Modern Inks Research Articles

Differentiation of pine and oil‐based soots in East Asian inks using Raman spectroscopy

AbstractEast Asian inks are a major component of calligraphy, paintings, and prints in China, Japan, and Korea and are historically made from either pine soot or oil‐lamp soot mixed with a proteinaceous binder. Although the inks from the two different soot sources have different properties in East Asian works of art, no non‐destructive methods to differentiate them scientifically currently exist. Raman spectroscopy (RS) of carbonaceous materials is commonly used to extract information about their properties and has been applied here to East Asian inks. Soots used in making modern inks were collected from 10 sources in China and Japan and analyzed using RS. RS using 405‐, 633‐, and 785‐nm excitation has been able to differentiate pine soot from oil‐lamp soot, also called lampblack. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) of only 785‐nm Raman spectra has been able to discriminate between two different soots used in a 19th‐century Japanese woodblock printing of Kaishien Gaden. In addition to allowing discrimination between inks on East Asian works of art, these results may be of use to other fields using carbonaceous materials.

Tradition and modernity: Exploring modern ink painting in Malaysia through the cultural identity

This study examines Modern Ink Paintings (MIP) in post-independence Malaysia and demonstrates how Cultural Identity (CI) emerges to express the Chinese ethnic artists’ position within the Chinese diasporic community within a multicultural context. Integrating traditional Chinese ink techniques with local cultural elements and Western Modern Art (WMA) approaches, the notion of hybridity refers more to issues of CI created based on shared cultural values and historical experiences of the Chinese community, serving as an essential experience in the nation-building process of post-colonial Malaysian society. This paper aims to examine modern ink painting in order to demonstrate its significant contribution to the art world of Malaysia. The artists’ considerations reflect broader issues of home and belonging and the revival of “Chineseness” within post-colonial Malaysian society for the Chinese diasporic community living in Malaysia. The research underscores art’s role in nation-building and positions modern ink painting as a testament to the evolving Chinese CI globally.

Study on Form Deconstruction and Mood Construction in Modern Ink Painting Design

Study on Form Deconstruction and Mood Construction in Modern Ink Painting Design

A Study of the Development History and Stylistic Features of Chinese Ink Painting

The modern ink painting in China started in the 1980s and it didn't become popular until the late 1990s. Up till now, it has become a major branch of Chinese art and painting. This paper makes a brief review on the historical development of Chinese ink painting based on the current studies on the topic. Compared with the western painting, the Chinese ink painting enjoys a special position in terms of spiritual forms, Artistic function, Language Structure, ink and brush form. The study finds that ink painting has a strong philosophical conception of Chinese cultural traditions and an ideology that matches its history, culture and religious beliefs. The values and ideology of the traditional Chinese philosophical outlook can be glimpsed in ink painting, and the ancient subsistence smallholder economic system also permeated and influenced the way of painting in terms of economic and social development. This influence ultimately reflected in the ancient philosophical system of thinking .

Chung Chen Sun: The Reform Process of Modern Ink Painting

This article reviews Chung Chen Sun's artistic creation process from the 1960s to the present. As the second generation of Nanyang painter, he not only inherited the tradition of the first generation but also made innovations on this basis, integrating Western aesthetics and creating the artistic conception of ink and wash in his style. At the same time, he has also established 5 art academies in Malaysia and China. His art education philosophy has a certain influence and contribution to modern art design education in Malaysia and China. He is known as the "father of modern art education in Malaysia". The research methods used in this article are the literature re method and the visual analysis method. Through the collection of literature, the information about Chung Chen Sun is sorted, his creative style is divided into four major periods, and representative works are selected for visual analysis. Finally, Chung Chen Sun's transformation process of modern ink painting and its artistic characteristics are summarized.

An Experimental Study of Graphene-Based Conductive Ink for Inkjet-Printable Electronics

The field of printable electronics and sensors has been experiencing increased interest and growth to meet the demands of low-cost, flexible, and lightweight devices. From this subset of devices, graphene-based printable electronics and sensors are of specific interest due to their transparency, flexibility, biocompatibility, and high conductivity. Among all modern ink printing technology, screen printing, spray coating, 3D printing, and inkjet printing are often utilized to fabricate flexible electronic applications from conductive ink. Compared with the other three, inkjet printing has received the most attention due to the simple printing process, high repeatability, economy, and time-savings compared to other printing techniques. However, inkjet printing often suffers from nozzle clogging due to aggregation of the particles in the conductive inks. In this research, a conductive graphene-based ink is developed to be used in a regular inkjet printer. Our goal is to fabricate this ink such that it is flexible, biocompatible, and easily manufacturable. This method seeks to create a low viscosity, high surface tension ink that addresses the clogging of the nozzle due to an aggregation of particles and is capable of being printed through a regular inkjet printer. By selectively choosing and modifying the composition and processes of ink formulation methodologies of past research, a graphene-based conductive ink that is compatible with inkjet printing is formulated. A flexible hydration sensor is printed out with this graphene-based conductive ink through which its conductivity and sensitivity are compared with the same sensor printed with commercially available graphene ink.

From Wine to Print: Reconstruction of Frankfurt Black Pigment and Intaglio Printing Ink

ABSTRACT ‘Frankfurt Black' made of charred wine lees was often preferred above other charcoal pigments for intaglio printing in 17th to 19th centuries primary sources. As no samples of the dry pigment survive, it was experimentally recreated. Wine lees were charred according to historical instructions to determine appropriate conditions for dry pyrolysis (380°C, 300 min T). The pigment was ground with burnt oil varnishes prepared according to Abraham Bosse’s 1649 manual on etching and engraving. Reconstructed Frankfurt Black was compared to hand-ground inks made with different plant black pigments and modern bone black printing ink. Impressions were made from an etched plate and compared for their colour, contrast, clarity of lines and details. Generally, Frankfurt Black ink displayed the properties described in historical sources: deep dark colour and a soft texture. The ink resembled modern inks in print. The study illustrates how the choice and manufacture of historical ink constituents can affect the appearance of an intaglio print.

Using Raman spectroscopy to estimate the dates of carbon-based inks from Ancient Egypt

In the first study of its kind, we previously investigated Raman spectra of 17 papyri from the Columbia University Libraries collection, written in carbon-based black ink with well-established dates between 400 BCE and 1000 CE. Using a simple two-peak spectral model for the Raman spectrum of carbonaceous materials, we discovered small but statistically significant systematic variations in the spectral parameters with manuscript date. The purposes of this report are to present: (1) more-powerful statistical examinations of the correlation based on the two-peak spectral model and on a new three-peak model which includes spectral effects for amorphous carbon; (2) new data for additional ancient manuscripts, broadening the investigation; (3) a method for potentially exploiting the observed correlation to predict the dates of undated manuscripts of similar character; and (4) a hypothesis as to the underlying chemical basis of the observed spectral changes. We apply both linear and multiple linear regression analyses to the spectral models. We show that the three-peak model fits the experimental data much better than the two-peak model. Through the use of multiple linear regression, the three-peak model reduces significantly the overall correlation error. We find that our ability to predict dates for manuscripts that are similar to those of the study over the date range 400 BCE to 1000 CE is limited by intrinsic variations in the character of the pigments to about ± 118 years with 68% statistical confidence (or ± 236 years with 95% confidence). We confirm the observed correlation and prediction capabilities through a blind study of six additional ancient manuscripts and two late 19th- or early 20th-century fakes in the Columbia University collection. The data suggest that chemical degradation of amorphous carbon and chemical modification of graphitic crystals may both contribute to the observed spectral differences. This would also account for the magnitude of the variance in spectral character we observe, which possibly reflects differences in pigment manufacture processes as well as the effects of differences in chemical micro-environments after writing. The chemical degradation hypothesis receives additional support from previously unreported examination of two manuscripts from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum. The older of these, dated through conventional papyrological methods to 2323-2150 BCE, deviates from the linear regression models, but in a way consistent with chemical (i.e., non-linear) degradation. For comparison, we report Raman scattering for 8 different modern inks using the same protocol we developed for the ancient inks. Using statistical techniques based on Gaussian Mixture Modeling, we demonstrate differences between the spectral character of the inks of our base study and those prepared from modern reference pigments. This allows us to define a mathematical quantity that can distinguish between spectra of pigments that are spectrally similar to the ancient pigments studied here and those that are not. This new and non-destructive method produces a statistically robust indication of the antiquity and rough period (e.g., Ptolemaic, Roman, etc.) of the inks in question, if not the precise date. We hypothesize that the potential for greater precision is likely limited by the intrinsic variations in the spectral characteristics of the inks from manuscript to manuscript.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of triarylmethane dyes

Triarylmethane (TAM) dyes are commonly used in modern inks and paints and are of large interest in different fields of application such as cultural heritage, forensic sciences, dying industry. Here, a systematic pyrolysis − gas chromatography–mass spectrometry study of eight commonly used green, blue and violet triarylmethane dyes (Basic Violet 1, Basic Violet 3, Basic Violet 14, Basic Blue 11, Acid Green 5, Acid Blue 9, Acid Blue 22 and Basic Green 1) is presented. Pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300°C up to 800°C were applied in order to study the pyrolysis products generated at each temperature. Low temperatures (300 and 400°C) were not sufficient to distinguish between the different TAMs, whereas at 550°C, a common temperature in paint analysis, a series of specific compounds useful in differentiation is formed, although at 700°C a larger number of markers is generated. Py-GC–MS of two blue felt-tip pen inks used by modern artists was also carried out in order to verify the possibility to detect low amounts of TAMs in complex matrices. Although not all the pyrolysis products of the reference TAMs could be detected, efficient identification of the dyes could be accomplished thanks to the presence of specific markers.

Сучасні технології плоского офсетного друку зі зволоженням

It was analyzed current state of offset printing and the main advantages that make this direction actual for future development and use in production. It was defined the condition of the market. Also it was considered types of printing forms and gave their brief description and it was considered the classification by drying method of modern inks. Also it was investigate the condition of the offset printing inUkraine.

Rozgraniczenie jako ograniczenie

Delimitation as a limitation. Research into the word order of the adjectival modifier in contemporary Polish
 The article examines the problem of migration of so-called classificatory adjectives in modern Polish, that can be used both pre- and post-nominally in NPs, such as e.g. drukarka atramentowa and atramentowa drukarka ‘ink printer’. It contributes to the discussion initiated by J. Linde-Usiekniewicz (2013), the purpose of which is to verify the results of research into reordering of the constituents of Polish NPs, conducted by Cetnarowska, Pysz, Trugman (2011) and Rutkowski, Progovac (2005). It is claimed that an explanation of this phenomenon must take into account the pragmatic determinant of word order flexibility. A number of facts indicate that the following principles play a crucial role in the reordering of NPs: the iconicity principle, more specifically, the “iconicity of sequence” (or “sequential order”) which holds that a sequence of forms conforms to the sequence of experience and, in this particular case, the hierarchical categorization; and the principle of presumed absorption which shows a strong correlation between the adjectival sequences in NPs and the presence of the evaluative predicative, for example nowoczesna drukarka atramentowa vs. nowoczesna atramentowa drukarka ‘modern ink printer’.

Nanomanipulation-coupled to nanospray mass spectrometry applied to document and ink analysis

A method for the extraction and analysis of ink samples was developed using microscopy with direct analyte probe nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (DAPNe-NSI-MS) for localized chemical analysis of document inks. Nanomanipulation can be effectively coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry providing picomolar sensitivity, and the capability to analyze ultra-trace amounts of material and reduce the required sample volume to as low as 300nL. This new and innovative technique does not leave destructive footprints on the surface of a document. To demonstrate the breadth of this technique, analysis of inks from various eras were tested, iron gall ink and modern inks, as well as the capability to detect the oxidative products of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a common binding agent. The experimental results showed that DAPNe-NSI-MS was able to chelate iron(II) and manganese(II) ions of iron gall ink and organic components of modern and carbon-based inks. Regardless of whether the ink composition is modern or ancient, organic or inorganic, this new instrumental approach is able to identify and characterize the ingredients by modifying the extraction solvent, illustrating the potential diversity of the DAPNe technique.

Application of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography in Examination of Magenta Coloured Printed Matter

The technique of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography was utilized to separate the components of magenta colour inkjet printer ink. An attempt has been done to develop a protocol to examine and opine on the issue of identification of printer from which a document was printed. I. Introduction From the moment that a writing ink is applied to paper material, the chemical composition of ink begins to undergo changes. Various physical and chemical processes occur such as the evaporation of solvent; spreading of ink, paper corrosion etc. Modern inks are the mixtures of various components to provide different physical and chemical properties to ink such as colorants (dyes or pigments), Solvent, surfactants, humectants, biocides, fungicides, buffering agents and resins. Additionally, other organics may be used to control corrosion or improve solubility of the dyes and pigments. Current methods for the examination, identification and comparison of inks on paper include a wide variety of techniques, ranging from optical examination, microscopic and spectroscopic studies of the ink. Some techniques require damaging the sample by mechanical or chemical removal of ink from paper. Various forms of chromatography such as column, paper, thin layer, gas and liquid chromatography have gained prominence from past several decades to separate the components of inks. Thin Layer Chromatography involves a stationary phase through which a solvent system migrates across the plate by capillary action, separating the ink components. The process involves carrying the components of ink by a mobile phase through a stationary phase. The separation of dyes, colourless organic components as well as non-volatile components occurs due to their different migration rates. The several samples can be examined on the same TLC plate whereas the TLC densitometry is used in absorption or reflection mode in visible/UV254/UV366 mode to determine the relative concentrations of the dyes present and other components. In the present study the fast, reliable, and economical technique of HPTLC was used for direct comparison and identification of ink. The technique involves use of very small sample and is sensitive because of the intense colour of dye components in the visible region, absorption in UV region and fluorescence.

Adjustment of Ink and Water Supply in Offset Printing

The stochasticity of the ink-water balance in the offset printing process is actually a fact. We have only the rotating speed of the duct dampening roller adjustment to apply the water to the printing plate, and against we have the ink zones which can be opened differently depending on the printing elements quantity. This means that in any way of settings we will definitely have a certain constant amount of water emulsified in a different quantity of ink. This should be so far acceptable as long as we have the wide-latitude inks in terms of tackiness, water acceptance and other rheological properties. As nowadays all modern inks are a little changed in terms of ISO 12647-2 dot gain requirements and they are now more sensitive to the very exact ink/water regulations. If looking in the very idle printing element we can consider it as a figure filled with ink-water emulsion. The water-ink flow can be described with the Ostrogradsky-Gauss formulae: ׮ ν ሺ νሻ Ԧݔݕݖ ൌ ׭ ሺ Ԧ ሺΩሻ ߗ ሬ Ԧ ሻ . A divergence parameter shows the flow density in the field ν which is limited by Ω1 and Ω2 surfaces on the continuously-differentiated vector-function Ԧ which should be determinative in this very point of the field. In terms of vector field flow we can explain the ink/water emulsion transfer from the printing plate to the blanket and afterwards to the imprint using also the theory of mathematical delays concerning the instability of regulations feedback. Therefore we can predict the outcome for ink emulsification in the very exact point in the printing plate and in general also.

Printing Inks’ Characteristics

Hybrid inks are often used for the advertising products because a variety of effects can serve as an added value. Much attention is paid to the inks application settings, using the hybrid inks at the hi-tech offset equipment and color features of images. The thorough research of the different printing settings with the use of modern inks and efficient equipment, is an urgent problem. Work reveals some new facts about characteristics for printability such as emulsification and influences of ink’s additives on color characteristics of imprints. The experimental inks were developed to define the technological settings of offset printing. The result of research showed that conventional inks have the considerably high degree of emulsification comparing to experimental hybrid inks. Also it was discovered that the UV components influence the emulsification. An optimal water-ink balance and stable printing process can be achieved with adding of 2%-10% of the UV-component to the hybrid inks. Inks application and drying settings as well as color features of the imprints are analyzed in the context of offset printing.

The combination of Chinese and Western influences on Chinese modern ink painting with Lin Fengmian, Zhang Ding and Wu Guanzhong as Examples

The combination of Chinese and Western influences on Chinese modern ink painting with Lin Fengmian, Zhang Ding and Wu Guanzhong as Examples

Synthesis and Property of Water-Soluble Hyperbranched Polyacrylate Emulsion

Hyperbranched polymer is a kind of non-linear polymers with highly branched structure and a lot of terminal groups. It has many advantages, such as high reactivity, good solubility and low viscosity. Hyperbranched polymer has become a focus in modern scientific domain. In this paper, polyester-type water-soluble hyperbranched monomer is prepared by the ring-opening polymerization reaction of maleic anhydride with polyol. Hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion with 70-110nm was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA) and hyperbranched polymer as comonomer. The effects of dosages and adding order of monomers, concentration of initator, type and amount of chain transfer agent on the polymerization are discussed. The as-prepared emusions were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, SEM. The solid content, particle size, stability of emulsion and morphology and water absorption of film were measured. The results showed that hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion had low viscosity, high stability and can form very flat and smooth film. Hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion can be widely applied in modern ink industry for its low cost,simple process and stable quality.

PRAXIS—combined μ-Raman and μ-XRF spectrometers in the examination of forensic samples

Recently, two analytical techniques – Raman and XRF spectroscopy – have been often applied in criminalistic examinations of different kinds of trace evidences. In this paper, the application of the new combined μ-Raman and μ-XRF spectrometer in analysis of multilayer paint chips, modern inks, plastics and fibres was evaluated. It was ascertained that the apparatus possesses real advantages and could be helpful in the identification of examined materials after some modifications, i.e. by adding an extra laser and decreasing the spot size of the X-ray beam.

Study of inks on paper engravings using portable EDXRF spectrometry

The prints are fragile and delicate art objects that need for its examination a suitable technique for “in situ”, non-destructive and rapid analyses. The energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry with portable instrumentation offers these analytical properties. In this work we present the EDXRF analyses of eight engravings elaborated with different techniques (etching and heliogravure) from the 17th to 20th centuries. The characterization of the paper is directly done from its EDXRF spectra, whereas the inks are characterized by the ink plus paper analysis after subtracting the background from the paper spectrum. Inorganic components of the paper engravings and inks have been identified from the EDXRF spectra and the results are discussed. Also, we present EDXRF analyses for the identification of inorganic components from six samples of modern inks.

A General Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Drop Ejection in Drop-on-Demand Ink Jet Devices

Drop-on-demand devices are the heart of most modern ink jet printers. The fluid dynamic process during drop ejection is complex with time-dependent fluid interface disruptions. Based on computations with a generic problem configuration, the present work attempts to provide an insight into the drop ejection behavior for establishing general design rules in device development. The computational results show that the volume of ejected drop is very close to the volume of fluid pushed through the nozzle by an actuation pulse. The speed of the ejected drop is typically between one third and two thirds of the average velocity of the fluid pushed through the nozzle during actuation. The conditions for obtaining various (desirable or undesirable) drop shapes immediately after ejection are examined. The cases when drops may not be successfully ejected are also discussed.