Modern Micro Research Articles

The Application of Business Partnerships in The Modern Retail Market in Helping the Continuity of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises After the Pandemic Covid-19 in Sibolga City

The Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in 2022-2022 has had a huge effect on various sectors of human life. The economic sector is one of the sectors that are very largely affected. In the last 2022 study, researchers have conducted research on the business model of partnership relationships between modern retail businesses and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Medan City. The goal is to find a form of mutually beneficial partnership between modern retail businesses and MSME players in an effort to maintain MSME business continuity. The result obtained is the need for ease of partnership requirements, flexible payment systems, and fulfillment of goods supply standards. This PTPI theme research pilots the application of the partnership model between MSMEs and retail businesses after the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of previous research conducted in Medan City to Sibolga City. After the implementation, an evaluation was carried out through the questionnaire method and also interviews with MSMEs and modern retail businesses in Sibolga City. The questionnaire is used to measure the level of satisfaction, using the Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT) model. The results of the questionnaire and interviews were discussed in the Forum Group Discussion (FGD) to see the suitability of the partnership relationship model between MSMEs and modern retail businesses in Sibolga City which was the result of previous research in Medan City. The results of the research and FGD show that the MSME partnership relationship that applies in Medan City is also suitable to be applied in Sibolga City.

Ecological Comfort of Green Spaces for Urban Parking

The article presents an overview of numerical solutions of computational fluid dynamics in the field of urban planning. The study is devoted to new solutions to maintain a comfortable microclimate in urban spaces in hot climates. Such territories require comprehensive urban planning and scientifically based environmental assessment. Numerical modelling in the Ansys Fluent software package is considered using the example of the influence of turbulence models on airflow parameters near a building site with and without green spaces. The article analyses the temperature and aeration conditions of the adjacent car park in three options: open (without landscaping); fenced with bushes; fenced with bushes with a canopy made of lightweight construction, without internal partitions, on the territory of an existing residential development, consisting of a group of 16-storey buildings in the new modern multi-storey micro district Karasuv in Samarkand (Republic of Uzbekistan). The performed CFD analysis provided an opportunity to determine the most effective localization of green spaces due to the consideration of their different combinations. The use of the CFD method when solving a problem makes it possible to optimize the period of pre-design analysis. The resulting numerical model of a house parking lot can be used to assess the impact of wind conditions and temperature regulation using a system of green spaces that provide stable and balanced heat input to the environment.

Virtual Inertia Control in Autonomous Microgrids via a Cascaded Controller for Battery Energy Storage Optimized by Firefly Algorithm and a Comparison Study with GA, PSO, ABC, and GWO

Modern (micro) grids host inverter-based generation units for utilizing renewable and sustainable energy resources. Due to the lack of physical inertia and, thus, the low inertia level of inverter-interfaced energy resources, the frequency dynamic is adversely affected, which critically impacts the stability of autonomous microgrids. The idea of virtual inertia control (VIC), assisted by battery energy storage systems (BESSs), has been presented to improve the frequency dynamic in islanded microgrids. This study presents the PD-FOPID cascaded controller for the BESS, a unique method for enhancing the performance of VIC in islanded microgrids. Using the firefly algorithm (FA), the settings of this controller are optimally tuned. This approach is robust to disruptions due to uncertainties in islanded microgrids. In several scenarios, the performance of the suggested approach is compared with those of other control techniques, such as VIC based on an MPC controller, VIC based on a robust H-infinite controller, adaptive VIC, and VIC based on an optimized PI controller. The simulation results in MATLAB show that the suggested methodology in the area of VIC is better than previous methods.

Use of a high-efficiency bimetallic recuperator of micro gas turbine units with the power of under 100 kW

BACKGROUND: Modern micro gas turbine units (MGTUs) with the power of dozen of kilowatts are single-shaft and recuperative. Being in the position where improvement of new MGTU cycles is being studied, it is necessary to choose optimal parameters of the MGTU cycle according to the scheme with regeneration when developing such simple units with the aim of ensuring small size and efficiency. Nevertheless, there are several practical restrictions for the development of recuperators, related to the issue of complicated designs together with pressure losses increase caused by regeneration degree increase and to the restriction of materials quality. AIMS: Study of influence of a recuperator on efficiency of the MGTU, as it is essential for the development of MGTUs. METHODS: As a part of the study, the overall assessment of the influence of recuperators on parameters of an ordinary Brayton cycle with recuperation is presented in the article. The influence of main parameters, including degree of pressure increase in a compressor, inlet gas temperature and regeneration degree, on MGTU efficiency is considered in depth in the article. RESULTS: According to the study results, it is revealed that the use of the regeneration degree of over 0,9 with low coefficient of pressure losses in recuperators for the development of modern recuperative MGTUs leads to the unit effective efficiency not exceeding 3840% because of certain restrictions of gas temperature at the MGTU turbine inlet caused by difficulties with cooling and ensuring small size and efficiency of the unit. CONCLUSIONS: Use of new heatproof materials is to become an important part of improvement of MGTU in future, therefore it is necessary to study new technical solution when using prospective materials of recuperators for choosing optimal parameters of the MGTU cycle with regeneration. In addition, the option of using bimetallic recuperators is considered.

Education and assistance in hydroponic plant cultivation for strengthening the self-reliant economy

Assistance with a hydroponic cultivation theme towards strengthening the self-reliant economy of Sukoreno Village is a manifestation of awareness in contributing to the development of a more modern agricultural system and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) within the community. The partners for this activity are 10 members of the Sukoreno Village Youth Organization ("karang taruna"). The implementation method consists of three stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. During the planning stage, the situation and potential of the Sukoreno Village community are analyzed. In the implementation phase, seminars are conducted to provide information and invite the local youth organization and village government officials to practice farming using hydroponic systems, which are more space-saving, environmentally friendly, and practical to maintain. This aims to raise awareness among the community that farmers do not always have to rely on large plots of land. Evaluation involves regular checks on the hydroponic growing media in the village's greenhouse. Based on the monitoring and assistance activities conducted by our group members, the cultivated plants have thrived and become assets for the village's youth organization. Furthermore, some residents have shown interest in practicing hydroponics in their own homes. This activity can be further expanded on a larger scale within the Sukoreno Village area.

The study of the dependence of biological products and the yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) variety ‘Ratnik’ in arid conditions of the Volgograd region, Russia

Within two years, based on theoretical data and research by other scientists in the arid conditions of the Volgograd region, an experiment was laid on the basis of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Kamyshinsky district in the village of Gosselek station on the influence of modern micro fertilizers on spring barley. Our goal was to obtain data on practical application, as well as to analyze and identify the dependence of various yield coefficients and preparations on climatic conditions characteristic of the region. The object was spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and modern biological products. When conducting research in 2020-21, climatic conditions and adaptive properties of spring barley in the arid zone were taken into account. Observations were carried out according to the methodology of Dospekhov and the state variety testing. After harvesting, a structural analysis of the components of plant productivity was carried out (the number of productive stems per plant, the number of productive spikelets in the ear, the number of grains in the main ear, the number of grains in the spikelet, the number of grains from the plant and the mass of grain from the main ear, the mass of grain from the plant and the mass of 1000 grains). Processing and analysis of mathematical data were carried out in the Excel program. The significance of the difference between the analyzed indicators (NSR05) was determined with a reliable probability of 95%, the arithmetic mean (M) and standard deviation were calculated (±SD). The coefficient of paired correlation (r) between the indicators of the crop structure was calculated with a reliable probability of 95%. The significance level P less than 0.05 was taken as reliable. Data analysis showed that the best indicators of the structure of the spring barley crop were obtained on variant B3. On the basis of the data obtained, regression models were constructed that revealed the relationship between yield factors. Based on the processed data for 2020-21, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the yield of spring barley and the signs. The yield of spring barley can be influenced not only by the introduction of various drugs that stimulate the development of plants, but also by the soil and climatic conditions of the region.

Thermionic coating method with preliminary bombardment of the substrate surface with a stream of low energy ions

Relevance. Vacuum-plasma methods of applying functional coatings are widely used to increase the reliability and durability of machine and mechanism parts, cutting tools, and technological equipment, as well as in modern micro- and nanoelectronics for applying conductive and dielectric layers of various thicknesses. The study presents a method of thermionic coating that combines in one technological cycle the processes of surface cleaning by a stream of low-energy ions and plasma electron beam evaporation of a substance under conditions of thermionic plasma formation. Aim. The research aims to determine the possibility of using the presented methodology to create and process functional coatings without radiation damage to the substrate surface. Methodology. The experimental studies were carried out in a plasma electron beam system with a primary plasma source based on an arc discharge with a filament cathode. The samples were diagnosed using a scanning electron microscope. Results. The ion current density from the primary plasma was investigated to determine the efficiency of the surface cleaning mechanism by ion bombardment. The dependences of the ionic current density on the initial parameters of the experiment were determined. The results of the treatment of the (TiZr/TiSi) N sample surface with a plasma ion stream are presented. The obtained scanning electron microscope images showed that such treatment leads to the cleaning of the surface layer from various contaminants without damage and creates a substrate for further thermionic deposition of a coating with a high degree of adhesion. The mechanism of thermionic deposition of a titanium monolayer on a stainless-steel substrate previously cleaned by ion bombardment was studied. The revealed order of magnitude higher values of the ionic current to the substrate during the formation of thermionic plasma indicate a significant increase in the rate of the deposition process and contribute to the formation of a high-quality ion-plasma coating. Conclusions. The scanning electron microscope images of the sample surface showed that the titanium coating during thermionic deposition was uniformly distributed over the substrate surface, without any droplet phase, which indicates the suitability of this technique for applying functional coatings without radiation damage to the substrate surface

Effect of the Annealing Conditions on the Strain Responses of Lead-Free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaZrO3 Ferroelectric Thin Films

Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)–based thin films have attracted large attention for the production of modern precise micro–devices due to their outstanding strain responses. However, obtaining good electrical properties and low leakage current in BNT-based thin films is still a great challenge. In this work, 0.945(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.055BaZrO3 (BNT–5.5BZ) thin films were deposited by the chemical solution deposition (CSD) method and annealed under two different conditions. This work describes a careful research study on the influence of the annealing conditions on the crystalline structure, morphology, and electrical performance of the BNT–5.5BZ thin films. The films exhibited a dense structure and excellent electrical properties following an optimized thermal treatment process. An ultra–high strain response of 1.5% with a low dielectric loss of ~0.03 was obtained in the BNT–5.5BZ thin films after post-annealing in an O2 atmosphere. The results of this work show that the enhanced strain response was mainly due to a reversible field-induced phase transition between the ferroelectric phase and the relaxation state. The post-annealing treatment is an effective method to optimize the electrical properties of BNT–based films, providing many opportunities for the application of ferroelectric devices.

Fabrication of Spindt-Type Nanometer-Sized Chromium Tips for Application as Field-Electron Emitters by Releasing the Stress of the Deposited Thin Film

Metal cone-shaped nanotip field-electron emitters which are fabricated by directional thin-film deposition (so-called Spindt-type tips) have shown promising potential for application in modern vacuum micro-/nanoelectronics. Although the fabrication processes of Spindt-type tips have been well established, the in situ release of the initial stress in the deposited metal thin film is still an open issue. Herein, an in situ stress-release process was developed to fabricate chromium (Cr) tip arrays. Patterned photoresist microcavities with surrounding trenches were designed. The microcavities were used as templates for forming the metal tips. Trenches were employed for the in situ internal stress release of the Cr film on the top of the resist. The trenches not only separated the deposited Cr film into small-sized slices (square film on the photoresist) for decreasing the deformation but also provided sufficient space for possible deformation. High-aspect-ratio (∼2) tips were achieved by plasma etching the Si substrate using the Cr tip as the mask, forming a Cr tip on a Si pillar. The Cr tips maintaining a good tip shape demonstrated that the Cr nanotips possessed good etch resistance to the SF6/O2 plasma. The gated Cr-tip array was fabricated following a self-aligned microfabrication procedure. The fabrication process was compatible with the semiconductor manufacturing technology. The gated devices showed an emission current of 33 μA at a gate voltage of 137 V. This work provides a well-developed in situ stress-releasing fabrication process to obtain Spindt-type Cr-tip field-electron emitters, which has potential for application in ionization vacuum gauges and neutralizers for propulsion.

Tailoring Exchange-Dominated Synthetic Layered Antiferromagnets: From Collective Magnetic Reversal to Exchange Bias.

Not only since the progressive reduction of structure sizes in modern micro- and nanotechnology, surface and interface effects have played an ever-increasing role and nowadays often dominate the behavior of entire systems. Therefore, understanding the nature of surface and interface effects and being able to fully control them is of fundamental importance, in particular in modern thin-film technology. In this study, it is revealed how Co/Pt multilayer-based synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs)with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the regime of dominating antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange can be employed to control the collective magnetic reversal via systematically altering surface and interface effects. The specifically designed samples and experiments highlight the superior tunability of synthetic systems as compared to their intrinsic stoichiometric counterparts, where the antiferromagnetism is directly tied to the indivisible discrete atomic nature and crystal structure of the materials. Thus, it is demonstrated that in SAFs, it becomes possible to energetically heal the broken magnetic symmetry at the surface, thereby enabling either on demand suppression or controlled enhancement of respective surface and interface effects, as demonstrated here in this study for the surface spin-flop and the exchange biaseffect.

Analysis of couple stress nanofluid flow under convective condition in the temperature‐dependent fluid properties and Lorentz forces

AbstractIn recent years, a great deal of interest has been generated in modern micro‐ and nanotechnologies for micro/nano‐electronic devices. These technologies are increasingly utilizing sophisticated fluid media to enhance performance. Among the new trends is the simultaneous adoption of nanofluids and biological micro‐organisms. Motivated by bio‐nanofluid vertical channel oxygenators in medical engineering, in the current work, a mathematical model is developed to examine the flow of mixed convective couple‐stress nanofluids in a vertical channel with a transverse magnetic field, fluid viscosity that changes with temperature, and thermal conductivity. The non‐Newtonian model follows Brownian motion and heat spread by nanoparticles in a fluid under coupled stress. Highly linked, nonlinear regulating equations are translated into nondimensional equations using relevant variables. The governing equations are then turned into a form with no dimensions. The Keller‐box technique, a second‐order finite difference method for solving second‐order equations, is used to solve them numerically. On the other hand, the effects of different non‐Newtonian flow parameters, such as the couple stress fluid parameter, the magnetic parameter, the variable fluid viscosity, the variable thermal conductivity parameters, the Brinkman number, the nanofluid and buoyancy parameters, and the rate of chemical reaction parameter, are carefully studied. The velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are calculated over a wide range of possible values for the relevant parameters.

Transmission network congestion control by DESS through interval computation and capacity optimization via hybrid DE‐PSO technique

Transmission congestion is one of major drawbacks of deregulated power system. Congestion gradually violates the physical, operational and policy constraints of the present electricity market. Congestion management in huge power system remains a challenging and tough task, which can be achieved by introducing one or more Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as Distributed Generation (DG), electric vehicles, modern micro grid, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) etc. over congested lines. Consequently, this work proposes the hourly congestion management by optimal allocation of DG in ‘24 hours’ time frame. Further, Transmission Congestion Rent is used to determine the optimal and sub optimal locations for DG, whereas Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization based hybrid optimization technique is exploited to identify optimal DG size. In this work, solar based DG along with battery based ESS is considered to act as Distributed Energy Storage System ‘DESS. Subsequently, Interval computation method is introduced in this work to consider the intermittency of solar DG. Battery Energy Storage System ‘BESS’ is integrated with DGs due to its excess energy storage capability during off-load period and make it available at peak load conditions, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the network. The ‘24 hours’ solar irradiance and temperature data of Delhi, India is taken into account to mathematically model the power generated from Solar DG. The proposed methodology is tested on IEEE 30-bus system and ‘24 hours’ demand data is generated from the original IEEE load data. From the obtained results, it has been established that the hybrid optimization technique results into a better solution as compared to their individual enforcement in managing available generation resources and congestion problem.

The role of advanced nuclear reactors in non-electrical and strategic applications, producing sustainable energy supplies and reducing the greenhouse gasses

Abstract Nowadays, nuclear reactors became extremely fascinating not only for most of the nuclear communities but also for the prominent energy suppliers to fix the global warming effects worldwide. This paper presents a review of the last advances, applications, and challenges of nuclear reactors. Different types and classifications are introduced. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed for best decision-making. Next, nuclear safety is also discussed as the most important challenging subject to develop nuclear reactors worldwide. They are specially mentioned to find the key solution for the future of nuclear energy. A brief review of nuclear roadmaps is compared with other clean green technologies as well. Estimated prospects for projects timelines and progressions of new nuclear reactors are also presented and discussed briefly. Studies confirmed that nuclear reactors are not only required for developing non-electrical applications or even high-tech systems but also they are extremely profitable to restrict global warming effects. Finally, the solution is to enhance the markets of the nuclear reactors, especially the matured Gen III+ Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) to resolve short-term problems as well as advanced futuristic developing Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for the mid-term and long-term strategies. Moreover, research reactors especially advanced Multi-Purpose Research Reactors (MPRR) are necessary tools to develop both nuclear power plants and other advanced technologies as well as the modern Micro Modular Reactors.

Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Thin Films Using Chemical and Physical Vapor Depositions

Boron as thin film material is of relevance for use in modern micro- and nano-fabrication technology. In this research boron thin films are realized by a number of physical and chemical deposition methods, including magnetron sputtering, electron-beam evaporation, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal/non-plasma CVD, remote plasma CVD and atmospheric pressure CVD. Various physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of these boron thin films are investigated, i.e., deposition rate, uniformity, roughness, stress, composition, defectivity and chemical resistance. Boron films realized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are found to be inert for conventional wet chemical etchants and have the lowest amount of defects, which makes this the best candidate to be integrated into the micro-fabrication processes. By varying the deposition parameters in the PECVD process, the influences of plasma power, pressure and precursor inflow on the deposition rate and intrinsic stress are further explored. Utilization of PECVD boron films as hard mask for wet etching is demonstrated by means of patterning followed by selective structuring of the silicon substrate, which shows that PECVD boron thin films can be successfully applied for micro-fabrication.

Resist nanokirigami for multipurpose patterning.

Resist-based patterning solutions play essential roles in modern micro- and nanoscale science and technology. The commonly used 'resist' patterning strategy depends on selective-area scission or cross-linking of resist molecules under the action of an energy beam. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a different resist-patterning strategy, termed 'resist nanokirigami', in which the resist structures are defined by their outlines and revealed by selective mechanical peeling of the unwanted resist film. Unlike conventional resist-based patterning processes, the final resist-nanokirigami structures do not undergo exposure and the exposure area is dramatically reduced. With these two advantages, a variety of functional structures that are difficult or impossible to fabricate by conventional processes, such as inverse nanostructures and their oligomers, multi-scale electrodes and freestanding plasmonic nanogaps, can be easily achieved with much higher efficiency. Thus, with its unique and complementary capabilities, the resist-nanokirigami process provides a new patterning solution that expands the family of lithography techniques and will play a significant role in fabricating multi-scale functional structures.

Flat plate pulsating heat pipes: A review on the thermohydraulic principles, thermal performances and open issues

Thermal management of modern micro- and high-power electronic systems has become a progressively challenging problem due to current trends in miniaturization and increased heat generation. Conventional cooling methods, such as natural and force convection, have become insufficient to meet new challenges in electronics industries, transport and space applications where thermal management system size, mass, autonomy, high density and overall system reliability play a crucial role. Unlike active technologies, heat pipes are passive heat transfer devices without moving mechanisms which lead to greater reliability, even though they are limited by capillary, viscous and/or gravity factors. In contrast, the Pulsating Heat Pipe (also called Oscillating Heat Pipe) has recently become a source of increasing interest: first, due to fascination for the complexity of the internal two-phase phenomena; and secondly, due to novel applications, which are rapidly increasing the Technology Readiness Level of this device, for both ground and space environments. Pulsating heat pipe manufacturing can be divided into two categories: the classical tubular pulsating heat pipe, and the flat plate pulsating heat pipe. While the former is manufactured and developed from a single tube enrolled like a serpentine around heat and cold sources, the latter is obtained from a metallic plate including an engraved serpentine single channel, and hermetically closed on its top side by a second plate. These two manufacturing concepts lead to differences in operating behavior that are worth noting in order to better understand the functioning of the devices.

СТЕНД СИСТЕМ И СРЕДСТВ АВТОМАТИЗАЦИИ ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ РЕЗЕРВУАРНЫХ ПАРКОВ НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ

The aim of the work is to develop a general structure of the stand that simulates the operation of systems and means of automation of equipment for tank farms of oil products using modern hardware and software, for researching the operation of algorithms for protection and interlocks, alarms and automatic control in accordance with the current regulatory documentation based on modern micro- processor systems. The method of system analysis, the theory of automatic control, structural solutions of human-machine systems intended for the automation of production and intelligent support of control processes and the necessary data processing in organizational, technological and distributed control systems were used. The concept of the stand, the block diagram of the control system and the hydraulic diagram of the stand have been developed. The novelty of the work lies in the creation of a compact model of a tank farm with a complex distributed control system for researching its operation.

The problem of crack formation in thin sublayers of silicon oxide during pulsed heating of interconnects

It is well known that in modern micro- and nanoelectronics thin-film structures are actively used as a gate dielectric, passivating layers, membranes, etc. The research is devoted to the problem of crack formation in thin sublayers of silicon oxide during pulsed heating of interconnects on single-crystal silicon wafers. The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of surface sources of thermal shock on the cracks formation in films and aspects of crack formation in SO2 films have been studied in detail. Experimental verification of the estimates made was carried out on multilayer structures of a silicon substrate-silicon oxide sublayer-aluminum film (Si-SiO2-Al). As substrates, it was used phosphorus-doped silicon single-crystal wafers oriented in the (111) direction, with a resistivity in the range p = 0.1 Ω.сm. The authors studied the temperature fields in silicon wafers (Al-Si system) and silicon oxide wafers (Al-SiO2 system) heated by a surface metallization layer both for the case of a point heat source and for the case of a long rectangular metallization path (provided that the track length significantly exceeds its width). The calculation results showed that the temperature profile of the metallization path (width 75 μm) in the transverse direction is heterogeneous. It was also shown that, in contrast to SiO2 films, the level of appearing mechanical stresses in silicon is insufficient for the formation of cracks near the source of thermal shock. This is due to a higher tensile strength than that of oxide.

Nanostructured Graphene on β-SiC/Si(001): Atomic and Electronic Structures, Magnetic and Transport Properties (Brief Review)

The studies of the properties of graphene synthesized on the surface of epitaxial films of cubic single-crystal silicon carbide preliminarily grown on Si(001) wafers have been reviewed. These studies were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 17-02-01139. The results of these studies demonstrate that graphene layers synthesized on β-SiC/Si(001) substrates have the atomic structure and electronic properties of a quasi-freestanding graphene sheet. Continuous graphene layers with a preferential direction of nanodomain boundaries, which is determined by the orientation of steps on the initial surface, can be synthesized on vicinal SiC(001) substrates. The possibility of controlled growth of mono-, bi-, and trilayer graphene on β-SiC/Si(001) wafers has been demonstrated. The studies have shown the opening of a transport gap and a high positive magnetoresistance in a parallel magnetic field in an ordered system of graphene nanoribbons on the vicinal SiC(001) surface. It has been shown that the functionalization of graphene with organic compounds changes the electronic properties of graphene on SiC(001), modifying it to a semiconductor with given properties, which allows applications in modern micro- and nanoelectronics.

Investigations on Quench Recovery Characteristics of High-Temperature Superconducting Coated Conductors for Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) are attracting increasing attention due to their potential for use in modern smart grids or micro grids. Thanks to the unique non-linear properties of high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) tapes, an SFCL is invisible to the grid with faster response compared to traditional fault current limiters. The quench recovery characteristic of an HTS tape is fundamental for the design of an SFCL. In this work, the quench recovery time of an HTS tape was measured for fault currents of different magnitudes and durations. A global heat transfer model was developed to describe the quench recovery characteristic and compared with experiments to validate its effectiveness. Based on the model, the influence of tape properties on the quench recovery time was discussed, and a safe margin for the impact energy was proposed.