Modern Russian Economy Research Articles

Methodological Tools for Assessing Employment and Income of Rural Population under Unpredictable Conditions

Introduction. The modern Russian economy is facing serious problems in the field of labor resources, which leads to high unemployment and low wages. The development of effective solutions requires conducting evidence-based programs, including actions at the enterprise level, the regional labor market and the national level. The options offered to date by various researchers for assessing the employment and income of the rural population are characterized by an aspect and a lack of an integrated approach. Insufficient attention is paid to the integration of estimates, as well as the development of forecast values based on the expected dynamics of stochastic factors. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the employment of the rural population in the production of beekeeping products. Methods. The state and dynamics of the beekeeping industry development was analyzed on the example of the Perm Region. The study of indicators for assessing the employment level of the rural population included the effect of stochastic factors. The uncertainty influence was accounted by the use of correlation and regression analysis and a multidimensional model. The development of a population assessment methodology was based on the method of mathematical modeling. Results. The influence percentage of stochastic factors on changes in the employment level of the economically active population and the complex impact indicator of factors on the of employment level and incomes of the rural population of the Perm Territory were calculated with a forecast for 5 years. Conclusions. The proposed approach will make it possible to more effectively monitor the trends and dynamics of beekeeping development, which will further help to develop effective support measures for this industry.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОВОЩЕВОДСТВА ОТКРЫТОГО ГРУНТА

Improving the efficiency of open–ground vegetable growing is one of the key problems of the modern Russian economy. The article examines the main problems of ensuring the effectiveness of open-ground vegetable growing. The specific features of the industry are investigated and possible reserves for solving the most pressing problems are identified. The main directions for improving the efficiency of open-ground vegetable growing based on the use of effective resource-saving methods are proposed.

Multiplier and investment in modern Russia in the context of stimulating economic development in the context of sanctions

Aim. To analyze the degree of investment impact on economic growth in modern Russia.Objectives. To study the multiplier effect as a key tool for stimulating economic activity and creating new jobs, developing innovations and reducing social inequality; to identify its significance for the national economy in modern conditions of inherent uncertainty.Methods. The research is based on the empirical study of the multiplier effect and gas pedal effect on the materials of the modern Russian economy. The analysis is based on the use of dynamic time series, definition of dependent and independent variables in the context of identified correlations between them. The data of literary sources on the assessment of the impact of the investment multiplier effect on economic growth were also studied.Results. The multiplier effect can have a significant impact on the formation of the structure of the economy, contributing to an increase in production, reducing unemployment and improving the standard of living of the population. The study of this effect allows us to better understand the mechanisms of economic functioning and develop recommendations for optimizing investment policy to achieve sustainable economic growth, which is important for modern Russia developing under sanctions pressure. The study of paired regression revealed a mathematical relationship between the increase in investment in fixed capital and the growth of gross domestic product (GDP), as well as between GDP growth and the increase in investment in fixed capital. The high correlation coefficient (r = 0.945896) and coefficient of determination (R² = 89.47 %) confirm that there is a strong relationship between fixed capital investment and GDP. This indicates that most of the changes in output can be explained through changes in fixed capital investment.Conclusions. The results of the analysis confirm the importance of investment in fixed capital as a key factor of economic growth and development in modern Russia. Strengthening investment activity allows not only to increase the level of economic development as a whole, but also contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for sustainable growth of income of the population, innovation activity, etc. In this regard, investment stimulation should become one of the priorities in the current Russian economic policy.

Редомициляция российских компаний в призме обеспечения экономической безопасности бизнеса и государства

Preserving and maintaining economic security is the most important task of any state. This is especially true for the modern Russian economy, which is currently undergoing significant transformation. The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on strengthening its economic sovereignty and increas-ing the country's attractiveness for foreign business. In view of this, much attention was paid to the development of special administrative regions in order to return capital flowing to foreign offshore companies to Russian jurisdiction, as well as to create a favorable environment for the return and reregistration of quasi-Russian companies. The article analyzes the results of the implementation of the trend towards redomiciliation of Russian companies, and also provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the re-registration carried out using the example of a business entity.

Features of industrial policy implementation in the modern Russian economy

Features of industrial policy implementation in the modern Russian economy

STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC FINANCE INSTRUMENTS (SUKUK) IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

The search for new sources of financing investment projects in modern Russia in the context of external sanctions and the implementation of geopolitical threats actualizes the problem of incorporating Islamic finance instruments into the structure of the financial market. The early twentieth century development experience of a number of foreign countries shows the steady growth of the assets of Islamic banks, investment funds and the volume of issuance of investment certificates (sukuk), which constitute the main segments of Islamic finance in the world. Islamic financial assets are widely represented in the Gulf countries, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South Asia, and Africa. The implementation of the principles of Islamic finance in the Russian Federation is hampered by legal, cultural, historical and political factors. While there are certain Islamic financial products in Russia, there is no issue of sukuk at all. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to study the principles of Islamic finance and the functioning mechanism of the market for the investment certificates (sukuk), possibilities and limitations of their implementation in the modern Russian economy. The author defines sukuk as an Islamic financial instrument used for securitization of assets, and identifies its differences from traditional bonds. Alternative approaches to solving the problem of compliance of sukuk with Sharia principles are analyzed. The prerequisites for realizing the potential of sukuk in modern Russia are determined and the obstacles to their issuance are formulated. It is concluded that the adoption of the Federal Law of 04.08.2023 N 417-FZ "On Conducting an Experiment to Establish Special Regulation in Order to Create the Necessary Conditions for Carrying out Partnership Financing Activities in Certain Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation and on Introducing Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and its implementation, taking into account its provisions of pilot projects in a number of Russian regions, will make it possible to intensify the process of incorporation of project financing instruments into the structure of the financial markets of modern Russia.

Труд и капитал как факторы формирования прибыли в современной России

This work is devoted to an attempt to quantitatively assess the influence of traditional and human capital, embodied in labor, on the profit of enterprises in the economy of modern Russia. To assess the impact of human capital on profit, data on the monthly wage fund in the regions of the country was used, which was considered as an indicator of the cost of human capital. Based on Rosstat data on the profits of regional enterprises, data on the average monthly wage of employees of organizations, the number of employed workers in the regions, data on the value of fixed assets of enterprises for 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 and 2021, linear regression models were obtained. The models showed the dependence of the profits of regional enterprises on the size of the average monthly wage fund in the regions and on the value of fixed assets. The characteristics of the resulting models indicate that the wage fund and the cost of fixed assets have a significant and equal impact on the profits of enterprises. The equivalence of the influence of capital and human capital on profit assumes that the equilibrium is an equal distribution of income between labor and capital. income distribution. Currently, in the economy, the distribution of income is not in equilibrium, since capital income predominates.

Institutional Foundations for the Formation of a Resource-Innovative Model for the Development of the Economy of Russia and Its Regions

Relevance. Global and tectonic shifts in the world economy that occurred in the XXI century in the world inevitably reflected on the state of national economies. The Russian economy, over a decade of economic sanctions against it, which are practically open-ended sabotage by the United States and a number of Western countries against the Russian critical infrastructure - the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline on September 26, 2022, has found itself in a situation of de facto complete stoppage of export-import operations in the field of foreign trade with European countries.The purpose is to study the institutional foundations of the formation of a resource-innovative model of economic growth in the modern Russian economy. The objectives are interrelated and consist in the following: to analyze an array of economic scientific papers on the problem of research; to analyze the institutional foundations for the formation of a resource-innovative model of the development of the Russian economy; to determine the dynamics of budget financing of scientific research for the period from 2012 to 2022, etc. Methodology is a combination of general scientific research methods – analysis, synthesis of received information, interpretation of data. The information base of the study includes presidential decrees, strategic planning documents, national projects, scientific articles by Russian researchers on the problem under study. Results: the main problems of forming a resource-innovative model of economic growth in Russia at the present stage of economic development are identified; the shortcomings of the state policy in the field of financing R&D, innovative solutions and products that hinder the activities of innovative enterprises in the real sector of the economy are revealed.Conclusions. The Russian economy remains raw in its essential content. However, the introduction of digitalization technologies, artificial intelligence, new ideas and knowledge are gradually forming a resourceinnovative model for the development of the Russian economy.

Comprehensive analysis of regional disparities in the distribution of income and welfare of the population in the Russian regions

The modern Russian economy is characterised by considerable regional disparities concerning distribution of incomes and well-being of the citizens. These imbalances can be especially noticeable when analysing various sectors which play an important role in the economic progress of the regions. Within the framework of this study, based on a comparative analysis, the degree of dependence of the living standard on the electromechanical industry is assessed. The hypothesis is advanced that the outstripping growth of this sector has a significant positive impact on indicators of employment, income, and quality of life. Testing this hypothesis will make it possible to create a state policy for equalising the socio-economic development of Russian regions with consideration to the industry specialisation of their economies. Statistical data on personal income, quality of life indices, as well as specific indicators of industry progress in different regions of the Federation were used for the study. The employed methods of correlation and regression analysis identified the links between the level of sectoral development and economic well-being of the territorial units. The analysis showed that such regions as Moscow, St. Petersburg, where an infrastructure sector leads, and a number of oil-producing Siberian regions demonstrate higher indicators of income and quality of life. At the same time, subjects with a less developed sector, for instance some areas of the North Caucasus and Siberia, are experiencing difficulties in achieving similar levels of welfare.

On the role of small and medium-sized businesses in the economy of modern Russia

The relevance of the research topic is due to significant changes in business conditions and the need to assess their impact on the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the current stage of the geo-economic confrontation, the domestic economy is faced with large-scale restrictions and measures to curb its development. Solving the problem of the emerging shortage of financial and other resources involves their optimal distribution between business entities and their groups, including between small and large businesses. The priority recipients of resources should be groups of systemically important entities capable of ensuring the sustainability and dynamic development of the entire economy. In the article, the author considers the question of whether domestic small and medium-sized enterprises belong to such entities. The purpose of the study is to assess the role and potential of small and medium-sized businesses in ensuring sustainable and dynamic development of the domestic economy in modern conditions. The author presents the results of systematization of current scientific approaches on the topic under consideration, indicators characterizing the share of small and medium-sized businesses in the economy of Russia and a number of foreign countries. A criteria analysis of its role and potential in ensuring the development of the domestic economy has been performed. The prerequisites for changing this role in the medium term are assessed. To achieve the goal of the article, the results of Russian and foreign research, statistical observation data, as well as methods of criterial and comparative analysis were used. When studying the prerequisites for increasing the role of small and medium-sized businesses, a factorial method was used based on a set of factors presented by the author. The results of the study confirmed the special importance of small and medium-sized businesses for ensuring the social aspects of economic development, including ensuring employment and stimulating private initiative. It is concluded that there is a need to increase government support in this area. In the broader context of economic development, domestic small and medium-sized businesses are characterized as a relatively small part of the national economy with a moderate level of stability in times of crisis and relatively low innovative activity and susceptibility to innovation. Its influence on economic growth is assessed as limited, and its role in ensuring sustainable and dynamic development of the domestic economy is assessed as secondary and complementary. There are no prerequisites for a significant change in this role in the medium term, which is due to the existing economic structure, industry structure and modern business conditions. The results of scientific research may be in demand by experts in the field of strategic socio-economic planning.

Taxation of digital financial assets in the context of classical rules of taxation

Subject. The existing mechanisms of taxation of transactions with crypto assets on the territory of the Russian Federation are analyzed in the article. The choice of the research object is due to the increasing role of crypto assets in the modern Russian economy, as well as the necessity to propose new mechanisms to ensure the tax security of the state in the face of new challenges.The purpose of the study. The existing mechanisms of taxation of transactions related to the use and turnover of crypto assets in Russia are considered. Authors analyze both the main problems faced by individuals and legal entities operating with cryptocurrencies. The analysis of the current legislation is provided, possible ways to improve the legislation are suggested.Methodology. In the course of their work, the researchers were guided by philological and systematic ways of interpreting current legal norms, as well as existing explanations of financial authorities related to current approaches to taxation of transactions with crypto assets.Conclusions. It is concluded that the approaches proposed by the legislator to taxation of transactions with crypto assets are similar to the mechanisms that apply to traditional financial instruments, but at the same time, assets that are not similar to traditional ones remain outside the regulation.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В СФЕРЕ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ

Russia’s digital infrastructure has seen significant development in recent years, with a growing internet penetration rate and increasing access to mobile technologies. Major cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg boast advanced digital ecosystems, including high-speed internet, extensive mobile networks, and widespread availability of digital services. Digital technologies have already been firmly integrated into the modern economy of Russia, which requires close approach by researchers. This article aims to give a brief overview of the progress made in the introduction of digital technologies in some sectors of the economy and social sphere, in particular healthcare. Based on the analysis of digitalization in the Russian Federation, we will try to determine the place and importance of digital technologies for the development of healthcare, as well as identify a number of steps necessary for the further development and modernization of Russia’s digital infrastructure in modern conditions.

The economy of modern Russia

The economy of modern Russia

Resource and innovation policy of socio-economic development of modern Russia

Global and tectonic shifts in the world economy that have occurred in the 21st century in the world are inevitably reflected in the state of national economies. The Russian economy, over a decade of economic sanctions against it, practically of an open nature of sabotage by the United States and a number of Western countries against Russian critical infrastructure — the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline on September 26, 2022, found itself in a situation of de facto complete stop of export-import operations in the field of foreign trade activities with European countries. As a result of the start of Russia’s special military operation (SVO) in Ukraine, the logistics supply chains to the Russian Federation have radically transformed, and new supply logistics are being developed within the framework of the so-called «parallel» imports. The problems that arose with the supply of raw materials, materials and components affected the fall in the industrial production index in a number of Russian regions as of the end of 2022. However, the well-balanced and consistent economic policy of the Russian government has intensified the activities of industrial enterprises to produce products to achieve the goals of the Northern Military District, where positive production dynamics are already noted in 2023. The named factors that determine the state of the Russian economy in the near future determine the need to overcome the conservative natural resource model of economic development and transition to a resource-innovative strategy of economic growth. The purpose of the study is to study the institutional foundations for the formation of a resource-innovative model of economic growth in the modern Russian economy. The objectives of the study are interconnected and consist of the following: to analyze an array of economic scientific works on the research problem in order to demonstrate the evolution of views on the role of the natural resource factor in the development of national economies; analyze the institutional foundations for the formation of a resource-innovation model of development of the Russian economy, etc. The research methodology is a combination of general scientific research methods — analysis, synthesis of information obtained, interpretation of data. The information base for the research is presidential decrees, strategic planning documents, national projects, scientific articles by Russian researchers on the problem under study.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ИПОТЕЧНОГО КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ В РОССИИ

In the modern Russian economy, mortgage lending plays an important role. It stimulates the growth of the housing construction sector. The relevance of economic analysis of mortgage lending is key to understanding the current state of the Russian economy and determining development prospects in the future. The article examines the factors that influence the volume of mortgage loans, the dynamics of the volume of mortgage lending, and makes a forecast of its volume based on econometric calculations. Econometric calculations were performed using multiple regression model construction, correlation analysis, and residual analysis using a heteroskedasticity test. The authors were able to establish a direct relationship between lending volumes and the number of loans issued. It was also possible to establish that reducing the key rate of the Bank of Russia will be the most effective tool for stimulating mortgage lending volumes. Thus, the article examines the main problems associated with mortgage lending and suggests ways to solve them.

Российская экономика 2024+: новые решения в новой реальности

The modern Russian economy, as well as the global socio-economic system in general, is at a turning point of its development. Despite various destructive factors, both the economy and the social sphere of Russia show significant progress. These successes require analysis and strengthening by the effective strategizing and planning practices. The article describes the key conditions for maintaining and increasing the achieved results and formulates tasks for the development of scientific support of positive dynamics.

Современные проблемы в функционировании организаций с иностранным участием в капитале в России

Companies with foreign capital participation are an important part of domestic economy. They ensure the inflow of investments, facilitate access to new technologies, promote the exchange of innovative and managerial experience, and increase industries competitiveness. Under modern conditions, there are many problems that hinder effective functioning of the companies with foreign capital participation in Russia. Geopolitical instability and the risk of changes of the economic situation are among the most significant problems. In addition, bureaucratic obstacles, corruption, and imperfect legislation also create difficulties for foreign investors. All these actualize the issue and classify it as the most important for scientific study in the context of modern Russian economy development and its integration into the world economic system. The purpose of the study is to analyze the situation with the development of companies with foreign capital participation and provide recommendations to ensure their effective functioning in the domestic market. The results are: negative dynamics of decrease in the volume of foreign investments in the Russian economy and the number of companies with foreign participation in capital are established, current problems and factors affecting functioning of organizations with foreign participation in capital in Russia are assessed, the main risks faced by these companies when entering the Russian market, including geopolitical, bureaucratic, economic, technological, legislative and other risks are revealed, external and internal factors limiting the ability to contribute to sustainable development of organizations with foreign participation under the modern conditions of the Russian economy are identified, and recommendations are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of companies with foreign participation in capital in terms of designing development strategy, maintaining relations with stakeholders, ensuring professional development of personnel, and upgrading equipment and introducing innovations. All these will help foreign investors with cultural adaptation and understanding of the laws facilitate their entry into the Russian market, which in turn will improve the investment climate in the country and create favorable conditions for foreign investors in Russia.

НАЛОГ НА ДОХОДЫ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ЛИЦ: ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПРИРОДА

Currently, observing the interests of the state and the population in the field of taxation is the most important task of the modern Russian economy. The authors determined that the combination of the above components is reflected in one of the income- generating taxes - personal income tax. This tax is, of course, largely fiscal in nature, however, no less important is its social component, which is expressed in regulating the amount of personal income of the population, and, of course, depends on the level of profitability of the taxpayer. The withdrawn volume of mandatory, gratuitous payment is collected, therefore, in favor of providing guaranteed assistance to needy segments of the population. The authors note the fact that personal income tax works in favor of the population. It’s no secret that since time immemorial the state has sought to organize, with the help of personal income tax, effective control over the income received by citizens of our country. And, according to the authors, Russia still has corresponding potential in this direction. The article summarizes the functional components of personal income tax, as one of the most important taxes in the tax system of the Russian Federation.

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ – УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ В РУКАХ ЭКСПЕРТА

The article examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the development of the modern Russian economy, industrial enterprises and companies, marketing centers and firms. The authors not only make a narrative review and analysis of the use of artificial intelligence, but also highlight its advantages and disadvantages when implemented in the domestic economy. Banks and scientific manufacturing enterprises and companies were the first to introduce artificial intelligence into their work. Users of mobile applications and systems are almost daily confronted with modern innovations in the banking sector. Today, artificial intelligence is firmly gaining its position and is widely implemented by many large enterprises and companies, as well as small firms. It’s no secret that the future of the economy, banking, insurance, medicine, education, space and other industries lies with artificial intelligence, but you need to use its benefits with great caution, taking into account all the risks.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ИНИЦИАТИВ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕГИОНА

At the current stage of economic development, investment activity cannot do without support from the state, since scientific developments and their production require huge investments. Only the state is capable of providing significant financial support in the implementation and development of the innovation process. State investment policy consists of measures that create favorable conditions for the effective development of innovation activities and living conditions of the population. The need for government intervention in innovation processes is determined not only by the long research and production cycle, high costs, but also by the uncertainty of the final result. Today, there are factors that hinder the development of innovation, one of which is insufficient motivation on the part of the state and companies in the development of innovation. We have examined the main measures of government influence on the innovative development of the modern Russian economy, contributing to the development of the innovation process, increasing the competitiveness of products, and generating additional income. Methods of state support for innovation activities in the Russian Federation have been studied. Only close interaction between the state and private entrepreneurship makes it possible to implement an innovation policy strategy.