Concepts Of Modern Science Research Articles

The school of thought of St. Petersburg methodological linguoconceptology: experience in problematising a continuing professional development course

Continuing professional development is considered as a form of lifelong learning. The paper describes the experience of problematising the interdisciplinary professional development course "Linguoconceptology: methods and techniques for working with concepts". The main aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of the new scientific field on the student’s motivation for academic and scientific work in the professional development process, as well as on its effectiveness expressed in the desire to use the methods and techniques of methodological linguoconceptology in researchand practical activity. The main research methods were system and problem analysis when making the problem statement in conjunction with the content analysis and questionnaire methods. The study reveals the mechanism of interaction between three resources, namely scientific (an invitation to comprehend new ideas and concepts of modern science), methodological (which is particularised in authorial techniques and anthropopractices), and students’ motivated activity as a marker of their effective completion of the course syllabus. The motivational activity resource was involved in two assignment types, i. e. testing and solving practice-oriented problems. We performed content analysis of the course participants’ products. The paper presents the results of studying the trainees’ motivated activity. The most important principle for the professional development system is the immediate application of what has been learnt.

Natural Philosophy: On Retrieving a Lost Disciplinary Imaginary

Natural Philosophy: On Retrieving a Lost Disciplinary Imaginary

Assessment of plant species diversity (Lamiaceae Lindle.) in Uzbekistan based on DNA barcoding

Biological diversity preservation is important concept in modern science and environmental policy of Uzbekistan, improving the status of global biodiversity. Flora of Uzbekistan accounts over 4380 species of vascular plants. 378 taxa representing approximately 9% of currently recognized species diversity of Uzbekistan are considered as a national endemics. The present study aimed at species identification and inventory of wild, rare and endangered plant species based on molecular genetic techniques. For effective species identification and high results reliability, the genotyping of three-four loci of the combinations nuclear and chloroplast DNA-barcodes was performed for all studied species. The genotyping of marker sequences ITS, rbcL, trnL-trnF, matK for Dracocephalum adylovii I.I. Malzev is conducted the first time in Uzbekistan. The reliable similarity in the BLAST database is determined at the genus taxonomic level. 78 consensus nucleotide sequences were obtained for Lamiaceae species. The results of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on marker sequence encoding the matK fragment are presented for representative of three subfamilies: Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae recorded in the flora of Uzbekistan. Currently, the solution of biological diversity preservation is global. The possibility of successful application of DNA-barcoding for ecological monitoring is demonstrated.

THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE IN THE LINGUO-CULTURAL ASPECT

A characteristic feature of world linguistics is the emergence and rapid development of linguacultural branch of linguistics. Now cognitive research has become an integral part of modern linguistic science. However, this area of ​​scientific knowledge is in the process of formation, it has not yet fully developed, since the lines of interaction between language and culture have not yet been fully studied, and methods and techniques of linguo-cognitive analysis have not been precisely developed. That is why research in linguo-culturology is so relevant today. One of the main categories of linguistics is the concept of culture. At the same time, the concept in modern science has not yet received a consistent understanding and adequate metalanguage description. The methods and techniques of linguistic-cognitive analysis of concepts are not well-established, they have not found the optimal solution to the problem of combining structural-semantic and cognitive procedures, diachronic and synchronous aspects, the linguistic and verbal existence of concepts, their comparative study in the framework of both one and different ethnic language continuums. This largely determines the choice of the topic of the research.

The Representation of Earthquakes in Hindu Religion: A Literature Review to Improve Educational Communications in Nepal

In Nepal, after every large earthquake, local people appear to be motivated to get better prepared for future earthquakes. However, their motivation vanishes before effective preparation, mainly due to the lack of earthquake education in their community. Promoting up-to-date scientific knowledge to a society living under high earthquake hazard is important and contributes to reduce the related risk. The dissemination of information in Nepal lags far behind modern seismological knowledge, and part of the local population still believes in religious explanations and stories about earthquakes. We run an educational program in Nepal to make people better aware of earthquakes and to improve their preparedness through obligatory school education, but the dichotomy between scientific and religious visions of earthquakes remains a challenge. For more efficient acceptance of earthquake preparatory advices, it is important to better perceive the religious narration of earthquakes and to include these in the educational communications. Thereby, we reviewed the main sources of Hindu literature and gathered relevant and interesting explanations on earthquake evidences and causes. The primary religious interpretations of earthquakes in different Hindu texts are related to the Gods and their actions, and some sources also include physical descriptions of earthquakes related situations or processes. We found that most of the stories, causes and explanations of earthquake do not match with the concepts of modern science, yet there are exceptions such as a historically old advice to leave buildings during the shaking. The collected findings are important not only from a religious literature review perspective, but also and mainly to develop an inclusive and more efficient strategy to communicate about earthquake related topics in the classroom as well as with the public in Nepal.

Advance in Molecular Thermodynamics

“Thermodynamics” is one of the oldest but the most fundamental concepts of modern science and technology [...]

On the issue of terminology in forensic medicine and its compliance with the applicable GOST standards of scissors

Background: The terminology used in the production of forensic medical examinations should be interpreted unambiguously by forensic medical experts, employees of investigative bodies, and doctors of other specialties and be the basis for their mutual understanding. The examination of clothing and shoes, as well as their damage, is an important part of the experts work. However, in the presence of forensic and forensic literature on this issue, currently increasing lack of educational and methodological publications covering modern terminological definitions is observed. During the production of forensic medical examinations of material evidence, the expert often comes across trace-forming objects (or parts of them), which is found difficult to name or describe without prejudice to an unambiguous interpretation. Attention is drawn to the fact that names of the scissors areas are ignored in the practice of forensic medicine. Even with the well-established concept of scissors branch in expert practice, different points of view are made. Aims: This study aimed to identify terminology that defines standards that ensure mutual understanding between specialists in different fields and consolidate unambiguous terms and definitions at the level of knowledge and concepts of modern science. As a result of the conducted research, authors come to the conclusion that in order to reduce the risk of different understanding of terms (including nonmedical ones), it is necessary to refer to the State Standards of the Russian Federation (GOST). As an example, this article presents the terms of the current State Standard 51268-9, wherein the main trace-forming elements of scissors are not branches but knives, and the concept of branches does not contain this GOST. Conclusion: Standardization and bringing forensic medical terms to the corresponding GOST standards in the production of forensic medical examinations will not only increase their quality and informativeness for investigative authorities, but also eliminate discrepancies in terminology between law enforcement officers, forensic medical experts, and doctors of other specialties.

Научно-теоретические подходы к проблеме миграции в современной науке

Presented is the analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches to the problem of migration in modern science. Migration is a complex concept in modern science, and therefore attracts attention of many social and humanitarian sciences. It is determined that this direction of scientific research was originated already in ancient historical science then became the subject of study of economic science. Today, thanks to increased interest in this area of social life, theoretical and methodological foundations have emerged for an integrated approach to the analysis of any social phenomenon, associated with migration. This is evident from the number of scientific publications in the world, related to the analysis and forecasting of specific processes and situations of migration. In the future, methodology of research in this area will be enriched through the use of capabilities of mathematics and statistics methods, as well as achievements of psychological science.

To the question on methodology of the concept in modern science

The scientific works of scholars and experts dedicated to conceptology, intercultural communication, and linguistics became the foundation for this research. The author analyzes bibliography, presents various approaches towards conceptology, formulates main conclusions of recent research on the indicated problematic, as well as provides specific examples. Research of the concepts presented in different linguistic worldviews, including Russian linguistic paradigm of the world, is first and foremost substantiated by the importance of intercultural communication in the current context. The relevance of this topic is defined by the significance of studying the dialogue of cultures, language, culture and mentality. The selected topic is of interest to the philosophers, linguists, culturologists and foreign language pedagogues. In anthropological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology and other fields, the subject of research is the concept of the dialogue of cultures along with interaction between language, culture and mentality. The development of Russian relations on international arena over the past decade led to active cooperation in the area of education, economy, trade and tourism. Therefore, there is an urgent need for studying communication in the situation of interaction between the representatives of Russian and foreign cultures from the perspective of teaching languages as a means of intercultural communication. The need to study communication is justified by different communication behavior in Russia and other countries in the cultural aspect. Insufficient understanding of the language of communication can result in communication failures and even initiate cross-cultural conflict. In the following paragraphs of this article, the author gives detailed attention to specificity of the concept in the linguistic worldviews.

Stages of Monitoring the Process of Managing the Creation of An Online Course

Management in education is one of the main tools that allow the rational use of various resources in order to achieve the objectives and improve work efficiency. The article shows the opportunities provided by management for the implementation of educational processes. The purpose of the work is to identify the need of using a checklist for placing an open online course on electronic educational platforms. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, periodicals, publications on the topic of research, analysis of developed online courses and requirements for them. It has been revealed that the current level of development of information technology opens up opportunities for training for absolutely every person, regardless of age and health. The article discloses in detail one of the ways to realize this possibility - training using open online courses, analyzes the features of various educational platforms designed to host online courses. To place an open online course on any platform, it requires careful development. The need for using a checklist in the development and creation of an online course as a mandatory tool for monitoring by the developer has been identified, since a checklist is a predefined list of tasks or actions that are used as instructions. The article describes the need and advantages of using a checklist and presents one of the options for the checklist of the course “Concepts of modern science.” An approximate algorithm for launching an online course by means of a developed checklist is presented. The necessary components of the document are determined, and the example of filling each component of the course “Concepts of modern science” is given in the paper. The checklist can be changed in accordance with the requirements for the development of a particular course, the features of the placement platform and the learning audience. The paper shows what opportunities are open for the course developer using a checklist.

РЕФЛЕКСИВНИЙ ДОСВІД ПРАГМАТИЧНИХ УЯВЛЕНЬ Д. ДЬЮЇ ПРО ЗНАННЯ ТА ІСТИНУ

The origins of John Dewey's theories are early discussions about the classic duality of the real and the ideal. One of the most important manifestations of this duality can be traced in the separation of «knowledge» from «act». The mind is seen as an act of «reason», separated from the vulgar and universal world of practical. The idea that knowledge is a passive and high act, one of the highest aspirations of man, entered into the traditional definition of reason. The modern concept of science is a reflection of this definition. But it has a long history, starting with the Greeks, who first separated the theory from practice. For them, the study of the scientific phenomenon was both a cosmological mystery, and a peculiar complicated game. Greek philosophers believed that practical arts and crafts are beyond their control. Their world is more suitable for ethics, music and math. Significant influence of the Greeks was recognized and reflected by the historians of philosophy and science. Professor Whitehead's famous remark is that «the most reliable general characteristic of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of Plato’s references». Koestler argues that this statement should be read as follows: «science, up to the Renaissance, consisted of a series of Aristotle’s references». Truth and knowledge are free from absolute interpretation. John Dewey insists on rejecting the Greek concept of absolute knowledge. He argues the need to replace it with existential and practical knowledge, to erase the Aristotelian understanding of knowledge. When the practice of cognition ceases to be dialectical and experimental, knowledge has become driven by changes, and testing of knowledge has become the ability to cause certain changes. Demonstration, for experimental sciences, means a certain kind of reasonably performed action; it ceases to be contemplative and becomes true in the true sense. Now this means that philosophy must also change its essence by acquiring practical content.

“Beweglich und bildsam”: Goethe, Plants, and Literature

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s engagement with plants was a life-long pursuit, as he lays out in the essay Der Verfasser teilt die Geschichte seiner botanischen Studien mit (1817/1831). Written, as he explains in closing, to push back against the notion that his theory of morphology came to him in one brilliant flash of inspiration or unusual sagacity, the essay emphasizes his “folgerechtes Bemühen” (24:752), i.e. the persistent efforts of the author and gradual development of his theory of plant morphology over time. The narrative centers on themes that are paradigmatic for Goethe’s natural scientific thinking as well as for the construction of knowledge around 1800, namely that 1) ideas such as morphology are to be understood in the context of the “Geschichte” or history/story of their coming into being, 2) are intimately bound up with their means and media of representation, and 3) arise as a sort of collaboration and unfinished process involving an active subject and dynamic object over time. In a strikingly modern conception of science, Goethe believed “die Geschichte der Wissenschaft [ist] die Wissenschaft selbst” (23:16), emphasizing that every idea develops and continues to exist in relation to a natural-scientific and cultural archive. It was also Goethe’s conviction that knowledge cannot be transmitted in a finished state, but must be continually formed anew. The narrative documenting his time-bound pursuit of knowledge about plants can thus be understood as a way to share this process with readers in multiple senses of the word “mitteilen,” by encouraging them to become more receptive to vegetal life by vicariously following his development and relating it to their own experience.

De la modernidad a la postmodernidad: una reflexión sobre la transición epistemológica en las ciencias y sus rastros en las ciencias sociales

Hoy en día, los principios epistemológicos de la ciencia enfrentan un momento de transición, en donde se identifican rasgos de un paradigma dominante cristalizado en la concepción de la ciencia moderna y otro emergente influenciado por las ideas postmodernas (De Sousa, 2009). En ese sentido, la ciencia actual se construye en medio de cuestionamientos que ambas visiones se realizan entre sí. En este breve ensayo se caracterizan ambos paradigmas y luego se ejemplifica la manera en cómo estos se presentan en las ciencias sociales, a partir de la identificación de determinados rasgos epistemológicos en el estudio de problemas de las ciencias sociales como el de la pobreza. De esta forma, se espera aportar a los debates sobre la epistemología en estos campos del conocimiento científico en estos tiempos de transición.

Russian

Russian

Tricked or troubled natures?

Abstract What do we know about what goes on in the laboratories and wider institutional networks that produce the scientific facts about the state of the Earth's climate? This question was brought to the fore by the recent event, known as “climategate”, which was generally taken to reveal that climate scientists manipulated their data sets to make them speak to contemporary political agendas. I shall ague that this interpretation of climategate hinges on a conception of science as “modern”, i.e. as a pure pursuit of truth above and beyond worldly affairs. Departing from my own ethnographic fieldwork among climate scientists, I shall argue that this modern conception of science – carrying the implication that climategate was a scandal – is inadequate and misguided. I hope to show that the defense mounted by the climate scientists was about illuminating context, rather than being reflective about their own epistemic practices and commitments. Thus, it is argued that the problem about climategate is not so much the ways in which climate science is conducted, but rather the ways in which scientists go about depicting their own business and ultimately the ways in which the public perceives science.

Experiments in 17th century English: manual versus automatic conceptual history

Previous research in conceptual history, the study of change over time of key terms and value systems, has been carried out manually using a restricted number of pre-identified texts. We propose that a method combining techniques from corpus and computational linguistics can be exploited to support conceptual history with semantic searches on a vast sample of texts. To exemplify this method, we focus on a fundamental concept in modern science, the experimental method, in order to trace how the pre-existing and primarily religious concept of experiment (or experience) took on its modern, scientific meaning. We contrast a manual approach using the existing Early English Books Online search interface with an automatic method using corpus linguistics software and methods to turn the transcribed portion of the same dataset into a corpus. Both approaches allow us to separate the religious and scientific senses and plot their change over time. We observe a rapid change in the meaning of experimental from overwhelmingly religious to largely scientific within the 1660s. However, the automatic corpus method is much more efficient and will support future scholars in carrying out iterative studies in a matter of minutes rather than through weeks of painstaking work. Such methodological innovation has the potential to support the formation of new research questions which could not have been considered previously.

Wpływ nowożytnego antropocentryzmu na relację człowieka do przyrody. Część 2

Anthropocentrism seems to be a fundamental notion concerning the man-nature relation. ?e anthropocentric attitude is largely meant to be the main cause of the ecological crisis. One can distinguish at least several stages of the process, which led to this crisis, namely: stage of Magic and Myth, Ancient Times, Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The aim of this article is to show the process of development of an anthropocentric thought in Modern European culture when the culmination of this process is observed. Among the causes of the modern worldview, one can mention e.g. the modern conception of science, technology development, as well as social, political, and cultural changes. Contemporary view on nature and man was influenced not only by mechanistic and materialistic theories tending to subordinate nature to man (G. Bruno, F. Bacon, R. Descartes) but also by philosophical views which on the one hand excluded man from nature (I. Kant) and on the other made attempts to restore man to nature (J. J. Rousseau, F. W. J. Schelling).

The concept of “science” in modern Chinese thought

This paper investigates the formation of the concept of science in modern Chinese thought from four perspectives. The first aspect concentrates on the Japanese origin of the concept of science, analyzing this concept through the formation of the late Qing branches of learning, fenke zhixue, and the knowledge system of positivism. The second aspect takes gezhi (investigating things and extending knowledge), qiongli (exhaustion of principle) and other concepts as clues and analyzes the relationship between the concepts of modern science and the study of the school of principle lixue to show the breakdown and connection between scientific concepts fused in the three aspects of nature, morality and politics and the Confucian world view. The third aspect takes as its focus the systematization of scientific research, analyzing the agencies of science, scientific publications and the scientific community's formation and the influence of these elements on society and culture. The fourth aspect takes the May Fourth debate on East–West notions of civilization and the debate on science and metaphysics as its focus, discussing scientific language, the debate between civilizations and the formation of the fields of humanities and social sciences.

Wpływ nowożytnego antropocentryzmu na relację człowieka do przyrody. Część pierwsza

Anthropocentrism seems to be a fundamental notion concerning the man-nature relation. The anthropocentric attitude is largely meant to be the main cause of the ecological crisis. One can distinguish at least several stages of the process, which led to this crisis, namely: stage of Magic and Myth, Ancient Times, Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The aim of this article is to show the process of development of an anthropocentric thought in Modern European culture when the culmination of this process is observed. Among the causes of the modern worldview, one can mention e.g. the modern conception of science (worked out mainly by N. Copernicus, G. Galilei, G. Bruno, F. Bacon, I. Newton, R. Descartes), the technology development, as well as social, political and cultural changes. Both, geocentric and theocentric worldview were rejected. The secularization of European societies shifted to man’s attitude not only towards God but also is creation – nature. People began to treat nature as a challenge and material. God-Creator was replaced by man-designer. A new type of anthropocentrism appeared, which tried to find the answer to the fundamental questions in the human being himself. This resulted in the negation of a strict dependence of mankind on nature and in the tendency to subordinate nature to man. The cognition of nature served then as a means for the sake of mankind only. The man was obliged even to dominate nature which was viewed as a complex of mathematical laws, a value-free mechanism determined by laws of nature. Contemporary view on nature and man was influenced also by philosophical views which on the one hand excluded man from nature (I. Kant) and on the other made attempts to restore man to nature (J. J. Rousseau, F. W. J. Schelling).

Heidegger wobec kartezjańskiej koncepcji nauki nowożytnej

Heidegger wobec kartezjańskiej koncepcji nauki nowożytnej