Modern Communication Networks Research Articles

ML-based Anomaly Detection for CAN Bus Network in Agriculture Machinery

The adoption of advanced automation and next-generation technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and modern communication networks has revolutionized the food and agriculture sector, boosting the efficiency and precision of farm machinery. However, this increased inter-connectivity has also exposed significant vulnerabilities, particularly in Controller Area Network (CAN) protocols, widely used in advanced agricultural machinery and equipment. Due to its lack of inherent security features, CAN is susceptible to various cyber-attacks, potentially leading to severe consequences if these attacks remain undetected and unmitigated. This paper introduces a supervised machine learning (ML)-based anomaly detection system (CAN-ADS) designed to detect various cyber-attacks on CAN-based agricultural machinery. The system leverages network traffic augmentation and data balancing techniques to train ML algorithms on CAN-specific datasets. Experimental results show that CAN-ADS achieves high accuracy (approx 98%) and true-positive rates with low false-negative rates (approx 1%).

The Efficiency Assessment of the Blockchain Networks Adaptive Algorithm as Part of a Multi-Consensus System on Communication Networks

The relevance of the approaches and solutions proposed in the work is due to the desire for distributed computing and decentralization of system modules using blockchain technology in order to increase the autonomy, security and independence of system components. The implementation of blockchain technology for decentralization is hampered by the lack of flexibility in terms of the algorithm for making a single decision in the asynchronous system ‒ consensus, which affects the amount of generated network traffic and the requirements for the hardware component. Due to the changing nature of the transmitted traffic, the load on the communication channel, the time of day of traffic transmission, the equipment, and the network protocols used, the development of a single universal consensus algorithm is not possible, since it depends on a very wide range of variable and specific parameters characteristic of different tasks. The introduction of adaptation mechanisms to current network conditions and a change in the consensus algorithm without losing information and with a satisfactory level of delays would provide sufficient flexibility for further implementation in existing telecommunication systems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive algorithm for choosing a consensus for blockchain networks.The essence of the presented algorithm is to change the consensus algorithm on a section of the blockchain network upon reaching certain network conditions, which allows regulating the amount of generated load on the communication network to reduce the loss of transaction blocks and the subsequent delay in their processing. The proposed efficiency assessment model is based on mathematical modeling methods, differential equation analysis, queueing theory and network graphs. The analysis of the results showed the efficiency of the proposed model when comparing the results of the analytical calculation and the experiment. The scientific novelty of the proposed approach is to developing an adaptive consensus selection algorithm, as opposed to developing a universal consensus algorithm, and the efficiency assessment model of the proposed algorithm on the communication network, taking into account a number of parameters characterizing the devices and the section of the communication network.The theoretical significance is in the universality of the proposed efficiency assessment model for calculating the synchronization speed of all nodes of the blockchain network with specified network parameters.The practical significance of the proposed algorithm and efficiency assessment method lies in the formation of new approaches and opportunities for integrating blockchain technology into modern communication networks, abstracting from the problem of consensus selection in changing conditions of the communication network section.

Research on the Impact of Big Data and Enterprise Digitalization on the E-commerce Industry and Coping Strategies

Abstract: Big data, enterprise digitalization, and e-commerce all have one thing in common: they were born from the Internet. Since the onset of the 21st century, the global Internet industry has experienced rapid growth, with e-commerce emerging as a key player. Participants in e-commerce engage with both the global online marketplace and the physical market, utilizing modern communication networks and information technology to conduct business activities through e-commerce platforms or service platforms. E-commerce embodies characteristics such as market globalization, rapid transactions, virtualization, and cost-effectiveness, making it highly favored by enterprises. Presently, e-commerce relies heavily on robust databases, as well as the data collection, processing, and analysis capabilities of big data. This reliance compels traditional enterprises to undergo digital transformation. This study delves into the impact of big data and enterprise digitalization on the e-commerce industry, exploring the mechanisms underlying their influence on cross-border e-commerce. By examining these dynamics, the study aims to provide insights into the evolving landscape of e-commerce and the transformative potential of big data and digitalization in shaping its future trajectory.

Performance Evaluation of mmWave Communication for Real-Time UAV-Base Station Links

Introduction: In the context of modern communication networks, the increasing demand for high data rates, minimal latency, and improved reliability—especially in scenarios involving Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)—calls for innovative solutions. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication emerges as a fitting choice due to its capacity to offer ample bandwidth and high data rates. Methods: This research paper presents a comprehensive study that compares the performance of mmWave communication links across four different frequencies (6, 28, 60, and 120 GHz) for UAV-to-Base Station (BS) communication. The investigation, conducted through simulations, adheres to atmospheric conditions such as rain and fog, different environments (urban and rural) scenarios. It evaluates the suitability of mmWave frequencies using critical performance metrics: latency, received power, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). These metrics play a fundamental role in assessing communication link quality. Results: Our findings reveal that leveraging higher mmWave frequencies—specifically 60 and 120 GHz—significantly enhances UAV-to-BS communication performance. Compared to lower frequencies, these higher bands exhibit reduced latency, higher data rates, and improved throughput. Consequently, mmWave frequencies beyond 60 GHz prove well-suited for UAV communication, facilitating efficient data exchange with minimal delay. Conclusion: Furthermore, the potential for reduced interference and enhanced reliability at these elevated frequencies makes them particularly advantageous in applications requiring seamless connectivity. Examples include UAV-assisted emergency response, surveillance, and remote sensing. These insights hold substantial implications for the design and deployment of UAV communication systems, highlighting mmWave technology’s transformative potential in the emerging era of aerial communication.

Highly Efficient Slow‐Light Mach–Zehnder Modulator Achieving 0.21 V cm Efficiency with Bandwidth Surpassing 110 GHz

AbstractHigh‐speed electro‐optic modulators are key components in modern communication networks and various applications that require chip‐scale modulation with large bandwidth, high modulation efficiency, and compact footprint. However, fundamental trade‐offs make it challenging to achieve these metrics simultaneously, and thus new methodologies must be explored. To this end, a Mach–Zehnder modulator harnessing slow‐light waveguides and capacitively loaded slow‐wave electrodes are presented on silicon‐nitride‐loaded lithium niobate on an insulator platform. The increased group index and reduced microwave loss significantly improve the modulation efficiency. With the 1‐mm‐length modulation section, a low half‐wave voltage length product Vπ·L of 0.21 V cm is obtained, which is one order of magnitude smaller than that of conventional thin film lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators, and a modulation bandwidth of surpassing 110 GHz is achieved. The digital signal processor‐free non‐return‐to‐zero signal and eight‐level pulse amplitude modulation signal of up to 180 and 300 Gbps, respectively, are generated by the modulator, which provides ultra‐large bandwidth, ultra‐high efficiency, and a compact solution for next‐generation electro‐optic systems.

Enhancing Wireless Communication Efficiency Using Dynamic Nonlinear Distortion Adaptive Optimization Analysis

Abstract Modern communication networks require improved signal quality and spectrum efficiency. Modern wireless communication relies heavily on the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology to improve spectrum efficiency and achieve faster data rates. However, the performance of MIMO systems is significantly hampered by non-linear distortions in power amplifiers (PA), especially under dynamic operating conditions. Traditional methods to reduce these distortions often lack the adaptability required for effective optimization. The proposed dynamic nonlinear distortion adaptive optimization analysis (DNDAOA) therefore introduces an adaptive approach that dynamically adjusts the pre-distortion signals using real-time feedback mechanisms. DNDAOA effectively reduces non-linear distortions and thus improves the performance of MIMO systems. Simulation results show that DNDAOA significantly increases spectrum efficiency, reduces error rates, and improves signal quality. This method is widely used in areas such as wireless telecommunications, internet of things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, and smart infrastructure, driving advances in connectivity, reliability, and data integrity.

Model and Methods of Traffic Routing in a Communication Network Using UAVs

Relevance. The development of 5G networks and subsequent generations is accompanied by the development of new services, in particular, virtual, augmented reality services, as well as telepresence, as well as radio access networks. In particular, there is an increase in operating frequencies, which poses additional challenges for organizing a network that can meet the requirements for the quality of traffic service from new services and ensure the availability of communication to users. These problems can be solved by various methods of placing access points, including using UAVs. This approach ensures the efficiency of construction and flexibility of the access network structure, but also requires the use of methods for placing access points in relation to users and other elements of the communication network. Problem statement: development of methods for placing routers in a UAV swarm and selecting traffic routes when organizing an access network, in order to improve the efficiency of the communication network. Purpose of the work: improving the efficiency of building an access network using UAVs through the development of clustering methods and distributing routers in a UAV swarm. Methods. The studies were carried out using the provisions of information theory, mathematical optimization methods, graph theory methods and clustering methods. The numerical results were obtained using the numerical simulation method in Python. Result. The developed model and methods allow for the distribution of network routers (access points) located on UAVs taking into account the quality of service and ensuring the construction of a connected mesh network and its connection with the mobile network, which can be used in both modern and future communication networks. Novelty: a modeling and methodological apparatus has been developed that allows for increasing the efficiency of building wireless access networks using UAVs, in particular, allowing for selecting the placement positions of routers in a UAV swarm and the logical structure of the network. The developed modeling and methodological apparatus solves the problem of traffic routing taking into account the quality of its service. Practical significance: the proposed model and methods can be used to organize service in 5G networks and subsequent generations. In particular, they allow for ensuring the availability of communication and the efficiency of network organization in cases of insufficient coverage, as well as in cases of failure of individual network elements. The ability to unload traffic to a local network allows for improving the quality of traffic service in the operator's network.

Design and simulation of an enhanced optical demultiplexer using photonic crystal resonators

The purpose of this paper is to examine the design, simulation, and optimization of a demultiplexer optical system using photonic crystal resonators. Utilizing the distinct properties of photonic crystals, the proposed device achieves high-quality resonances, efficient wavelength separation, and minimal crosstalk. These characteristics are crucial for enhancing the performance of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, which require precise and efficient channel separation to manage increasing data traffic. Extensive simulations conducted with the RSoft CAD tool explore the impact of varying resonator parameters such as refractive index, geometric dimensions, and material composition on the device's performance. The results indicate substantial improvements in transmission efficiency and quality factor, with average values of 98.675% and 3131.125, respectively. Furthermore, the ability to fine-tune these parameters allows for the customization of the demultiplexer to specific wavelength ranges, making it highly adaptable for various telecommunications applications. This research aims to propel the development of compact, high-performance photonic devices that meet the growing demands of modern communication networks, ultimately contributing to more efficient and reliable optical communication systems.

Research on high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement technology based on clock recovery algorithm using eye diagram opening area

With the rapid development of information technology, high-speed digital optical signal transmission technology has become the core of modern communication networks. However, the increase in transmission rates brings challenges such as noise, distortion, and interference, which affect the accuracy of clock recovery. To address these issues, this study proposes a clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area to improve the accuracy and efficiency of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement. The proposed method extracts clock information from the signal using the opening area and curvature characteristics of the eye diagram for jitter measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area can stably reconstruct the signal eye diagram and obtain jitter parameters under different optical power conditions. At optical powers of −7.2 dBm, −12.2 dBm, and −17.2 dBm, the Q-factors were 8.8, 7.6, and 4.3, respectively, and the RMS jitter values were 12.2 ps, 13.4 ps, and 21.2 ps, respectively. At optical powers of −2.3 dBm, 0.1 dBm, 2.4 dBm, 4.6 dBm, and 6.0 dBm, the Q-factors were 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.7, and 10.0, respectively, and the average jitter values were 8.9 ps, 8.5 ps, 8.0 ps, 7.5 ps, and 7.0 ps. These results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs excellently under low optical power conditions and maintains high recovery accuracy even when jitter increases at higher optical powers. The clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area significantly improves the accuracy and stability of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement, enriches the theoretical research of clock recovery algorithms, and shows significant advantages in improving signal transmission quality, reducing bit error rate, and enhancing communication link reliability. The research outcomes provide key technical support for the optimization of modern high-speed optical communication systems.

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser technology: A comprehensive review

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) technology has become an indispensable element in optical communication systems and optoelectronics due to its many advantages, and the unique characteristics of VCSELs, including vertical emission, high-speed operation, and low power consumption, have attracted much interest from researchers and industry professionals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of VCSELs, explaining their basic principles and two commonly used structures. It also delves into the field of optical communications, highlighting the challenges faced in the current development, from which it introduces the significant progress made by VCSELs over the past decade in various applications such as high-speed data transmission, multi-mode communications, and long-distance networks. In addition, this study provides valuable insights into the future trajectory and potential evolution of VCSEL technology to facilitate further research and innovation in the field of communications. By providing a holistic analysis, this study is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to help them realize the full potential of VCSELs in advancing optical communication technologies to meet the ever-changing needs of modern communication networks.

Simulation of Massive MIMO Antennas for Improved Link Throughput

Massive MIMO technology involves deploying multiple antennas on both ends of a communication link, which boosts spatial diversity and signal-to-noise ratio. By using multi-user MIMO transmission and techniques like spatial multiplexing and beamforming, it increases capacity, spectral efficiency, and data rates. Simulations conducted with tools like Octave software help engineers to optimize designs, predict system behavior, and assess the impact of antenna quantity on downlink throughput. This study addresses the increasing demand for high downlink data rates within modern communication networks. It explores the performance of Massive MIMO systems through simulations using Octave software, focusing on the quantity of antenna elements (M), and considering both spectral efficiency (SE) and data throughput. Results show higher M enhances both spectral efficiency and data rates. Efficiency dips at M=10, surges at M=40, and slowly, but steadily grows from M=50 to 100. Similar trends in data rates indicate M's impact on transmission performance. SE values range from 5.8442 bps/Hz (M = 10) to 24.1608 bps/Hz (M = 100), while data rates range from 116.8834 Mbps (M = 10) to 483.2158 Mbps (M = 100). These insights offer practical guidance for engineers and could facilitate the optimization of wireless communication setups and addressing the imperative for improved data rates. The study advances the understanding of Massive MIMO's potential, providing a roadmap for effectively leveraging its capabilities across diverse communication network scenarios.

Optimized Cross-Path Attacks via Adversarial Reconnaissance

While softwarization and virtualization technologies make modern communication networks appear easier to manage, they also introduce highly complex interactions within the networks that can cause unexpected security threats. In this work, we study a particular security threat due to the sharing of links between high-security paths and low-security paths, which enables a new type of DoS attacks, called cross-path attacks, that indirectly attack a set of targeted high-security paths (target paths) by congesting the shared links through a set of attacker-controlled low-security paths (attack paths). While the feasibility of such attacks has been recently demonstrated in the context of SDN, their potential performance impact has not been characterized. To this end, we develop an approach for designing an optimized cross-path attack under a constrained total attack rate, consisting of (i) novel reconnaissance algorithms that can provide consistent estimates of the locations and parameters of the shared links via network tomography, and (ii) efficient optimization methods to design the optimal allocation of attack rate over the attack paths to maximally degrade the performance of the target paths. The proposed attack has achieved a significantly larger performance impact than its non-optimized counterparts in extensive evaluations based on multiple network settings, signaling the importance of addressing such intelligent attacks in network design. For more detail, see the full paper [4].

Optimizing high availability multi-controller placement in SDN/NFV 5G networks: a survey

<p>In meeting the diverse and occasionally conflicting quality of service (QoS) requirements associated with modern communication networks, 5G technology has emerged as a pivotal player. In its architecture, 5G has adopted network function virtualization (NFV) and cloud-based approaches, aiming to simplify network and service deployment, operational processes, and management. The convergence of software defined networking (SDN) and NFV offers an effective solution, enabling scalable and high-performance 5G networks. However, this integration poses critical challenges, with the placement of SDN controllers being a central concern due to its significant impact on network performance, covering aspects such as latency, costs, and energy efficiency. This challenge is known as the controller placement problem (CPP). The central theme of this paper revolves around the intricate relationship between 5G core networks, virtualization technology, and the pressing concern of SDN controller placement, underscoring its significance in the modern networking landscape. We provide a survey of recent methodologies aimed at solving the CPP within the realm of SDN, with a particular focus on resiliency and high availability.</p>

Microwave Antenna Optimization for Low Latency and High Throughput Communication Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of microwave antenna optimization strategies aimed at achieving low latency and high throughput in modern communication systems. With the escalating demand for real-time applications and data-intensive services, the optimization of microwave antennas has become imperative to meet the stringent requirements of responsiveness and efficiency. The abstract delves into various facets of antenna optimization, including design parameters, signal processing techniques, and deployment considerations, all geared towards minimizing latency and maximizing throughput. Through a thorough review of existing literature and practical insights from real-world deployments, this research aims to provide valuable guidance for engineers and researchers in designing and implementing optimized microwave antennas for next-generation communication networks. By examining the intricate interplay between antenna design, signal processing algorithms, and deployment strategies, this paper elucidates the challenges and opportunities in achieving low latency and high throughput in microwave communication systems. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of factors such as gain, beamwidth, polarization, frequency band selection, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, beamforming, adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), antenna placement, tower height, and line-of-sight considerations in optimizing antenna performance. The findings presented in this paper contribute to advancing the understanding of microwave antenna optimization and offer practical insights into enhancing the responsiveness, efficiency, and reliability of modern communication networks.

ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM-BASED SLOT ARRAY ANTENNA FOR MODERN APPLICATIONS

Millimeter waves are the most promising waves for different modern wireless communication networks. This is due to their ability to carry big data with enhanced channel capacity. However, mm-waves suffer from low propagation due to the effects of high attenuation factors with high frequencies. Therefore, in this work, a three-dimensional structural antenna design with a slot array is proposed to achieve high gain through a two-port feeding operation for orbital angular momentum applications of modern communication systems. Also, the improved bandwidth of the proposed antenna makes it an excellent candidate for fifth-generation (5G) communications systems. The antenna depends on two concentric structures with conductive circular cross-sectional area. The first structure is shaped as a three-dimensional cone with a cylindrical waveguide. The second structure is shaped as a circular disc with a circular aperture. The two parts of the proposed antenna are concentered to be fed with two discrete ports from the side with a 900phase difference. It is determined that the proposed antenna offers an exceptional gain to vary from 10dBi to 20dBi within the frequency band from 3GHz to 30GHz. It is realized that such enhancement after introducing a conductive circular reflector underneath the conductive cone. The antenna shows a matching impedance below -10dB over the entire frequency band of interest. The antenna radiation proprietors at 25GHz and 26GHz at the E-plane and H-plane are characterized. Finally, the antenna performance is validated using two software packages based on CST studio and HFSS algorithms.

Characteristics of modern network communication in the aspect of the formation of media and information literacy of students (using the example of the analysis of media texts of social networks)

Problem and objective. Problematic issues of communication in the Internet space, on social networks in particular, are among the most pressing today, attracting the attention of teachers, scientists of various specialties, and Internet users. For this reason, studying the features of the content, language, and ethical standards of media texts on social networks, as the most popular among young people, is an urgent problem of modern science and education. The purpose of the presented research is to point out the media texts contents problematic issues, linguistic design and speech ethics, to substantiate the need to develop students' media literacy and suggest some practical work in this direction. Material and methods. The research material was media texts from social networks that are of educational nature. To study them, the following methods were used: the method of collecting media text data, the method of processing the obtained data (generalization, comparison, classification, systematization); method for interpreting research results. Research results. Within the framework of this study, it was possible to identify the main negative trends in network communication: simplification of the content of media texts, deviation from the norms of literary language and even their complete ignoring, colloquialization, use of rude colloquial, slang, obscene vocabulary; low quality language game, language cynicism. The analysis of educational and cultural-educational media texts makes it possible to outline some areas of practical activity aimed at fighting current negative tendencies of the Internet communication. Conclusion. The conclusion is made about the need to improve students’ media literacy as a means of representatives of the younger generation adequate interaction with the global information environment. A simulator will serve these purposes, which should include media texts of various genres and tasks for them. A distinctive feature of this simulator is that it takes into account modern trends in Russian education aimed at preserving and enhancing traditional spiritual and moral values. Media literacy is a step towards media culture, the formation of which is possible only in the case of a personal attitude to the native language.

E-band telecom-compatible 40 dB gain high-power bismuth-doped fiber amplifier with record power conversion efficiency

Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks.

Performance, privacy, and security issues of TCP/IP at the application layer: A comprehensive survey

TCP/IP is the backbone of modern network communication, connecting devices across the world. TCP/IP at its core is a suite of protocols that enables the transmission of data between computers, facilitating the foundation of the interconnected global network. At the Application Layer of TCP/IP is where the interaction between software applications and the network occurs. The user-centric protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, POP3, IMAP and DNS facilitate various tasks at this layer such as web browsing, email communication, and file transfer. This comprehensive survey conducted an exploration of the performance, security and privacy issues at the application layer of the TCP/IP. It initiated by providing a background of TCP/IP model, it’s architecture and the core characteristics, with major focus on the application layer. This paper aimed to discuss the state-of-the-art of performance, privacy and security concerns in TCP/IP application layer. It also proposed future research areas to equip researchers, practitioners, policy makers and the decision makers with tangible knowledge, offering guidance in navigating the performance, privacy and security concerns in TCP/IP Application Layer. It aimed to discuss the current performance, privacy and security research gaps at the Application Layer of the TCP/IP Model. The findings of this research sheds light on the performance, privacy and security issues while suggesting the countermeasures to strengthen and optimize the overall performance, security and privacy of TCP/IP model at the application layer. The paper finally suggests future directions and research areas at the TCP/IP application layer.

ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ БАГАТОПРОДУКТОВИХ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ МЕРЕЖ З ДИСКРЕТНИМИ ПОТОКАМИ МАГІСТРАЛЬНИХ ДАННИХ

The article considers the importance of transport and communication as key sectors for the development of the economy of Ukraine, as well as the need to create applied mathematical software for the optimization of transport processes and the development of information and analytical systems. Special attention is paid to the development and study of multi-product communication networks with discrete flows of small consignments, which have a significant impact on market transformations in Ukraine, especially in the field of transportation of small consignments. The study focuses on modern and future communication networks, which, as a rule, have a multi-level structure determined by the administrative division of the territory, management hierarchy and technologies for the processing and distribution of goods and information. The authors of the article emphasize the need to design multi-level communication networks, which would take into account the complexity of the system, as well as the impossibility of complete centralization of information processing and management in one link. The article also focuses on the analysis of existing research and publications in this field, paying attention to the contribution of foreign and domestic scientists to the development of models and methods of network resource management. Most research focuses on deterministic models and models based on the mathematical foundations of mass service theories and random Markov processes. The authors indicate the inadequacy of the existing mathematical tools for modeling and analyzing the functioning of multi-product networks with discrete flows, which requires the development of new mathematical models and methods.The purpose of the research is the development and analysis of effective approaches to the design of multi-tracks pipeline transport networks with a special focus on discrete trunk data flows. The authors note that this includes the development of new approaches and methods for effective management and optimization of resource allocation, as well as modeling the specifics of discrete flows in the context of trunk transport systems. An important part of the research is the creation of a hierarchical system structure for automated resource management and flow distribution in large-scale networks. The authors emphasize the need to develop a methodology that integrates already existing achievements in this field and allows to effectively solve practical problems related to long-term development, ongoing planning and operational management in large-scale networks. Such a methodology should include models of different levels of aggregation and be suitable for all levels of the network’s hierarchical structure. The study also includes consideration of mathematical models and algorithms for modeling and analyzing the functioning of multi-product networks with discrete flows.

Load based dynamic channel allocation model to enhance the performance of device-to-device communication in WPAN

The modern communication network has advanced to such an extent that it is now possible for devices within a wireless personal area network (WPAN) to communicate among themselves directly. However, the limited shared radio resources of a WPAN lead to numerous issues, such as cross-layer interference and data collisions, which wind up affecting the quality of communication. A load based dynamic channel allocation (LB-DCA) model has been proposed to enhance the performance of device-to-device communication in WPAN. This model uses several control schemes in collaboration with interference estimation and channel load balancing mechanisms to allocate and manage the radio resources efficiently. The objective of this model is to achieve high throughput, low interference and low energy consumption. The control schemes implemented are based on distributed coordination and a cell-splitting approach. These schemes are utilized to estimate the channel usage and number of active nodes in a network. The interference estimation is done by using a new efficiency formula. Further, channel load balancing takes into account the hops and load factor values. The proposed model obtained 98.58% CSI, 95.86% MCC, 96.35% delta-P, 97.96% FMI, 99.83% BMI, 21.52% enhanced spectrum efficiency, 16.38% enhanced scalability, 18.79% enhanced signal quality, 18.64% enhanced power control and 18.89% enhanced energy efficiency.