Modern Mass Tourism Research Articles

Современный массовый туризм: становление, принципы, факторы развития

One of the effective and affordable ways to organize recreation and leisure in modern conditions is considered to be mass tourism, which is influenced by global trends: globalization, informatization, geopolitics. In the article, based on generalizations of the approaches of domestic and foreign researchers, an attempt is made to give a detailed definition of the term “mass tourism” and to specify its phenomenon through the justification of its distinctive features: the number of consumers (mass), motives and goals, the influence of technological progress, industrialization and scaling of the tourism business. The authors highlight factors contributing to the development of modern tourism, including: accessibility, globalization, marketing and advertising, political situation, economic stability, digitalization and conceptual approaches to the emergence and development of mass tourism: the theory of consumer society, the theory of mobile sociology, “quality tourism” and etc. Among the general principles of modern mass tourism, the authors highlight: the commercial principle of a balance of interests, taking into account the global problems facing humanity, the active socialization of tourism. Particular attention is paid to the issues of periodization of the formation of mass tourism in the historiography of various countries; description of the modern understanding of mass tourism, taking into account its influence on national socio-economic systems; determining the main directions for the development of mass tourism in the domestic market of tourism services, taking into account rapidly changing external conditions and factors, which made it possible to identify the main and most popular types of tourist activity.

Menadžment saobraćaja u turizmu - značaj saobraćajne infrastrukture za razvoj turističkih destinacija u Srbiji na primeru grada Kraljeva i Zlatiborskog okruga

Transport infrastructure in Serbia constitutes an integral part of the material basis of tourism. The development of a tourist destination is impossible without the development of transport infrastructure. Traffic infrastructure is an integral part of a tourist destination and a condition for the development of all activities and processes in the destination. The attractive factors of the tourist destination itself cannot be successfully valorized if there is no good traffic infrastructure and traffic connections. In fact, the development of traffic contributed to the movement of people and the development of tourism, especially the construction of traffic infrastructure, railways, roads and airports, which have led to modern mass tourism. Improving the quality of traffic in terms of speed and comfort of travel is an extremely important factor in the tourist offer today. Destinations that have quality traffic infrastructure and good traffic connections are more attractive as destinations for tourists. An important prerequisite for the development of tourism in destinations is the development of traffic infrastructure, that is, the position of the destination in relation to the main traffic roads. The development of air traffic and the existence of an airport with flights to emitting markets is one of the important prerequisites for the development of tourism in Serbia. The region around the city of Kraljevo and the Zlatibor district have an extremely good position for the further development of Serbia's tourist offer. The construction of transport infrastructure is the first and decisive factor that affects the growth and development of tourism in a certain tourist destination. Traffic infrastructure extremely strongly defines and directs the economic and tourism development of Serbia. The inclusion of the airports in Kraljevo and Užice, as well as the further inclusion of other smaller airports, especially in those locations that gravitate towards a larger number of cities, will strongly influence the improvement of tourism at the country level. Multiple benefits from the inclusion of smaller airports in Serbia will be most easily seen through the increase in the number of passengers at these airports, but the real effects will be seen when the mobility of people, primarily from the region, will be noticed in the years to come.

„Hiszpania! Jakież czarodziejskie słowo, jakże uroczo brzmi ten wyraz!" Obraz Hiszpanii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w polskich listach z podróży

Modern Polish ideas about the Iberian Peninsula can often be summarised in slogans: azure sky, beautiful women, bullfighting, Don Quixote from La Mancha. Has this image of Spain been with us for centuries, or has it been “produced” by modern mass tourism? The aim of this article is to analyse travel texts from the 19th and 20th centuries describing journeys around the Iberian Peninsula and an attempt to answer the question of what Spain looks like in the eyes of Poles deprived of their own statehood. Is it terra incognita, an exotic country with a rich history, in which travellers find a reflection in architecture and customs, fascinated by Madrid, Barcelona, and Salamanca? Or maybe it evokes disappointment? The article compares travel letters by four Polish travellers and historians: Aleksander Hirschberg, Adolf Pawiński, Józef Wawel-Louis, and Stanisław Starża. The analysis of the letters was divided into thematic blocks: historical Polish-Spanish relations, perceptions and impressions, opinions about Spaniards and Spanish women, and cultural controversies (corrida, cockfighting).

Tourism, Ethnicity, and Territory Appropriation in Post-Dictatorial Myanmar: The Case of Inle Lake Region

Tourism, Ethnicity, and Territory Appropriation in Post-Dictatorial Myanmar: The Case of Inle Lake Region Martin Michalon (bio) Introduction This paper focuses on Inle Lake region, located on the very western edge of the Shan plateau, a stone’s throw from the Irrawaddy valley. It has a peculiar situation: it is neither part of the center nor a remote periphery; neither part of the Bamar heartland nor a core Shan territory. It is a transitional zone, a “liminal space” (Douglas 2013:192) between Bamar and Tai worlds. The liminality is not only spatial: it reaches much deeper; it opens spaces of uncertainty and potential and it “points to in-between situations and conditions where established structures are dislocated, hierarchies reversed, and traditional settings of authority possibly endangered” (Mälksoo 2012). This “in-between” region is therefore a prime vantage point to observe the complexity of the transformations of Myanmar. What we call “Inle Lake region” comprises (1) the Nyaungshwe valley and the three lakes that lie at its bottom, along a north–south axis: Inle, Samkar, and Mobye, all connected by the Balu River; (2) the first rows of hills that line the valley (figure 1). This entity features a double coherence. From a topographical point of view, it encompasses highland and lowlands, upstream and downstream, complementary ecosystems. From a social point of view, it brings together [End Page 89] different ethnic groups which networks and solidarities have truly structured the region (Robinne 2000). Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Inle Lake region: A lake chain between Bamar and Tai worlds. Map by the author. The Shan are reportedly the earliest to establish polities in the region. Mainly present in the lowlands north and south of Inle, they grow paddy and corn. The Pa-O belong to the [End Page 90] Karen ethnolinguistic group and reportedly settled there in the eleventh century. Most of them live in the hills east and southwest of the lake, farming sebesten tree (Cordia dichotoma), as well as corn, turmeric, ginger, or onion. Intha, whose ethnonym means “the sons of the lake,” reportedly migrated from Tanintharyi in the thirteenth century. According to linguistic analysis by D. Bernot, they speak an “old Burmese” dialect and are culturally quite close to the Bamar (Bernot and Bruneau 1972:74). They live in stilt villages on the lake itself and engage in an original form of floating agriculture. They also catch fish, rowing their teak canoes in a unique fashion—with their legs. Some live in the lowlands surrounding the waterbody, farming paddy, sugarcane, and corn. This complex social fabric is complemented by Danu, Taungyo, and Danaw groups. In his seminal work about Inle Lake, F. Robinne (2000, 2011) delved into the complexity of the local “social landscape”: not only did he highlight how social relationships and economic complementarities between ethnic groups gave coherence, and even identity to the region, but he also emphasized the long history of rivalries between Intha, Shan, and Pa-O, all jostling for regional hegemony. Inle Lake has been one of the tourism highlights of Myanmar since the mid-twentieth century. However, the activity remained quite confidential until the 1996 Visit Myanmar Year, a promotional event initiated by Than Shwe regime to attract hard currencies, restore its reputation on the international stage, and contribute to the “Myanmafication” of the country (Houtman 1999). This Visit Myanmar Year laid the foundation of modern mass tourism with a network of hotels, tour guides, and so on. Inle Lake received 3,200 foreign visitors in 1994, and 22,400 in 1997 (Aye Myint 2007:27). Due to the calls to boycott, and domestic and international incidents, tourism in Inle stagnated between 20,000 and 30,000 people a year until the 2011 political transition, which initiated its real boom: 29,900 visitors in 2011, and 225,000 in 2017, according to Ministry of Hotels and Tourism statistics. Local tourism focuses on Intha people’s way of life: virtually every visitor cruises on [End Page 91] the lake, observing fishermen, floating gardens, stilt villages, pagodas built on islands, handicraft workshops, and others. The link between tourism and identities is now familiar to the researcher. The clich...

Slow Tourism as a New Philosophy of European Tourism

The aim of this article is to get acquainted with the manifestations of the new cultural phenomenon of “Slow motion” and to summarize the results of research by Western scientists on the concept of “Slow tourism”. The relevance of the study is due to: the emergence and development of the concept of slow tourism — a new diverse culture that has an ideological unity, operates in various fields, but does not have a single center and common organizational boundaries; the lack of research on this subject in Ukraine.Research methodology. The methodological basis of this study is systematic and comparative approaches, as well as a problem and analytical analysis to study the principles, areas of focus and trends of the research in a new trend in tourism — slow tourism. The content analysis and argumentation analysis were used for a text analysis.Results. The preconditions for the emergence and development of a new concept of European tourism — slow tourism are considered. The study provides a new interpretation of the phenomenon in terms of the target process of consumption and new needs of society, due to the new philosophy of “slow life”, introduces the manifestations of the new cultural phenomenon of “slow motion”. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of scientific publications on the topic of slow tourism by Western scientists, which indicates the growing interest of scientists in this topic. There are four areas of research: the value of time during the trip; location and activity at the destination; vehicles and travel experience; environmental awareness. The study concludes that the concept of slow tourism, which originated in Italy, is receiving increasing attention and is perceived as an alternative to modern mass tourism and its negative effects on places, communities and, perhaps, tourists themselves. The author suggests that the concept of slow tourism in the COVID-19 pandemic may become one of the leading ones for Ukrainian tourism.Novelty. For the first time, an attempt is made to highlight a new interpretation of the phenomenon of “slow tourism” in terms of targeted consumption and new needs of society, due to the new philosophy of “slow life”. The results of research by Western scientists are analyzed and summarized.The practical significance. The key results of this study can be used by researchers and public administration bodies responsible for the organization of tourism in the region and higher educational institutions of culture and arts of Ukraine, Europe and the world to further improve research activities.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL (2-OXO-3-(ARYLIMINO) INDOLIN-1-YL)-N-ARYL PROPANAMIDES AS ANTI-HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY AGENTS

Objective: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first identified in the Western world in 1981. Since then, AIDS has been increasingly wide spreading, its rapid worldwide dissemination brought about by modern mass tourism. Isatin (1 H-indole-2, 3-Dione), an endogenous compound identified in many organisms, shows a wide range of biological activities. In view of the above details, we wish to report the synthesis and evaluation of novel isatin analogs, as promising anti-human immunodeficiency (HIV) agents.Methods: A series of novel isatin analogs (3a-3p) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance:1H, 13C, ESI-MS spectral data, and CHNS.Results: The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of HIV type-1 in MT-4 cell cultures. Of these sixteen compounds, only 5 compounds showed potent anti-HIV activity.Conclusion: Evaluation of compound properties in silico showed that they possess significant drug-like characteristics.

TÜRKİYE İLE TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ ARASINDAKİ TURİSTİK HAREKETLERE COĞRAFİ BİR BAKIŞ

The aim of this study is to investigate tourist movement between the Turkey and other Turkish states. The study will be a descriptive research, focusing on the discovery of the dimensions of the existing tourist movements and what can be done to improve these movements. In the study, data of TurkStat will be used. The global tourism industry is growing day by day. Looking at the data for 2017, it is seen that the number of tourists in the world is 1 billion 322 million and the money spent for this sector exceeds 1 trillion 250 billion US dollars. The international dimension of modern mass tourism is affected by various geographical and economic factors such as political relations, climate, cultural ties, opposites, relative costs and distance. It attracts the most tourists in the world semi-arid Mediterranean climate in the region is located to the south and west coasts of Turkey. This region is expected to attract more tourists from the Turkish States as well as Europe and Russia and Ukraine. However, the number of tourists coming to our country from these countries is low. Especially with the dissolution of the Soviets, the citizens of the former Soviet countries began to go to various countries more frequently for purposes such as education, trade and tourism. Turkey and other Turkic states include cultural ties dating back thousands of years. In this respect, Turkey among those countries with the development of tourism is expected. Turkey is seen as three sides except for the Turkic states bordering the Caspian lake is surrounded by sea, while a country is deprived of the sea. This situation is an important contrast between our country and the Turkic states and can have a positive impact on the development of tourism. In terms of relative costs is quite low compared to income of citizens in our country the situation Turkic republics, is a factor that negatively affect the making of their holiday in Turkey. So the situation in Turkey in terms of purchasing power of earnings and the earnings of their own countries constitute a table at their expense. For this reason, those who come to our country as tourists work in various jobs. The impact of the distance on tourism between the Turkic republics and Turkey are positive. Because the road with some of these countries and Turkey with all the air is not too far away. This creates advantages for tourists in terms of time spent on the road and the resources allocated for transportation. The political relations between Turkey and the Turkic republics which has started in the early 1990s, are generally good. Turkophone are care about the development of political relations with the outside world, especially Turkey. Naturally, the goodness of political relations affects human mobility positively by visa and travel convenience. In terms of cultural ties, political relations, a number of factors as theoretical as opposites are expected to increase tourism between Turkey and the Turkic states. In terms of relative costs, it is a negative situation. However, despite many positive factors between Turkey and Turkic republics are said to be at a good level of tourism activity. According to the data of 2017 only a total of 32.410.034 million tourists coming to Turkey 1.730.413's ie 5,3 % came from the Turkic states. The same year, only 4,3 % of their way to the Turkic states nearly 9.2 million people who went abroad from Turkey. Azerbaijan is a country with a relatively high number of tourists. However, the number of tourists going to other countries is extremely small. This shows that our country does not develop as much as the tourism power between Caucasus and Central Asian Turkic states such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The reasons for this situation must be scrutinized, the problems must be removed, and the environment necessary for the development of mutual touristic movements among these related communities should be established. Taken tourist movements between the former Soviet countries as well as in the Turkish Republic and Turkey, it is understood that sent more tourists from Russia, Ukraine and Georgia to Turkey. Among the Turkish republics, Azerbaijan is a notoriously old Soviet country with relatively many tourists. Outbound tourists from Turkey are turning out more than Georgia and Azerbaijan. Other former Soviet states can not take too many tourists from Turkey market.

Youth organizations, citizenship, and guidelines for tourism in the wake of mass tourism in Finland

This paper will study tourism as a site of citizenship formation with a particular focus on the arrangements and lived practices of citizenship in the Finnish Youth Organization and in a sub-section of Northern Ostrobothnian Travel Club between 1965 and 1985. From the perspective of the model of citizenship in Finland, modern mass tourism was not unproblematic and it was uniquely incorporated in the program and activities of the Finnish Youth Organization, underlining the wider social and civic utility of tourism. In this paper, the examination of archive materials from this particular historical period will provide a nuanced understanding of the mutual formation of citizenship and tourism at multiple geographical scales and insight into how the model of citizenship has been of great importance for mobile people in many ways.

Trouble in Paradise: The Treadmill of Production and Caribbean Tourism

Beginning in the 1950s with the rise of modern mass tourism (McElroy and de Albuquerque 1998; Potter et al. 2004), the tourism industry has grown dramatically and now ranks as the world's fourth la...

Ethnographers and History

Ethnographers and History Shaul Kelner (bio) 1. How does the history we choose to engage with shape the ethnographic tale we tell, and what type of historical consciousness do we bring to the work? In his 1945 manifesto on hiking as a form of Zionist education, Zev Vilnay opens with the comment, “Even in ancient times, the Israelite was accustomed to wander the Land of Israel and to know it well.”1 Most of the pamphlet goes on to address matters practical and philosophical associated with the structure, staffing and pedagogy of ritualized hiking (tiyul). Before he addresses that, however, Vilnay’s initial concern is to “recover roots,” to use Yael Zerubavel’s turn of phrase—to assert historical continuity between contemporary practice and the Jewish past.2 Vilnay’s first chapter is given over to consideration of the biblical pilgrimage festivals and to later Jewish travel writings in the Land of Israel, such as R. Estori Ha-Parhi’s 1322 Sefer Kaftor va-Ferah and R. Moses Cordovero’s accounts in Sefer Gerushin of sixteenth-century kabbalistic excursions in the environs of Safed.3 In writing Tours That Bind: Diaspora, Pilgrimage and Israeli Birthright Tourism4, an ethnography of the state-sponsored tours that have brought more than 300,000 Diaspora Jews to Israel since 1999, I knew well that Vilnay’s perspective was widely shared among educators engaged in the enterprise. Jewish educational travel experiences in Israel—whether for sabras (native-born Israelis),5 new immigrants or Diaspora Jews—have typically been framed as continuous with a premodern Jewish pilgrimage tradition. The ideological and legitimizing thrust of such a framing is clear. As I set out to conduct the research, I faced a choice: to participate in nationalist mythmaking, or to break with it and present the enterprise [End Page 17] of Israel-experience travel as a quintessentially twentieth- and twenty-first-century phenomenon. Each option implied a different relation to history, and each suggested a different history to engage with. I chose to emphasize a narrative of discontinuity. Birthright Israel and the twentieth-century Diaspora youth tours that preceded it are best understood, I argue, not as the contemporary manifestation of an ancient Jewish pilgrimage tradition, but as a novel practice made possible only by the political, economic, organizational, conceptual and technological resources of the modern age. Without a conception of Diaspora-state relations as a strategic asset for both parties, without a robust tourism industry and a population that enjoys en masse the luxury of leisure time to travel, without a professionalized field of Jewish education, without the technology to move hundreds of thousands of people through the air and the bureaucratic systems to coordinate it, without a philanthropic system capable of financing such an enterprise, Birthright Israel would simply be unimaginable. The history I chose to engage, therefore, looks not to the premodern Jewish past. My historical focus takes me back to the mid-nineteenth century at the earliest, to engage with three different histories. One regards the rise of the modern mass tourism industry. Another treats the Zionist movement in the prestate period, as well as its development of the cultural and institutional practices of tiyul that would later shape Diaspora youth travel to Israel. The third takes up aspects of twentieth-century American Jewish history relevant to the growth of the Israel-experience program field. This includes institutional histories of Diaspora youth travel programs, such as the Young Judaea Summer Programs in Israel. It also goes beyond an investigation of specific programs to consider broader efforts to build a field of Israel-experience education—efforts that included research, advocacy and institution building. The latter approach frames Birthright Israel within a moment in the institutional history of American Jewish education. Here, I was concerned with avoiding teleology. It would have been easy to frame the growth of the Israel-experience field as a story that begins with small, independent programs targeted to a limited number of youth-movement leaders and culminates with a massive effort to make a trip to Israel a universal rite of passage for every American Jewish young adult. But this would also have been misleading. Therefore, although the ethnography studied...

Challenges for sustainable tourism at the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage site in western China

AbstractAlthough modern mass tourism in China has a history of only about 30 years, the market has expanded quickly. Endowed with the spectacular scenery of turquoise water lakes and marvelous waterfalls, Jiuzhaigou is one of the most visited tourist destinations in China. Between 1984 and 2012, the region witnessed a tourism growth of 130 times, resulting in extreme economic and environmental impacts. The fast increasing and large tourist population in the limited area has caused many changes in the local environment, including: increasing algae in water, increasing nutrients in water, increasing sediment in lakes, degrading travertine, and increasing threat on biodiversity. These changes will threaten the sustainability of tourism in Jiuzhaigou. Carrying capacity represented by daily visitor numbers theoretically has been used to control the number of tourists but has proved not useful in practical management. Efforts have been made to reduce the environmental impacts of the increasing number of tourists, but environmental degradation continues to develop as the number of tourists is not controlled. The sustainability issue in Jiuzhaigou is mired in the conflict between the conservation of the natural beauty and local economic development. To promote sustainable tourism, the number of tourists must be controlled. A daily numeric limit, based on adequate environmental monitoring and well‐designed scientific research, will help determine the daily number of visitors in Jiuzhaigou.

I am not a tourist: Aims and implications of “traveling”

Popular reaction against the uncomfortable aspects of modern mass tourism has led to the emergence of new forms of cross-cultural travel. One important form is traveling, in which self-described “travelers” aim to dissociate themselves from tourism altogether. As travelers, rather than tourists, these people present themselves as engaged in a morally superior alternative that does not create the same problems as tourism. This article shows that in the light of critiques of mass tourism, traveling in fact exacerbates existing problems raised by these critiques, in the domains of economic inequity, mobility, and representation. The failure of traveling to overcome these problems of tourism lies in the travelers’ fixation on having “authentic” experiences and in their interpretation of the authentic non-West as being outside modernity.

Not All Consumerism has a Shady Side!

Consumerism and tourism on mass scales are two defining characteristics of modern society which have both inspired much criticism. They are also closely connected and certain examples of tourism are seen as undesirable manifestations of consumerism. Questions of whether the censure of the phenomena is justified and the nature of their relationship are addressed in this brief commentary written in response to the research probe which raises enduring and still pertinent issues about tourism as a human and commercial activity, underlying dynamics and impacts. Reactions to the proposition that consumerism encourages bad tourism partly depend on the meanings ascribed to the terms. The notion of bad tourism is frequently associated with selected instances of modern mass tourism and its consequences, exemplified by the urbanization of coastlines around the world deemed by detractors to have been ‘ruined’. Large resorts and developed seashores are not, however, intrinsically bad and are a core visitor attraction with the capacity to perform valuable functions for tourists and destination residents. Their popularity may alleviate pressures elsewhere and protect more sensitive and vulnerable socio-cultural and physical environments which are under threat from the shift away from standardized tourism to a series of markets of vacationers looking for novelty of setting and experience. Smaller scale tourism of a sort typified by ecotourism and cultural tourism is lauded by suppliers and participants. It is hailed as the antithesis of and superior to modern mass tourism because of the rectitude of motives and positive effects, yet it is not necessarily better or to be welcomed. Tourists who search out pristine territories and remote communities could cause disruption to fragile eco-systems and everyday life, despite protestations about responsible travel (Butcher 2003). What constitutes bad and good tourism is clearly subject to interpretation and perceptions reflect the position of the individual and group alongside circumstances prevailing in countries of departure and arrival. Academic opinion is also divided within and between disciplines, although social scientists as a whole have been very fierce critics of tourism which is perhaps something of an easy target for them. The long standing dispute about whether tourism is a blessing or blight (Young 1973) would seem to be one that will never be fully resolved; for almost every argument, there is a counter-argument which has resulted in a circularity of discourse. Tourism as a field of enquiry and action is full of complexities and contradictions, encompassing an immense range of individual behaviour and commercial products as well as spaces where it occurs. Generalizations become difficult and opinions about badness or goodness are determined by personal, economic, political, socio-cultural, geographical and historical contexts. Interestingly, the debate is not confined to instances from contemporary society and Baranowski (2004) writes about consumerism and mass tourism in the Third Reich in her study of the Nazi ‘Strength through Joy’ programme. It claimed to be one of the largest leisure and travel organisers in the world and a force for good, integrating work and leisure, a view which soon became untenable.

Creating the Big Easy: New Orleans and the Emergence of Modern Tourism, 1918-1945

Between the World Wars, New Orleans transformed its image from a corrupt and sullied port of call into a national tourist destination. Anthony J. Stanonis tells how boosters and politicians reinvented the city to build a modern mass tourism industry and, along the way, fundamentally changed the city's cultural, economic, racial, and gender structure. Stanonis looks at the importance of urban development, historic preservation, taxation strategies, and convention marketing to New Orleans' makeover and chronicles the city's efforts to domesticate its jazz scene, democratize Mardi Gras, and stereotype local blacks into docile, servile roles. He also looks at depictions of the city in literature and film and gauges the impact on New Orleans of white middle-class America's growing prosperity, mobility, leisure time, and tolerance of women in public spaces once considered off-limits. Visitors go to New Orleans with expectations rooted in the city's past: to revel with Mardi Gras maskers, soak up the romance of the French Quarter, and indulge in rich cuisine and hot music. Such a past has a basis in history, says Stanonis, but it has been carefully excised from its gritty context and scrubbed clean for mass consumption.

Making Mass Vacations: Tourism and Consumer Culture in France, 1930s to 1970s

In the 1950s, French political geographer and social critic André Siegfried denounced modern mass tourism as “tourism de série . . . organized, almost mechanized, collective, and above all democratic.” Echoing derisory discussions of mass culture and mass consumption, Siegfried criticized modern tourism as a degraded aspect of cultural and social democratization, best exemplified by banal American hotel chains. Siegfried complained that modern tourism had essentially destroyed older regimes of pleasure and substituted only amusements. Someone who yearned for the older “aristocratic” era wherein wealthy leisured elites sojourned in grand hotels, he believed that the only hope for the future was with “people of refined taste, knowing how to distinguish . . . between filth and beauty.”André Siegfried, Aspects du XXe Siàcle (Paris, 1955), 107, 123–25 and 148.

Multidisciplinary focus on leisure and tourism

This paper examines the role of the contrasting specialization and integration developments in science and society. Particular attention is focused on the development of leisure, recreation, and tourism within modern industrialized society and on feasible scientific approaches as applied to the study of leisure activities. The evolution of leisure reveals a continued societal preference for increased income over leisure. This phenomenon has resulted in a drive towards ostentatious consumption, less free time, and large scale differentiation in leisure activities. The birth of modern mass tourism is one example. Such segmentation is characterized by specialized disciplinary know-how and analytic/fragmented policies. Intersector comparison of such policies shows they produce external costs which can only be avoided if an integrated approach is pursued. The paper argues for a new multidisciplinary focus on socioeconomics of leisure.

Reconstructed ethnicity tourism and cultural identity in third world communities

The thesis of this paper is that ethnicity is produced by group-level interactions and ethnic forms evolve as a result of changing structural relations between groups and rhetorical explanations and accounts of inter-group similarities and differences. The evidence for this argument is composed mainly of statements made by leaders and representatives of one group about other groups, and responses to such statements. These statements and associated behaviors are analyzed semiotically in that no distinction is made between the words of movement leaders and such matters as the wearing of an Afro hair style: they are both read as statements about group structure and the history of inter-group relations, although one may be in a more accessible idiom than the other. The paper concludes that the institutions associated with modern mass tourism also function as powerful shapers of ethnic identity.