Modern Methods Of Measurement Research Articles

Аналіз методів та засобів вимірювання вологості сипких продуктів

Various methods of grain moisture measurement are considered in the article. The authors conducted the analysis of the conventional and modern methods of grain moisture measurement used in agriculture and the food industry. The principles of operation and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. The article examines in detail the methods used in international standards, and also analyzes the latest methods of grain moisture measurement, such as methods using infrared and microwave technology. The paper proposes a classification of methods for measuring the moisture content of bulk products and identifies the most relevant options for further research. Methods and means of grain moisture control are studied. The work established that the choice of grain moisture measurement method should depend on various factors, such as grain type, measurement accuracy, speed and cost of equipment. The authors analyzed each method in detail and made recommendations for choosing the optimal method of grain moisture measurement for specific conditions. The analysis was carried out and significant parameters affecting grain moisture measurements were selected. A comparison of the characteristics of hygrometers implemented by well-known ultra-high-frequency methods was carried out. The accuracy and errors of moisture measurement of significantly depends on the density of materials and indicators of the measurement medium. The considered hygrometers have high measurement error that does not meet the requirements of certain productions. The comparison of these parameters enabled to determine the optimal method for accurate moisture measurement.

ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ СХОДА НАНОСОВОДНЫХ ПОТОКОВ НА ТЕРРИТИРИИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ ХАБАЗ 30 МАЯ 2021

The purpose of this scientifi c study was to study the consequences of the passage of sedimentary fl ows of a heavy shower origin on the territory of the mountainous village of Khabaz,the Zolsky district of the KBR (Kabardino-Balkar Republic). The scientifi c significance of the work is a comprehensive study and description of the dangerous natural phenomenon with the definition of the nature and parameters of its manifestation. The work was done on the basis of the materials obtained during the route survey using modern methods of measurement, photo and video shooting. This article presents the results of the conducted research, which show the progressive aggravation of destructive natural processes due to current climate changes. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is possible to develop measures and actions to reduce the risks from dangerous slope and channel processes that carry a potential threat to the territory of a rural settlement.

Research of Deformative Properties of Concrete Taking into Account the Descending Branch of Deformation

In recent years due to the introduction of computer technology in the process of calculating and conducting experiments the ability of researchers in the knowledge of various, accurate processes, including the nature of the work of concrete on the downstream branch of deformation significantly expanded. Modern methods of measurement allow to fix, for example, deformation, to an accuracy of 0.0001 mm, which allows deeper penetration into the essence of the phenomenon of destruction. Widespread are so-called ‘hard’ test machines in which the change in load is followed by a change in deformation in contrast to the traditional experiment when the load increases continuously up to a destructive value. Such machines allowed for the first time to show the exact type of the curve of ‘stress – deformation’ with the construction of a descending branch (plot of the diagram, going after the point of maximum load). An experiment was conducted to study the deformation of concrete simultaneously on two different presses with a hard loading mode and by increasing the loading. The analysis of the deformation of concrete prisms on these presses is carried out. A complete diagram of deformation of concrete has been constructed taking into account the descending area of concrete deformation. Comparing of the received data with the normative confirms the adequacy of the data received.

Investigation of Residual Bearing Capacity of Inclined Sections of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams

Abstract The article reports on the results of the numerical and the laboratory tests to determine the effect of concrete damages near support areas in compressed zone of the reinforced concrete beams on their residual bearing capacity of inclined sections. According to the experimental plan, 15 single-span freely supported experimental samples with dimensions of 100×200×1200 mm made with different artificial damages within the shear span aν (1d, 2d, and 3d) were tested. The numerical test of prototypes was performed in software complex LIRA-SAPR 2017. The results of laboratory and numerical experiments showed good convergence regarding the bearing capacity, however, the nature of the fracture in samples B11-B14 did not match. Empirical - conducting laboratory experiments on samples using modern methods of measurement; numerical modelling – using software complex LIRA-SAPR 2017; analysis and statistical processing of the obtained research results; comparison of the obtained results; abstraction; generalization; deduction; formulation of the main conclusions and recommendations. The analysis found that the bearing capacity decreases with increased area of damage and shear span. Conducting the calculations in software complex LIRA-SAPR allows to predict the work elements and determine the bearing capacity with good accuracy, but in comparison with the real data there still are some differences in the character of destruction.

Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface temperature measurement – Part 2: Field comparison in the central tropical Pacific

Abstract. Discrepancies between historical sea surface temperature (SST) datasets have been partly ascribed to use of different adjustments to account for variable measurement methods. Until recently, adjustments had only been applied to bucket temperatures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the aim of correcting their supposed coolness relative to engine cooling water intake temperatures. In the UK Met Office Hadley Centre SST 3 dataset (HadSST3), adjustments have been applied over its full duration to observations from buckets, buoys and engine intakes. Here we investigate uncertainties in the accuracy of such adjustments by direct field comparison of historical and modern methods of shipboard SST measurement. We compare wood, canvas and rubber bucket temperatures to 3 m seawater intake temperature along a central tropical Pacific transect conducted in May and June 2008. We find no average difference between the temperatures obtained with the different bucket types in our short measurement period (∼1 min). Previous field, lab and model experiments have found sizeable temperature change of seawater samples in buckets of smaller volume under longer exposure times. We do, however, report the presence of strong near-surface temperature gradients day and night, indicating that intake and bucket measurements cannot be assumed equivalent in this region. We thus suggest bucket and buoy measurements be considered distinct from intake measurements due to differences in sampling depth. As such, we argue for exclusion of intake temperatures from historical SST datasets and suggest this would likely reduce the need for poorly field-tested bucket adjustments. We also call for improvement in the general quality of intake temperatures from Voluntary Observing Ships. Using a physical model we demonstrate that warming of intake seawater by hot engine room air is an unlikely cause of overly warm intake temperatures. We suggest that reliable correction for such warm errors is not possible since they are largely of unknown origin and can be offset by real near-surface temperature gradients.

Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, field comparisons and dataset adjustments

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. Modern-day platforms include ships, moored and drifting buoys and satellites. Shipboard methods include temperature measurement of seawater sampled by bucket and flowing through engine cooling water intakes. Here I review SST measurement methods, studies analysing shipboard methods by field or lab experiment and adjustments applied to historical SST datasets to account for variable methods. In general, bucket temperatures have been found to average a few tenths of a °C cooler than simultaneous engine intake temperatures. Field and lab experiments demonstrate that cooling of bucket samples prior to measurement provides a plausible explanation for negative average bucket-intake differences. These can also be credibly attributed to systematic errors in intake temperatures, which have been found to average overly-warm by >0.5 °C on some vessels. However, the precise origin of non-zero average bucket-intake differences reported in field studies is often unclear, given that additional temperatures to those from the buckets and intakes have rarely been obtained. Supplementary accurate in situ temperatures are required to reveal individual errors in bucket and intake temperatures, and the role of near-surface temperature gradients. There is a need for further field experiments of the type reported in Part 2 to address this and other limitations of previous studies.

Practical Psychotherapy: A Current Perspective on the Psychotherapies

Practical Psychotherapy: A Current Perspective on the Psychotherapies

A reaction calorimeter with compensation heater and differential cooling

An attempt has been made to combine and improve the advantages of different types of reaction calorimeters pursuing the main objectives of simple design and simple data treatment. The calorimeter is operated in the so-called heat-balance mode, i.e. the heat flow through the wall is determined from a heat balance over the jacket, and so is the heat transfer coefficient even if changing during a run. A main new feature is that the jacket can be operated as a once-through differential cooler at high flow rates. The problem of accurately measuring differential temperatures of 0.1 K or below has been solved by applying modern methods of measurement, control and signal processing. A second new advantage to be mentioned is the strictly isothermal operation of both the reactor, by means of a compensation heater, and the jacket, through separate control loops. `Strictly isothermal' means that the accumulation terms in the heat balances with their ill-defined heat capacities can safely be neglected and error-amplifying differentiation of sampled temperature data be avoided. Some experimental runs to test the performance of this calorimeter are described.

Vibration-rotation effects on the polarizabilities of CH4and CD4calculated from anab initiopolarizability surface

A polarizability surface has been calculated for the methane molecule using a Hartree-Fock wavefunction. Coefficients of the surface are given to second order in terms of both symmetry coordinates and internal coordinates. The polarizability is sensitive to bond stretching and angle bending. The effects of nuclear motion on the polarizabilitles of 12CH4 and 12CD4 have been calculated from the coefficients of the surface. Some of the second order coefficients are found to be significant in contributing to the nuclear motion corrections. The ν3 mode is the dominant contributor to the corrections. The temperature dependences of the mean molecular polarizabilities of 12CH4 and 12CD4 are also calculated. The results suggest that modern methods of measurement could distinguish between the isotopomers CH4-n D n (n=0–4) thereby enabling an experimental surface to be obtained.

Instrumental Measurement of Fluorescence and Determination of Whiteness: Review and Advances

Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) area special class of fluorescent dye. Their physical characteristics are such that special illumination (standard illuminant D65) resembling average daylight is necessary for colorimetric determination. With the aid of this illuminant, modern methods of measurement can determine the visual sensation “whiteness” in quantitative terms as selectively as required for practical purposesMethods of assessing whiteness should be flexible enough to allow for the particular “whiteness preference” of an observer or group of observers, i.e. a country. There are considerable advantages in relating levels of whiteness to a physically existing white scale — at its simplest it need only span the range of whiteness values encountered in a mill's production range — hence this should always be an objective.Formulae have been devised for this purpose. An easy‐to‐follow description of the methods based on them is given here. It is a fairly simple matter to adapt existing whiteness measuring systems to these methods, particularly where the necessary computing aids are concerned The results obtainable are well worth the effort. These methods can be used for other substrates besides textiles.Problems still unsolved and moves to standardize whiteness assessment internationally are also reported.

567. On modern methods of measurement of internal friction

567. On modern methods of measurement of internal friction