإنفتاح الثقافي وضوابطه في الفکر الإسلامي المعاصر

يتناول هذا البحث الإنفتاح الثقافي وضوابطه في الفکر التربوي الإسلامي،إذ لا بد للمالداعية أن يتربى على عليها ويعيها ويفقهها جيدا قبل ان يسلک طريق الدعوة، ليکون لدية الصبرفيما يواجهه من صعاب.ومن واجب الداعية الى الله ان يعرف ما له وما عليه تجاه الثقافات الأخرى حتى لا يکثر من التخبط والتردي والنکوص على الأعقاب. ويهدف البحث الى التعرف على الإنفتاح الثقافي وضوابطهوواجب النصح وحماية المجتمع من الفوضى الفکرية والأخلاقيةوحفظ الأمن الشامل وإرساء المسؤولية الجماعية، المتمثلة في التسامح الذي يجتاجه المجتمع المسلم المعاصر تماشيا مع ما ورد في الکتاب والسنة. وعليه سيتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي والتاريخي...ثم التحليلي، للتوصل إلى النتائج والتوصيات التي تفيد في هذا البحث. وقد توصل الباحث الى أن الإحتساب واجب، وعلى الدعاة معرفة ذلک حتى يعينهم على القيام بالدعوة. وبناء على ما سبق فقد احتوى البحث على ثلاثة مباحث وکل مبحث يحتوي على ثلاثة مطالب، ثم الخاتمة والنتائج والتوصيات، وقائمة المصادر والمرجع. Abstract: This research deals with the cultural openness and its controls in the Islamic educational thought. It is imperative that the da'eefah should be educated on it and know it well before he takes the path of da'wah, so that he will have patience in the difficulties he faces. It is the duty of God to know what he has and what he has to other cultures, so as not to be too much of confusion and degradation and fall on the heels. The aim of the research is to identify the cultural openness and its controls, the duty to advise and protect the society from the intellectual and moral chaos, the preservation of comprehensive security and the establishment of collective responsibility, which is the tolerance required by modern Muslim society in line with what is stated in the Qur'aan and Sunnah. Therefore, the researcher will follow the descriptive, analytical, historical andanalytical methods to reach the conclusions and recommendations that are useful in this research The researcher concluded that the calculation is a duty, and the preachers must know this to help them to do the call. Correspondingly, the research contained three questions, each subject containing three claims, the conclusion, concluding and recommendations, and the list of sources and reference. Keywords: openness, cultural, controls, Islamic, contemporary thought.