Modern Capitalist Society Research Articles

교육적 이상향으로서 인문주의에 나타난 ‘안과 밖’의 모순 - 독일 교양시민계층의 사례와 정전(正典) 논쟁을 중심으로

This thesis focuses on two historical cases by comparing the contradiction between the ideal of humanistic education and its realization in the concept of dialectical logic to the inner and outer. The first inside and outside is the socio-political consequence of the Bildung concept, which is the German typical of modern humanist educational ideology, and the educated middle class, which has made it a group identity. The result of the neo-humanistic educational ideals and the instrumentalization of education understood by the German educated middle class shows the modern origin of class inequality in schooling, which is a drastic problem in modern capitalist society. The second contradiction is that between the inner logic of European tradition and values, and the outer logic of non-European perspectives. Humanism has regarded the power-guaranteed classics, called canon, as an absolute value transcending time and society. However, since the middle of the 20th century, the discourse of diversity driven by multiculturalism, criticism of orientalism, feminism, and political correctness debate have raised questions about the canonization itself. Humanism tried to preserve its content value as a European heritage, but from the outside, charges of Eurocentrism were accused. The contradictory attributes of humanism are related to the aporia of discord between the ideology of education and reality.

The Rationalization of ‘ Gefühlsinhalten ’: Dynamics of Cultural Change in Weber’s Sociology of Music

Abstract: Weber did not publish works on the sociology of music during his lifetime, yet he recognized that a specific rationalism influenced even this most intrinsic human experience. This article uses formal and substantive rationality to explore how Weber linked the final harmonious chord structure’s emotional content ( Gefühlsinhalten ) to modern capitalist society in the West. The late Renaissance saw a demand for expressive music, integrating new melodic elements within a framework emphasizing vertical harmonic consonance. This reflects the Western tendency to rationalize music’s emotional content, intertwined with ascetic rationalism’s ethical orientation. While Weber did not empirically analyze music’s connection to individual meaning extensively, his insights provide a lens to examine musical forms’ aesthetic features and cultural significance from a comparative civilizational perspective.

The Subject of Melancholia in Toer’s Bumi Manusia: Lacan’s Psychoanalytic Study

This study aims to analyse and find a description of the subject of melancholia in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study is conducted with a cursive approach by using the perspective of Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic study that looks for a small lost object. This research is a qualitative study using the literature study method. The main data source for this research is the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The results of this study found three types of melancholia subjects, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh as the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, is a melancholia subject who experiences all three types of melancholia, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Furthermore, the character Minke experiences two types of melancholia, namely cultural melancholia and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh as the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, is a melancholia subject who experiences all three types of melancholia, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Furthermore, the character Minke experiences two types of melancholia, namely cultural melancholia and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh and Minke are subjects that represent the author's view that wants to criticize two social systems, namely feudal society (colonized) and modern capitalist society (colonizer). These two social systems bring profound changes to the clash of generations in the world of the colonized. The subject's reaction to the changing values of society made them face a clash of cultures and eventually feel a tremendous alienation in their lives.

Effective Policies Derived from Case analysis of Environmental Factors in ESG Management

The modern society is developing rapidly, and humanity is facing unprecedented environmental pollution, global warming, climate change and various environmental problems. As a result, companies, a key social organization in modern capitalist society, are increasingly taking environmental and social responsibility. ESG management is an enterprise management that emphasizes non-financial factors (environment, society and corporate government). Recently, ESG considerations have become increasingly important in corporate management and investment. In preparation for this situation, companies are continuously releasing sustainability report to improve internal systems and build systems. As society is paying keen attention to ESG management, the number of actual management cases is increasing. However, in proportion to this interest, cases of greenwashing, which can be called fake eco-friendly marketing, have also been discovered, such as eco-friendly products or exaggerated carbon emission reductions. Accordingly, the comprehensive review examined cases of environmental factors in ESG management for overseas evaluation agencies that provide ESG management and related standards. In addition, a plan was proposed to establish sustainable corporate management using comprehensive domestic evaluation criteria.

Social Acceleration: A Challenge for Companies? Insights for Business Ethics from Resonance Theory

In modern capitalist societies, companies are exposed to enormous pressure to accelerate. However, it has increasingly become apparent that the social and economic acceleration which is the result of systemic imperatives tends to produce conflict both on the micro-level of personal temporal patterns and rhythms and on the macro-ecological level, where it tends to undermine the proper times for natural regeneration and reproduction. Corporations are increasingly called upon as corporate citizens to fulfil their responsibilities to stakeholders such as employees or ecosystems. Business ethics approaches therefore seek to develop strategies for fulfilling this responsibility in view of these conflicts created by social acceleration. In this contribution, we first present a diagnosis of acceleration imperatives for companies based on a sociological analysis of social acceleration. Then we examine the normative aspects of conflicts created by acceleration for employees and the ecosphere using the sociological conception of resonance. We attempt to articulate conceptually the normative requirements for a business ethics which are capable of dealing with the problems of social acceleration in corporations with a particular focus on a resonant stakeholder approach.

이상의 ｢날개｣와 최인호의 ｢타인의 방｣에 나타난 고립과 소외 고찰

This comparative study analysed Wings of Yi Sang and A Room of Strangers of Choi In-ho together. Though Wings and A Room of Strangers have a 35-year gap between the publication dates, but these stories have a common theme and literary trend; First, the two stories depict humans who are alienated from modern capitalist society, and second, both works contain modernist elements that include surrealism and existentialism. Therefore, this essay examined Wings and A Room of Strangers in two aspects: surrealist technique and existentialist philosophy, focusing on the motifs of ‘room’ and ‘relationship’. In both stories, rooms are main spaces and very important to imply the themes, and male characters suffer from self-division because of relational failure with their wives. These two works, showing similar spatial motifs and relational structures, present each aspect of modernism in the 1930s and 1970s. Wings as a modernist story in the 30s reveals self-consciousness and flow of consciousness, while Room of Strangers marks the beginning of the postmodern era through the literary formation of fetishism and self-division. Even if it were clear that two authors–Yi Sang and Choi In-ho as modernist writers share the narrative techniques and motifs, the use and effect of surrealism are represented differently in their respective works - Wings and A Rooms of Stranger, and the status of the subject and self is also different. In conclusion, this study found that the theme of modernist literature changes with the times, and that the individual works of the two modernist writers were uniquely created according to the different situation of the times and the literary character of the writer.

SAWUBONA. A theo-ethic for everyday decolonial gestures

This article takes a pentecostalicity engagement with the Zulu notion of Sawubona to construct a theo-ethics of everyday decolonial gestures of life-giving, affirmation and enhancing in the context of global coloniality and cultures of death that define and determine life in modern capitalist societies. Pentecostalicity is grounded in the Spirit’s freedom to greet (Sawubona) creation as happened on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2) with pneumatic gestures of redemption, liberation, emancipation and recognition of the singularity of life and co-becoming of all things in the universe. I demonstrate how indigenous forms of greeting embody pentecostalicity resources that could be mobilised to construct a theo-ethics ofeveryday decolonial gestures. I underline that such an approach helps to perceive indigenous greetings such as Sawubona as dynamic philosophical terms saturated with incredible meanings deeply rooted in the pro-existential spirituality of care for life.

Капитализация морали в деятельности современных корпораций: возможность или необходимость?

Modernity has presented a new challenge to capitalism, the answer to which may be the emergence of ‘moral capital’. Since the end of the 20th century, corporations have become convinced of the importance of a strong ideology and the need for developed meaningful corporate ethics based on values understood and accepted by all members of the company. The exaggerated importance of personal gain in Western philosophy since the time of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham has led to the formation of an ‘economic man’ who views the world around him through the prism of individual material interest. The life credo of such a person is “I feel good, so everyone feels good.” has become a real threat to society, making it impossible for adequate forms of collectives to exist. In this article we study large corporations as they are the most visible as representatives of modern capitalist society. An analysis of the activities of corporations and their reactions to crises has shown that companies that have managed to survive a critical situation, as a rule, make changes to corporate ethics 2-3 years later, having undergone some reflection. The competitive environment, the requirements of society, the state and international organizations contribute to the manifestation of greater social responsibility to comprehend and fix these changes. All types of capitalism, as Max Weber saw them: ‘predatory’, ‘adventurous’ and ‘rational’ simultaneously coexist in the present time. Time will tell whether capitalism is able to transform into its more moral form or whether we observe the emergence of a new social order. If multinational corporations manage to overcome their natural thirst for profit and transform it into a desire to ‘bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people’, expanding this ‘greatest number’ to a planetary scale, the answer will be positive. The way some of these companies are overcoming their own crises is encouraging. The time of change is wonderful because everyone can contribute to the current changes by acting in accordance with human standards of morality.

Трансформация формы экономического господства: от буржуазно-промышленного к государственно-монополистическому финансовому капитализму

The process of transformation of forms of economic domination in the West is under analysis. The author indicates the means of domination expansion and the processes accompanying the change in the rank of values in modern capitalist society.

TRİBÜN ŞİDDETİ SEMBOLİK ETKİLEŞİMCİ KURAM VE KIRIKCAM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR SE

In modern capitalist societies, sports fandom constitutes almost a large part of individuals' 'free time' activities. The concept of sports support, which has both an individual and a social role in the context of feeling that they belong to a group, is also important in terms of ensuring social integrity. On the other hand, the areas that sports fans feel belong to, both sociologically, psychologically and mentally, can turn into places of violence. For exactly these reasons, individuals can stay in a social environment where they are marginalized and discriminated against in their free time. In line with this information, the aim of the research is to analyze the violence events in sports fans with their sociological dimensions in the context of "Broken Window Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory" and to examine the individual and social dimensions of violence in the stands. The research was carried out as a systematic compilation study as a result of scanning the literature and associating the obtained data with each other. In order to understand the acts of aggression and violence in the tribune, the Broken Window Theory emphasizes that a certain disorder in the social sphere will be immediately noticed by individuals and that individuals will continue their actions in the absence of sanctions regarding that disorder. Symbolic Interaction Theory, on the other hand, states that individuals establish a relationship network with each other through their actions and affect each other through sombols. At this very point, the individual(s) who notice any violent speech or act in the tribune can mentally display behaviors that serve the disorder, thinking that they have found a flaw in the system, and this dimension of disorder can affect other groups as well. In order to prevent the continuation of all these chains of reasons, the size of the problem of violence should be determined and the reasons should be determined and resolved. In this direction, the research was carried out using the analytical method and the hermeneutic approach. As a result of a detailed literature review, when we look at the results we have obtained, it is observed that the Broken Window Theory can give answers about the source of violence in sports and what it is, and at the same time, it is thought that when taken together with the Symbolic Interaction Theory, it can help in ensuring order and stability in the social field.

Устойчивая энергетика: новый взгляд на факторы становления

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world energy industry has embarked on a path of transformation, the purpose of which is the formation of a new type of energy that meets the principles of sustainable development. This process was first of all launched by the policy of the governments of the countries aimed at reducing the technogenic impact of energy on the environment. Many studies have been carried out on the feasibility of stimulating the transformation process. The challenges posed by the spread of renewable energy sources have been identified, and the main drivers that have launched and are currently stimulating the transformation process have been analyzed. Despite a large number of studies, the fact that one of the drivers of the ongoing changes in the energy industry is the correspondence of the characteristics of sustainable energy systems to a new stage in the development of capitalist societies has been overlooked. The paper examines the energy industry’s development trajectories in the context of the evolution of production organization models. It is shown that the trajectory of energy industry development is determined not only by its internal contradictions, the structure of the available resource base, scientific and technological progress and competition, but also by the general logic of socio-economic development, as well as current political narratives. The correspondence of the structures of a sustainable economy and the energy industry to the internal logic of the new organizational model inherent in the modern capitalist society turns out to be one of the drivers of the energy transition. It is concluded that due to the change in such informal institutions as the idea of a preferred future development of mankind, the norms of interaction between man and nature, as well as changes in the characteristics of energy markets, sustainable energy will continue to develop, despite its relatively low economic efficiency.

Jürgen Habermas’ Analysis of Legitimisation Crisis in the States of Late Capitalism as a Prelude to the Re-validation of Normative System of Law

Goal – an analysis of the essential elements – from the perspective of legitimisation of normative systems – of Jürgen Habermas’ philosophical thought and his views on the problems that modern capitalist societies face with relationship to the expiration of the pre-modern sources of legitimisation. Research methodology – analysis of literature, critical method of comparison of secondary views in the literature on Habermas’ original theses. Descriptive method. Score/results – views presented by the author of the Legitimation Crisis are based on the works of the representatives of The Frankfurt School. Critical Theory presented in their many works has its development and explication in the works of Habermas, with his innovative solutions to the unsolved problems of the fatalistic diagnosis of the early generation of the Frankfurt School. Habermas attributed a significant importance to the changes in the relationship of work, capital and intersubjective assignment of meaning in various society organisational forms, from traditional to late-capitalist one. His diagnosis of the legitimisation crisis in late-capitalism further points towards his roots in the Frankfurt School. His solution to this problem, related to the communicative actions and a possibility for a rational discourse ending in a consensus and the detailed elements of his analysis of the crisis of legitimisation, shall become a point of analysis in further papers. Originality/value – Jürgen Habermas works maintain their importance in the XXI century, especially in the face of further turbulences that await the democratic systems in the European civilization sphere. This work compiles some of the basic elements of the origin of Habermas’ thought, including the references to the Polish works on Habermas that have not been translated into English; and it is a development of the master’s thesis on Habermas’ concept of legitimisation. The paper’s thesis can be further developed as a related analysis in the future papers.

Calabar Carnival

Calabar Carnival

Understanding the Question ‘What is Philosophy?’ in the Apocalyptic ‘End of Time’

While Stalinism destroyed the Bolshevik Revolution completely by replacing Marx’s idea of communism as the ‘association of free people’ with a dictatorship of the despotic Oriental version of state capitalism that masqueraded as socialism, liberalism, fascism, and authoritarianism (the three axes of modern capitalist societies) have led not only to the collapse and destruction of reason, but also to the destruction of the very basis of critical thinking itself. This essay claims that Slavoj Žižek’s idea of the Denkverbot (‘prohibition against thinking’) is an important idea that raises the importance of philosophy to not only counter the rise of global versions of authoritarianism, but also to critique late imperialism in permanent and terminal crisis. It talks of the apocalyptic idea of the ‘end of time’, a biblical theme that is now being put into practice in Ukraine with the Russian invasion and fueled by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bloc of nations which, like Russia, can only exist with the help of images of the apocalypse. What must be mentioned is that while Stalin replaced Marxism as critical theory with authoritarian dogma and while fascism completely repressed classical German philosophy to create a nationalist mytho-politics of the ‘Aryan race’, the discipline of rigorous philosophy was banished in universities by neoliberal capitalism for whom philosophy as critical thinking had to be supplemented by the principles of hyper-consumerism and the corresponding ‘complete regression of thinking’. This essay is on the very important questions ‘What is called philosophical thinking?’ and ‘How can revolutionary thinking transcend the domain of the counterrevolutionary repressed mind?’ and, most importantly, the very burning question: ‘What is philosophy?’

Discussing Media Manipulation in José Ricardo Morales’s Play Cómo el poder de las noticias nos da noticias del poder

ABSTRACT This article critically analyzes the media practices that intertwine private and public interests and the distortion of reality carried out by journalists in José Ricardo Morales’s play Cómo el poder de las noticias nos da noticias del poder (1969). This play is used as a case study to analyze the playwright’s ideas about using media as a manipulation tool to control and distract the audience in modern capitalist societies. The play’s analysis addresses interviews and the commodification/objectification of women as discursive devices of distraction producing false information in the media industry. This study establishes that Morales’s play reveals the cultural space of distraction used by the media, which contributes to creating a parallel narrative of possible futures, both defying national literary canons and anticipating several issues related to media intervention by corporate media and politicians in the 1960s.

Who are neorurals? or, How capitalist time discipline dilutes political projects and makes it difficult to propose an alternative

Urban‐to‐rural migration is a rising trend across industrialized countries, the significance of which is not interpreted unanimously. The explanations tend to fall into two competing groups: (a) an alternative to capitalism or (b) perpetuation of the status quo, where, on one hand, the richer participants effect a green lifestyle choice, while the poorer participants follow a coping strategy, on the other. Instead of focusing only on the radical fringe, this article describes and analyzes the diversity of the present‐day neorural movement in France. It argues that the neorural movement is a multivocal critique of modern capitalist societies that rapidly transforms into an apolitical lifestyle choice once it is confronted with the capitalist value‐making mechanisms. It shows that the deradicalization of rural utopia has to do with social stratification and people's enormous difficulty in reappropriating their agency over their time‐use and lives at the household level. Finally, it suggests that the imagery of rural utopia could be mobilized for constructing a shared alternative, but one that would require rewriting the rules of socioeconomic interdependence.

CARLOS GERMÁN BELLI: UN MUDO FETO QUE HABITA UN HUECO EN LA PERIFERIA

Considered the most important living poet of Peruvian poetry, Carlos Germán Belli’s poetics is characterized by its classical reminiscences and contemporary allusions, which make it an always disconcerting encounter. This occurs, for example, with the figure of his speaker. In this line, this article aims to identify the characteristics of the representation of the speaker in four Bellian poems: “Segregación N.° 1”, “El valle de heces”, “Sextina primera” and “Yo pese al paso largo de los años”. We argue that the intention of the lyrical subject of these poems is to account for his tragic uniqueness in modern capitalist society, which has deprived him of a poetic, political voice and banished him to inhabit the limits of the human condition.

Construction of a sociotechnical surveillance network in Brazil

Young activists in Brazil became targets of state persecution for taking part in the mass protests that took to the streets and the Web during the lead-up to the 2014 World Cup and, subsequently, during the 2016 Olympic Games. The present article is a case study tackling the growth and development of the state’s Internet surveillance apparatus and how it was used to suppress young political activists. We begin this paper with a theoretical discussion on the concept of surveillance and how it is inseparable from modern capitalist society. To that end, we used science, technology and society studies as the theoretical foundation for our analysis. Further along, we describe the Brazilian political atmosphere during the mass demonstrations. Lastly, we conclude with an analysis of the personal accounts collected via interviews with the activists that were persecuted and monitored by the state.

Hermeneutics and Politics: Rereading the Political Unconscious

As Karl Marx said in the eleventh of his “Theses on Feuerbach”, “Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it”. The urgency, as well as the truth of this statement, is undoubtedly as powerful today as when Marx first wrote it. However, as a popular catchphrase frequently cited by radical thinkers and activists, Thesis 11 has unfortunately become a relatively simplistic rejection of the theory in favor of a somewhat anti-intellectual view of praxis. Such is the danger of a wisdom expressed in a way that it can fit on a bumper sticker, a fate that Marx himself probably never imagined for this scathing remark. Marxism, after all, implies the dialectical unity of theory and practice, and Marx himself, of course, spent his life engaged in critical analysis or interpretation of modern capitalist societies, while remaining committed to the movement dedicated to changing the world. The essence of Thesis 11, in fact, lies not so much in the opposition between theory and practice, but in the connection that Marx makes between interpreting the world and changing it. Although interpretation is not an end, it is absolutely essential for any project to be able to imagine alternatives and transform the status quo. In this situation, hermeneutics inevitably acquires a political and critical importance. Arguably, it always carried such weight, but it has become more urgent in our time. Perhaps the very act of interpretation is itself also a political act, which is intimately connected with the project of criticism.

TÜRKİYE’DE SAYISAL MEZUNİYET ALANININ ERKEKSİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE SOSYOLOJİK BİR ÇALIŞMA

Based on the assumption that gender affects much more than organic human relations, this study aims to understand the relationship of masculine behavior with quantitative, verbal, equally-weighted and language graduation fields. The study also investigates whether masculine behavior differs by sex, age, income level and geographical region. For this purpose, data were collected from 327 participants using the Personal Information Form and the Masculine Behavior Scale (MBS). The findings of the study showed that masculine behavior differed significantly according to graduation field and geographical region. The graduation field with the highest masculine behavior is quantitative, while the lowest one is verbal. On the other hand, men exhibited more masculine behavior than women, but women also displayed a high rate of masculine behavior. An analysis of masculine behavior according to geographical regions revealed that the Eastern Anatolia region exhibits the highest masculine behavior and the Aegean region the lowest. It was observed that masculine behavior did not differ significantly according to age and income level and all groups exhibited high masculine behavior. At the end of the study, it was made clear that the stereotype that the quantitative is associated with man/masculinity and the verbal with woman/femininity persists and the competitive and surplus value-oriented structure of the modern capitalist society causes masculine behavior to be high, regardless of the variables discussed in the research. Thus, it was understood that the relatively more democratic, accepting and liberal atmosphere of the 21st-century (Turkish) society does not have enough of a transformative effect on masculine behavior.