116Quaker History to fall in love with Olaf a second time because "it was his letters I was in love with" (p. 373) the first time around. Like most novels, this story ended well. Olaf and Agnes lived happily together for thirty-one years—he as a prolific and reasonably successful futurist novelist/ philsopher, she as the mother of two and later vice-president of the British section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. When Stapledon died in 1950, The Friend, in acknowledging his life and career, said that he had been close to Quakers. This is a book worth reading and keeping. University of ArkansasThomas C. Kennedy Martha Schofield and the Re-education ofthe South, 1839-1916. By Katherine Smedley. Lewiston, N.Y.: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. 320 pp. $59.95. This quiet, descriptive biography rescues a worthy and productive person from obscurity and in the process makes a modest contribution to the history of the Society of Friends as well as to the history of women, education, black history, race relations, and the South. As a genre, biographies are usually either revisionist reconsiderations of the great or "discovery" introductions to lesser mortals. This biography is of the second variety although Martha Schofield was certainly not an average person of only ordinary accomplishments. Rather, she was born into a family of socially conscious Quaker activists and raised in and around the Quaker capital of North America, Philadelphia. As a child and young adult, Schofield was regularly exposed to the likes of Susan B. Anthony, William Lloyd Garrison, and Wendell Phillips. Lucretia Mott became her mentor. Inspired by such company, she spent her adult life working to improve the circumstances of women and, especially, ex-slaves, and made her most important contribution by pioneering black education in the South. Over the years the South has appeared and appealed to many as a moral frontier—a place of contact and combat between the forces of good and evil, progress and reaction. Schofield joined the migration of idealistic people who journeyed into the South after the Civil War to reclaim the region for civilized society. Unlike most of them, however, she stayed on. Indeed, her reputation rested almost as much on where she lived and worked as on what she accomplished . Like her contemporary Booker T. Washington, Schofield built and managed a school for blacks in the very heart of Ku Klux Klan land. William Lloyd Garrison served on its board of truestees. A portrait of John Brown graced the chapel. By rights the Schofield Normal and Industrial School should never have existed in Aiken, South Carolina. The wonder is that it was not burned to the ground and its director shot dead. Certainly angry white men discussed doing these things more than once. The core of this book chronicles Schofield's contribution to black education and charts her evolving relationship with the South and with herself. She was among the first to insist that vocational training rather than a classical education best served the immediate needs of blacks in the post-war South. As her status among Aiken's white community changed from that of hated outsider to local celebrity, her ideology and behavior shifted away from the militancy of Garrison to the more flexible posture associated with Booker T. Washington. At the same time, perhaps to compensate for the aching personal loneliness she endured while helping so many others, Schofield increasingly came to view herself less as a humble servant than as a living, modern martyr. Book Reviews117 Many who knew her, blacks and whites alike, shared this view. In writing this useful biography, author Katherine Smedley was much more influenced by the surviving letters and journal of her subject than by contemporary scholarship or theory. Consequently her work does not attempt to place the meaning of Martha Schofield's life within any historiographie context or along the political spectrum. Instead, she leaves these important interpretative, assimilative tasks to readers. Texas Southern UniversityHoward Beeth Quaker Education, A Source Book. By Leonard S. Kenworthy. Kennett Square, PA: Quaker Publications, 1987. 347 pp. $10.00. "No one has ever tried to assemble a volume on Quaker education...