Modern Institutions Research Articles

Disentangling Race from Skin Color in Modern Biology and Medicine

In this review, we examine the taxonomies used to classify people, which influenced the development of the modern disciplines of biology and medicine, including dermatology, throughout the world. Early European scientists and physicians were intertwined with the social environment that created classifications and hierarchies of skin-color-based races, which were reinforced by prevailing political systems that supported colonial economic structures and, in many cases, chattel slavery. Even after genomic analysis of diverse human DNA sequences have revealed that systems of skin color-based racial and ethnic classification lacked biological meaning and were socially constructed, these classifications persist and are reinforced by census classifications and frameworks for comparisons in biomedicine in many parts of the world. The bodies of knowledge and practices that were built on these classifications did not reflect the observable biological diversity of people but the dominant cultural institutions and economic systems of their times. We provide actions for our modern institutions to reduce the underpinnings and ramifications of racial and ethnic classifications ultimately to improve biomedical research and medical care for all patients.

The Modern Institution of the Prosecutor's Refusal to File Charges against a Suspect: Crisis of Authenticity of the Russian Criminal Process

The paper examines the issues of effectiveness and viability of the modern Russian institution of prosecutor’s refusal to bring charges. The author substantiates the conclusion that it is formed to a greater extent in the spirit of Anglo-Saxon legal logic, while neither normative nor doctrinal correlation with the basic principles of domestic criminal proceedings has been implemented. The legal institution in question is a vivid example of conceptual, axiological legal contradictions in the Russian criminal process, which makes it difficult to clearly define its modern model and the vector of its further development. For methodological purposes, the modern Russian institution of the prosecutor’s refusal to charge was analyzed in relation to the trial with the participation of jurors. This made it possible to more fully identify the relevant shortcomings and identify areas for improvement. As a result, the following conclusions were substantiated: it would be advisable to deprive the prosecutor’s refusal to bring charges of binding force for the Russian court. At the same time, the adversarial foundation of the trial is not limited here in any way, since the prosecutor should have the opportunity to convey his position to the court following the results of the judicial investigation. In general, the proposed approach will act as a reliable guarantee of the rights of the victim, including access to justice, and serve to ensure the constitutional right of Russians to participate in the administration of justice, strengthen the independence and completeness of the judiciary. As a result, using the example of the institute under study, we can talk about the need to return to the authenticity of Russian criminal proceedings in the spirit of continental legal traditions.

The Challenges of a Purchase by the Berlin Papyrus Collection in 1926

Abstract Where do Arabic papyri come from? The article shifts the question to “How did the Arabic papyri reach modern institutions, and why do we know so little about their provenance”? In an exemplary way, the purchase of 142 texts from Maurice Nahman in Cairo by the Berlin Papyrus collection in 1926, which is exceptionally well documented, will be discussed here. The collection was then headed by Wilhelm Schubart, who was assisted in this purchase by Adolf Grohmann and Ludwig Borchardt. It turns out that several of the steps from the findspot to the museum were settled on the margin of legal norms, which meant that the actors had an interest to disguise business partners and archeological contexts. For this reason, most acquisitions cannot be traced back to the original findspot. If we intend to reconstruct groups of related documents, it will probably be easier to analyze internal features, like the mentioned persons and the style of handwriting. Museum archives can then complement this information.

Udayana School of Kajian Budaya compared to the Spell of British Cultural Studies: Critical Discourses in Debate

This article attempts to look deeper into the Udayana School of Kajian Budaya compared to the spell of British Cultural Studies to understand both modes and critical discourses in debate. It hopes to widen the horizon on the plurality of cultural studies versions existing beyond Britain, the United States and Europe; specifically the Udayana School of Kajian Budaya in Bali and broadly in Indonesia. Hence, the authors conducted a literature search to compile relevant publications, interviewed Kajian Budaya lecturers and alumni, and employed critical interpretive analysis to the data. The study indicates formation of the British and the Udayana School variants were influenced by critical theory of the Frankfurt School and postmodernism ideas of French and American thinkers, which critiqued institutions of modernity, capitalist society, positivism in scientific inquiry, ‘classical’ enlightenment thought, and the culture industry. However, the Udayana School of Kajian Budaya exhibits distinctiveness in its study areas, approach and paradigm.

Генезис концепции злоупотребления правом: вещно-правовой аспект (на примере римской правовой традиции)

The concept of abuse of right is being adapted in many areas of private law, including property law. At the same time, such adaptation was not originally characteristic of the abstract institution of abuse of law but developed genetically. The beginnings of the concept of abuse of law can be traced in the Roman legal tradition, which became the cradle of all modern institutions of private law. On the basis of Roman legal tradition and the absolute nature of property rights, the situation of the irrelevance of the concept of abuse of rights is traced due to the lack of competition of owners in the slave-owning formation. The theorization of the sphere of property law gave an impetus to the development of the concept of abuse of property law.

Can We Accept Today That the Museum Continues to Convey Colonial Ideology? An Analysis of Two Fundamental European Instruments to Decolonize Museums

The article intends to broaden the debate about colonial collections and their potential repatriation. In some countries, official guidelines on how to deal with colonial collections are long overdue and many museums seem to find that inaction is the perfect strategy. Supported by the latest developments at European level and offering a detailed analysis of the Macron Report and the recommendations of the Deutscher Museumsbund (German Museums Association), this article seeks to provide food for thought that will serve as an in-depth, wide-ranging debate about colonial collections. It makes a comprehensive review of these two European instruments to implement ethical care for colonial collections. Admitting that colonialism has permeated all modern institutions, including the museum, and that many collection items located in Western museums are historically and culturally “sensitive” underscores the moral and ethical obligation that each museum must face, inter alia, as a way to contribute to the deconstruction of a colonial ideology which is perpetuated far beyond the formal end of colonialism. The article aims, furthermore, to demonstrate how awareness and research are the cornerstones of the process that will allow us to rethink colonial collections and document them from a less dated perspective.

“I am because you are”: traditional ruler-ship institutions and alternative dispute resolution in Africa

ABSTRACT Post-colonial Africa has played host to different kinds of conflict throughout its chequered history. Unfortunately, the continent’s modern institutions of conflict resolution have failed to intercept most of the disputes, leading to renewed calls for traditional institutions to go into conflict mediation strategies. While many studies have interrogated the nexus between traditional institutions and conflict, few examined the institutional involvement of traditional rulers in external peace support as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Most disputes occur within local communities rather than urban spaces, enlisting traditional rulers who are closer to the people, in resolution efforts is key to settlement. It posits that traditional ruler-ship institutions should be at the core of ADR in Africa given their inherent ability to negotiate, mediate, unite, reconcile and settle community disturbances. The paper observes politicization and corruption within the institution as plausible explanation for the disconnection between past successes and the inadequacies of today. Relying on a systematic analysis of relevant literature and the analytical strengths of the Ubuntu philosophy, the article concludes that for traditional rulers to be effective in the ADR framework, they must place community peace and cohesion over personal interests in conflict mediation.

Marketing Metrics in private healthcare institution

Public health care institutions same as private health care institutions are present in almost every city in Croatia. Public health care institutions provide stability, security, and most of all they are traditionally among the people in Croatia. Private health care institutions are basically young and modern institutions with different and new management system. Main analyses and metrics which Policlinic Intermed uses in its business are SWOT analyses and BCG metrics. Through those methods and analyses this polyclinic can make right decisions in order to bring required marketing activities for this kind of business. A purpose of this research is to bring out strategies that are necessary for making marketing decisions and activities and clarify that private institutions are different then public ones and their need to be advertise and promote in order to survive on the market.

Convivial Populations: Ivan Illich and Public Health in the 21st Century.

Ivan Illich (1926-2002) was a historian, social critic, and professor at multiple universities. He came to intellectual fame through his criticisms of modern institutions, including health care, and his concern with social structures that he believed to impede human flourishing. However, Illich has not been thoroughly explored as a source of insight for public health professionals. Although he populates the medical and public health literature, discourse remains sparse about how Illich might contribute to key conversations in public health today. In this article, I explore Illich's potential contributions to modern public health through one of his seminal works, Tools for Conviviality. I frame Illich as a valuable conversational partner for public health professionals at a crucial moment in the field's history. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(7):723-728. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307675).

TRADITION, LEADERSHIP, AND JUSTICE IN PUROIK VILLAGE COUNCILS: AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION

Arunachal Pradesh, a culturally diverse state in northeastern India, is home to numerous tribes with unique traditional village councils. This paper explores the traditional village council system among the Puroik people, who historically served as bonded laborers. The study explores the structure, functions, and changes in the Puroik traditional council, known as Jokom, within the broader context of tribal governance. It examines factors such as historical influences, modern institutions like Panchayati Raj, and the impact of religious conversion on cultural practices and dispute resolution. The research provides insights into the dynamic nature of the Puroik village council, its role in social and judicial matters, and its adaptation to evolving societal contexts and external influences.

On Accountability and Hierarchy

Democracy promises accountability via elections; bureaucracy promises coordination via hierarchy. Many scholars believe these properties conflict. We prove, however, that accountability is precisely what unifies democracy and meritocratic (Weberian) bureaucracy. Central to the concept of meritocracy are performance reviews. We prove that a review system where all individuals and groups are accountable must also be democratic. Thus, meritocratic hierarchy, accountability, and democracy are intertwined. But accountability in modern political systems confronts a significant issue. Such systems include many knowledge-intensive specialties, and since specializations are limited to some but not all members of an institution, the full accountability of democracies entails review of specialists by amateurs. We prove that modern political systems necessarily exhibit this tension. It is a hallmark of modern institutions rather than a problem to be solved.

CREATIVE THINKING AS AN ELEMENT OF SOFT􀍳SKILLS OF SPECIALISTS IN THE SOCIO􀍳CULTURAL AND ART FIELDS

In the article, the author considers the problem of the formation of soft skills of specialists in the socio-cultural and artistic fields. Modern requirements for higher education, changes in information technologies and the increase in the availability of information, together with changes in social life, which require the presence of a wide range of knowledge and competences in modern specialists, as well as the ability to quickly adapt to changing conditions, require modern institutions of higher education of education, ensuring a high-quality educational process, with its focus on the combination of traditions and innovations in education and the formation of a high-quality specialist for the modern labor market. For professional implementation, development and success in personal and social life, a modern specialist in the socio-cultural and artistic fields must be able to quickly adapt to changing conditions, make balanced and informed decisions in conditions of uncertainty and lack of information, establish effective interpersonal communications with colleagues, management,, representatives of authorities, the scientific community, the public, resolve conflict situations, show empathy, organize one’s own life, professional activity and development in the existing conditions, leadership qualities and the ability to take responsibility, etc. The author proves that today precisely such qualities and skills, which are united by the concept of soft skills, along with other equal conditions (in particular, the same level of professionalism, professional qualification) determine the success of a specialist in the labor market, and an individual in life. The question of the formation of soft skills during the acquisition of higher education by students has become relevant in the last few decades. However, considering the experience and trends in the development of higher education in our country in the last few years, the importance of these issues is constantly increasing. High-quality training of students of art and pedagogical education in modern conditions must necessarily involve the formation of soft skills in them through the use in the educational process of a wide range of innovative pedagogical technologies, modern interactive teaching methods and the involvement of students in various social, public, communication activities based on understanding of the essence, meaning and methods of soft skills formation by all representatives of the educational process. Keywords: socio-cultural activity, artistic and pedagogical education, competence, soft-skills, education seekers

The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas on Human Progress and Well-Being

The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas on Human Progress and Well-Being

Tax Farming, the Provincial Council and the Nature of the Late Ottoman State

Abstract This article focuses on the Council (Divan) of Amid in Diyarbekir Province as a petition-receiving institution throughout the eighteenth century. By drawing on the court records of the city of Harput, one of the sub-districts of Diyarbekir, and the tax farming registers of the larger province, the article discusses the role of the provincial governor in legal procedures. It argues that the Provincial Council had an important function in the operative field of law as it made it possible for the petitioning subjects in Harput to obtain judgments reviewed in the court of Harput in the form of ‘trial de novo’. While situating the emergence of the Council in the political-economic context of the time, the article also argues that the Provincial Council was an early modern institution which, in part, paved the way to the constitution of the nineteenth century provincial administration of the Tanzimat state.

St. Peter, Church and Religion as a Role Model for Modern Entrepreneurs

Modern enterprises operate on the basis of the Industry 4.0 paradigm. Technology is becoming an inherent attribute of the economy, but at the same time, one should bear in mind the employees, who create enterprises, and the spiritual side, so as to maintain a balance between what is tangible and intangible. Religion and spirituality are intertwined and have an impact on business practice and corporate management. Research on a group of young people has shown that faith plays a vital role in running a business. Moreover, the sustainability and uninterrupted activity of the Church can be a model for many companies. Subordinating one’s own affairs and individual ambitions to the common good and higher values, is the direction which managers of modern institutions can follow. Such an enterprise needs a leader, a charismatic leader who, as an intangible asset, will primarily see the value of the employees entrusted to him, and only then, the material value of the company. The personnel function and the humanistic approach are the key aspects of a well-functioning enterprise. The article analyses the role of St. Peter in managing the Church, and indicates the possibility of managing modern enterprises based on Church experience.

:Cultures Colliding: American Missionaries, Chinese Resistance, and the Rise of Modern Institutions in China

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Transformations of the Family Institution in the Perception of Student Youth in the South of Russia

Introduction. The family, being one of the most important social institutions, is subject to significant changes that occur in society and in its social organization. However, the direction of family transformations does not immediately become obvious, which actualizes their scientific understanding on the basis of sociological measurements. The purpose of the article is to identify the attitude of student youth in the South of Russia to the nature of the transformations taking place in the modern institution of the family and, on their basis, to formulate generalizing conclusions and recommendations. The importance of such research is determined by the special role of the student social group in ensuring the sustainability of society and in shaping its future appearance. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was student youth of the South of Russia. The empirical basis of the study was the results of a survey of full-time students at 13 universities and university branches in the South of Russia (Rostov Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories) based on a representative sample (n = 639). The questionnaire survey method made it possible to identify some of the students’ attitudes and aspirations regarding the institutional state of the family. The conceptual basis of the study was the constructivist approach, which considers the most important theoretical meanings and trajectories of the process of family transformation (crisis and modernist) as social constructs that influence students’ perception of the direction of development of the family institution. Results. Analysis of the collected empirical material shows a certain duality in the position of student youth in the South of Russia in determining priority trajectories for the development of the family institution. This is evidenced by students’ perception of the crisis and modernist constructs of family transformation through the analysis of their main indicators (the state of attractiveness of a family-child lifestyle; attitude to the dominance of having few children and having one child; perception of childfreeness; attitude to divorce and cohabitation, etc.). The survey also revealed a certain predominance among students of negative assessments of the influence of individualistic value sentiments on the institutional stability of the family. Discussion and Conclusion. Using the example of the southern region of Russia, the conclusion was confirmed that the worldview, socio-economic and information-cognitive state of society influences the priority of perception of various trajectories of transformation of the family institution (crisis and modernization). The attitude of students to semantic indicators of their perception is ambiguous. This is largely due to the heterogeneity of value orientations in our society. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it made it possible to identify the opinion of student youth about their attitude to the current state of the family institution and the prospects for its development. The results obtained may be useful to scientists studying this issue, as well as practitioners forming and implementing youth policy.

Полевые исследования: проблема, задачи, возможности. Часть 1

For more than a century, the state of psychology has been characterized as a crisis (crisis of methodology). The present state of the social objects, which serve as the research subjects for us, is characterized by increasing dynamism and variability. The current state, as reflected in its typical objects and conditions of conducting scientific research and practice work by ordinary researchers, often remains out of the attention span of methodologists and historians of science. Changes of the conditions created for conducting scientific research and research and practice work in modern institutions require reinterpreting the methods and methodology of the discipline and of the third-level disciplinary methodology. These are conventionally called by us “methods and methodology of field research”. The raised issue is masked and smoothed out by the dominance in Russian psychology of researches based on models of academic groups (schoolchildren, students, seminar listeners, etc.), i.e., by scientific research and research and practice works conducted under relatively simple conditions. However, the range of research and practical tasks is much wider; a pronounced shift to studies of mainly academic groups is a shift to “accessibility and comfort” zone and it leads to the erosion of the discipline. Purpose: historical and theoretical analysis of methodological, methodical and organizational aspects of conducting the research in a modern institution. Methods: analysis of scientific literature, psychodiagnostics, reflection on the experience of scientific research and practical work in modern institutions. It is summarized that: 1) the state of the discipline methodology, understanding of its method, subject and technology of conducting relevant scientific research, and explanation of the results obtained are interrelated; 2) with the availability of administrative resources methodological and methodical problems persist and are reproduced even under strictly specified diagnostic conditions; 3) diagnostic issues in the space-time dimension of modern institutions change the unresolved tasks of “methods and methodology of field research” into the status of “raised to the second power problems, “raised to the third power problems”; 4) one of the least developed issues of psychodiagnostics is the issue of the “situation”, which requires its constructive solution.

Research of plant resources of the European North of the USSR in the first half of the twentieth century.

The problem of providing the European north of Russia with food and fodder worsened after the civil War in the process of a significant increase in the population when solving national economic tasks for the development of the territory. The article aims to show the main directions of research and pedagogical activity of corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR geobotanist Alexander Petrovich Shennikov on the study of plant resources of the modern Komi Republic, the creation of the herbarium of the Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the education of highly qualified specialists. The object of the study is the personality of the scientist, the subject is the representation of personality through the analysis of the content of the documents of the Scientific Archive of the Federal Research Center "Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences" introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The appearance in Syktyvkar of the reporting documents of Shennikov and his young colleagues on geobotanical expeditions of the 1920s-1930s was explained by the evacuation of the Northern Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences from Arkhangelsk to Syktyvkar at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The documents testify to the established scientific and organizational authority of Shennikov by the time of participation in the Pechora Brigade of the Polar Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1933) and the formation of the scientific community of geobotanists under his leadership. The post-war letters of the scientific consultant of the Komi branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.P. Shennikov and his wife Maria Mikhailovna reflect the pedagogical and scientific principles of the professor as an educator of researchers; show how the herbarium of the modern Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was formed; prove the long-term creative cooperation with the botanists of Syktyvkar.

Cultures Colliding: American Missionaries, Chinese Resistance, and the Rise of Modern Institutions in China. By John R. Haddad. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2023. viii + 335 pp. $129.95 hardcover; $39.95 paper.

Cultures Colliding: American Missionaries, Chinese Resistance, and the Rise of Modern Institutions in China. By John R. Haddad. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2023. viii + 335 pp. $129.95 hardcover; $39.95 paper.