Moderating Effect Of Self-esteem Research Articles

Gender Differences in Defending Behavior Among Elementary School Students Trained in a Bullying Bystander Intervention

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in defending behavior and the moderating effect of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation among elementary school (N = 39) who participated in a bullying bystander intervention (STAC). During the intervention, the trainers teach students four strategies they can use to intervene in bullying situations to defend targets (i.e. “Stealing the Show,” “Turning it Over,” “Accompanying Others,” and “Coaching Compassion”). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that with the exception of “Turning it Over” (i.e. reporting bullying to an adult), self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation moderated the relationship between gender and use of the STAC strategies. Specifically, for females, STAC strategy use was positively associated with self-esteem. In contrast, for males, strategy use was positively associated with fear of negative evaluation. Findings suggest that bystander training may be effective in reducing gender differences in defending behavior. This study also extends the literature by highlighting the important role of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation in the relationship between gender and post-training defending behavior. We discuss implications for bystander training in school-based bullying prevention programs and in other counseling settings.

The relationship of negative life events, trait-anxiety and depression among Chinese university students: A moderated effect of self-esteem

BackgroundNegative life events are major triggers for depression. How individual physical qualities and psychological resources affect the relationship between negative life events and depression in college students remains to be studied. Therefore, we constructed a structural equation model to explore the mediating effect of trait anxiety and the moderating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between negative life events and depression among college students. MethodsA total of 6224 Chinese college students (aged 16–25) in Jiangxi Province in the central area of China completed the online survey. A moderated mediation model was tested to verify the hypothesis. ResultsThe mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of negative life events on depression through trait-anxiety. Mediation was moderated by self-esteem, which significantly interacted with negative life events to reduce their effect on both anxiety and depression. LimitationsAll measures were self-reported. The cross-sectional design only provides evidence of correlation. ConclusionsThe results in this study revealed that self-esteem as a component of psychological defense mechanism to reduce the harm of environmental threats to individuals. Low self-esteem college students are more likely to have adverse effects when experiencing low-level life events. University mental health education reduces the effects of negative life events on trait anxiety and depression of college students by raising their self-esteem levels.

Sleep problems in adolescents with depression: Role of childhood trauma, alexithymia, rumination, and self-esteem

BackgroundWhile sleep problems are common in adolescents with depression, the exact prevalence has not been reported. Although previous studies have shown that childhood trauma, alexithymia, rumination, and self-esteem are related to sleep problems, the interactions between these factors remain unclear. MethodsThis study, conducted from March 1, 2021 to January 20, 2022, employed a cross-sectional design. The participants were 2192 adolescents with depression with a mean age of 15 years. The Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Ruminative Response Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used to measure sleep problems, childhood trauma, alexithymia, rumination, and self-esteem, respectively. We used PROCESS 3.3 for SPSS to determine the chain mediating effect of alexithymia and rumination and the moderating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between childhood trauma and sleep problems. ResultsUp to 70.71 % of adolescents with depression had sleep problems. Furthermore, alexithymia and rumination played a chain mediation role in the relationship between childhood trauma and sleep problems. Finally, self-esteem moderated the relationships between alexithymia and sleep problems and rumination and sleep problems. LimitationsOwing to the study design, we cannot derive causal relationships between variables. Further, the self-reported data may have been influenced by subjective participant factors. ConclusionsThis study reveals potential ways of how childhood trauma influences sleep problems in adolescents with depression. These findings suggest that interventions targeting alexithymia, rumination, and self-esteem in adolescents with depression may be effective in reducing their sleep problems.

노년기 혼인상태가 문제음주에 미치는 영향

The present study examined the relationship between marital status and problematic drinking and the moderating effect of self-esteem among Korean older adults. The samples were drawn from the 2019 Korean Welfare Panel Study, and we analyzed a total of 5,892 adults aged 60 or older based on marital status, living with their partner, widowed, divorced people, and separated. The hierarchical regression was used to analyze whether the relationship between marital status and alcohol consumption among older adults varied by the level of self-esteem. The results were shown that demographic and health-related factors were associated with unmarried status and problematic drinking, but more interaction effect of self-esteem on the married status. An additional analysis was conducted by comparing living with partners and each unit of unmarried status, widowed, divorced people, and separated to determine which group would have more problematic drinking. Older people who were widowed had problematic drinking, but there was an interaction effect of the self-esteem on people who are in married status. Divorced people were significantly consumed more alcohol than the participants who live with their partners, and it varied by their self-esteem. The divorced people also consumed more alcohol than the widowed, and it also changed depending on their self-esteem. Finding from this study highlight the significant role of transition in marital status as people get older and each one's level of self-esteem to reduce alcohol consumption, which could be related to alcohol abuse. Future implications were discussed to improve older adults' quality of life by reducing alcohol consumption and giving support.

The effect of trait mindfulness on social media rumination: Upward social comparison as a moderated mediator.

Social media rumination means that social media users are inclined to worry about their posts, relevant situational elements, and ramifications of the posts on a regular basis, and it is one of the main reasons why people's use of social media is linked to unfavorable mental health and interpersonal results. Rumination is antagonistic to mindfulness, which entails paying attention on purpose and without judgment, and mindfulness appears to be useful in reducing rumination. However, in the context of social media, the nature of the relationship between rumination and mindfulness has gained less attention. The current research study indicates that trait mindfulness, upward social comparison (USC), and self-esteem are implicated in social media rumination (SMR). However, no research study has synthesized the findings into one model. Therefore, the current research study aims to explore the relationship between trait mindfulness and SMR, the mediating effect of USC, and the moderating effect of self-esteem. The model was tested using AMOS and the PROCESS macro in SPSS with bootstrapping. According to the findings, SC appears to have a moderated mediator effect on the relationship between trait mindfulness and SMR. Specifically, individuals with high mindfulness trait do not necessarily have less USC. Self-esteem moderated the above mediation. The beneficial effect of trait mindfulness on social media rumination is explained in depth in this study.

Effect of marriage migrant women's experience of discrimination on acculturation stress: Focused on the moderating effect of self-esteem

본 연구의 목적은 결혼이주여성의 차별경험과 문화적응스트레스의 관계를 살펴보고, 차별경 험과 문화적응스트레스 사이에서 자아존중감의 조절효과가 어떠한지 규명하는 것이다. 연구목 적 달성을 위하여 다문화청소년패널조사 2기데이터의 결혼이주여성 2,167명을 분석대상으로 Baron과 Kenny(1986)의 조절효과 모델에 근거하여 위계적 조절회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결 과 결혼이주여성의 차별경험은 문화적응스트레스를 높이는 주요 요인으로 나타났다. 또한 결혼 이주여성의 차별경험이 문화적응스트레스에 미치는 부정적인 영향은 자아존중감의 정도에 따라 달라져 자아존중감이 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 결혼이주여성 의 문화적응스트레스 완화를 위한 실천적 전략을 제시하고 한국생활적응에 도움이 되는 지원방 안에 대해 모색하였다.

The influence of acculturative stress on career barriers: focusing on the moderating effects of self-esteem and peer relations among South Korea adolescents from multicultural families

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the protective factors which moderate the relationship between acculturative stress and career barriers among adolescents from multicultural families. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed with 1,207 adolescents from the 6th wave of Multicultural Adolescent Panel Study. The results indicated that acculturative stress was associated with career barriers. In addition, peer relations had a negative relationship with career barriers. Self-esteem was associated with low career barriers. Moreover, the moderating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between acculturative stress and career barriers was statistically significant. The results of this study provide implications for reducing and intervening career barriers among multicultural adolescents.

Emotional Intelligence and Prosocial Behavior in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.

This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and prosocial behavior (PSB) and constructed a model for their interaction by examining the mediating effect of social support (SS) and the moderating effect of self-esteem (SE) in this relationship. A total of 742 college students aged from 18 to 20 in Northeast China (Mage =19.42 ± 0.53 years) completed a survey measuring the Emotional Intelligence Scale, Prosocial Tendencies Measurement Scale—Chinese Version, Perceived Social Support Scale, and Self-Esteem Scale. The results showed that: (1) EI positively predicted PSB; (2) SS partially mediated the relationship between EI and PSB; and (3) SE moderated the direct effect of EI on PSB and the relationship between SS and PSB. That is, when the SE of college students was higher, the effect of SS in promoting PSB was enhanced. Therefore, our results suggested that under the influence of both internal and external factors, there is an indirect effect of EI on PSB. This finding may potentially provide a theoretical basis for designing college students' mental health courses and cultivating PSB in college.

Disease Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Self-Esteem: An Extended Parallel Process Model.

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 outbreak has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The purpose of this study was to use an extended parallel process model (EPPM) to understand factors in COVID-19 prevention behaviors.MethodsThis cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on 1012 participants in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire and an online survey were used to collect data.ResultsThe EPPM revealed that the severity of the COVID-19 threat perceived by respondents directly affected the arousal of fear in the respondents (β=0.268, t=9.007, p<0.001), but perceived efficacy did not (β=−0.019, t=−0.619, p>0.05); additionally, fear arousal was significantly associated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors (β=0.119, t=4.603, p<0.001). Regarding personal characteristics, self-esteem moderated the relationship between perceived threat and fear arousal. However, the moderating effect of self-esteem was stronger in people with low self-esteem compared to those with high self-esteem (β=0.606, −0.472; t=26.303, −17.694; p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). The results of this study also indicated that two demographic characteristics (age and gender) affect COVID-19 prevention behaviors.ConclusionWhen developing healthcare policies and community interventions for improving COVID-19 prevention behaviors during an outbreak, healthcare administrators should carefully consider the main constructs of the EPPM, particularly personal characteristics (ie, self-esteem) and demographic characteristics (ie, age and gender).

HPA-axis activity and the moderating effect of self-esteem in the context of intimate partner violence in Cameroon

ABSTRACT Background: The experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) is stressful. One objective way to monitor it is to assess victims’ stress response by measuring the concentration of their salivary cortisol, the major stress hormone released by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Objective: We investigated how the IPV experienced by women in Cameroon affects their stress levels and those of their children. Method: We recruited 50 mother–child dyads exposed to IPV and a control group of 25 mother–child dyads. All mothers completed questionnaires, including the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale to assess IPV, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Self-Esteem Scale, to assess their psychological resources. Mothers were asked to collect 3 saliva samples from themselves and 3 from their children on a single weekday: immediately after waking up, 30 minutes after waking up, and 45 minutes after waking up. The total cortisol secretion over the first hour after awakening was determined by calculating the area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg). Results: Mothers exposed to IPV exhibited higher total post-awakening cortisol concentrations compared with those in the control group. However, no significant difference was found between exposed and non-exposed children. In addition, higher IPV, specifically injuries, was significantly and positively associated with greater AUCg among mothers exhibiting lower self-esteem. When self-esteem was high, however, no significant effect of IPV on AUCg was observed. Conclusions: Of particular clinical significance is that self-esteem can modulate the stress levels of women exposed to IPV, a valuable insight into the development of effective psychosocial interventions to support IPV victims in sub-Saharan Africa.

The influence of social media usage, self-image congruity and self-esteem on conspicuous online consumption among millennials

PurposeDriven by social comparison and self-congruity theories, this paper's aim was to investigate the associations with Korean millennials' usage of social media, self-image congruity and conspicuous online consumption. The mediating influence of self-image congruity and the moderating effect of self-esteem were also examined.Design/methodology/approachThese data were gathered through an online research portal from 302 Korean millennials. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses and moderated mediation analysis using Hayes PROCESS macro were applied to test proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe result of the structural equation analyses showed strong, positive associations between social media usage, self-image congruity and conspicuous online consumption, while self-image congruity also acted as a mediator between Korean millennials' usage of social media and conspicuous online consumption. Moreover, in moderated mediation analysis, the pathway between self-image congruity and conspicuous online consumption was stronger for millennials with higher self-esteem.Originality/valueMillennials' social media usage and conspicuous consumption are widely acknowledged in consumer research. However, little is known about how millennials' social media usage could influence their conspicuous online consumption through mediating and moderating mechanisms such as self-image congruity and self-esteem. This research extends previous studies by analyzing these mechanisms.

Moderating Effect of Self-Esteem on the Relationship Between Optimism and Life Satisfaction in Final Year University Students

This study examined the moderating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in final year university students. A correlational survey design was utilized. Two hundred and twenty-three university final year students of a Nigerian university consisting of 124 males and 99 females aged 24.67&amp;plusmn;2.56 participated in the study. Data were collected with a structured self-report questionnaire containing satisfaction with life scale (&amp;alpha; = .82), Rosenberg self-esteem scale (&amp;alpha; = .86), and life orientation test &amp;ndash; revised (&amp;alpha; = .79). Data were analyzed with SPSS v.23 at 0.05 significant level. Self-esteem significantly moderated the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction as indicated by a significant increase in proportion of the variance in life satisfaction when the interaction term between optimism and self-esteem was added to the regression model [&amp;Delta;R2 = .03, &amp;Delta;F (1, 219) = 7.26, p &amp;lt; .008, b = .188, t(220) = 2.69, p &amp;lt; .01]. It was concluded that the predictive impact of optimism on life satisfaction of university final year students is enhanced by their self-esteem; thus, students should be exposed to environment and program that promotes the development of high self-esteem and optimistic life orientation to enhance their well-being.

Self-Esteem Moderates the Effect of Compromising Thinking on Forgiveness Among Chinese Early Adolescents.

Forgiveness contributes to positive social relationships, which is critical for individual development, particularly for early adolescents. Most previous studies focused on the unique roles of cognitive factors (e.g., compromising thinking) and personality traits (e.g., self-esteem) in the process of developing forgiveness. However, sporadic research has examined their interactive effect on forgiveness from an integrated perspective. Given that forgiveness has been categorized into decisional and emotional forgiveness, this study aimed to examine the effects of compromising thinking on two types of forgiveness, and the moderating effects of self-esteem on the association between compromising thinking and forgiveness among early adolescents. A total of 1,009 Chinese primary and secondary school students (50.4% males; M age = 11.75, SD = 1.27) were recruited to complete three self-reported questionnaires. The results showed that compromising thinking predicted decisional forgiveness but not emotional forgiveness. Furthermore, self-esteem was identified to moderate the conditional effects of compromising thinking on decisional and emotional forgiveness. These findings advance a better understanding of the construct and mechanism of forgiveness, which can provide insights for targeted forgiveness interventions among early adolescents, such as compromising thinking instructions and self-esteem enhancement programs.

Unpacking the dynamics involved in the impact of bullying victimization on adolescent suicidal ideation: Testing general strain theory in the Korean context

The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamics involved in the relationship between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation within the general strain theory (GST) framework. We examined the effect of two types of bullying victimization (traditional bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization) on Korean adolescent suicidal ideation with focusing on the role of negative emotions as a mediator and the role of self-esteem as a moderator. We estimated a series of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the statistical software Mplus 8.0. Both types of bullying victimization had significant and positive effects on adolescent suicidal ideation. Also, negative emotions partially mediated these relationships. Last, the effect of negative emotions on suicidal ideation decreased when the victim had a relatively high level of self-esteem, while the moderating effect of self-esteem was not significant between bullying victimization and negative emotions. Overall, GST was useful for explaining the linkage of bullying victimization and adolescent suicidal ideation in this Korean sample.

Coping with infidelity: The moderating role of self-esteem

Infidelity is one of the most damaging events individuals face in relationships. Given that a partner's infidelity poses serious threats to emotional and mental health, it is critical to understand what contributes to these consequences and to identify individual factors that might reduce the severity of the infidelity. In applying a stress perspective to infidelity, this study examined the links between negative cognitive appraisals, infidelity-related stress, and mental health outcomes, as well as the moderating effects of self-esteem on these associations, among a sample of 232 individuals who were recently cheated on. Analyses revealed that attributing causality and responsibility to the cheating partner was associated with greater infidelity-related stress, which in turn, was linked to heightened depression and anxiety symptoms. Further, moderation analyses identified self-esteem as an important dispositional protective mechanism. For those with high self-esteem, the effects of negative appraisals on infidelity-related stress, as well as infidelity-related stress on both depression and anxiety, were dampened. These findings reveal the importance of individuals’ perceptions of their partners’ infidelity, as well as their own their self-esteem, on the emotional and mental health toll of infidelity.

Self-esteem, cultural identification, and substance use among American Indian youth.

Determine potential mediating and moderating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between cultural identification and substance use among American Indian (AI) youth. Anonymous surveys were administered to middle and high school AI students assessing levels of last month alcohol and marijuana use, cultural identification, and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling assessed potential mediating and moderating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between AI and white identification on alcohol and marijuana use. No mediating effects were found for middle school students. Among high school students, no mediating effects were found for alcohol. Among female high school students, a small mediating effect was found between AI identification and marijuana use, with AI identification protecting against use. Across all students, no moderating effects of self-esteem were found. The literature on cultural identification and substance use among minority youth is unclear. It was anticipated that consideration of self-esteem as a potential mediator or moderator might help clarify some of the confusion. However, no moderating effects were found and mediating effects were limited to female high school students for marijuana. Consideration should be given to assessing other measures of cultural identification and subscales of self-esteem to confirm that these findings are robust.

Immediate and short term effects of values-based interventions on paranoia

Background and objectivesParanoia is a common, distressing, and persistent experience that can negatively impact on health, wellbeing, and functioning. This study examined the immediate and short term (2-weeks) effects of two values-based interventions, versus a non-values control, on paranoia, as well as the moderating effect of self-esteem. Methods171 non-clinical adults were randomised to a value-affirmation and goals task (VAG: clarifying and reflecting on core values and setting value-based goals) (n = 57), a value-affirmation task (VA: clarifying and reflecting on core values without setting value-based goals) (n = 57), or a non-affirmation control task (NAC) (n = 57). Paranoia was assessed at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and two weeks post-intervention (T3). Self-esteem was measured at baseline. ResultsVAG participants had significantly lower state paranoia scores at T3 than VA (d = .34) and NAC (d = .31) participants. This effect was moderated by trait self-esteem: At follow-up, the differential effect of condition on state paranoia was greatest amongst those with low self-esteem, with the VAG condition being most beneficial for participants with low self-esteem and the VA condition being least beneficial. LimitationsWithout a goals only control group it is possible that the benefits of VAG over VA were attributable to setting and achieving goals. Use of a nonclinical sample limits generalisability to clinical groups. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that focusing on a deeply held value and setting goals in line with that value reduced paranoia. This intervention may be most beneficial for individuals with low self-esteem.

중국 에이즈 고아들의 낙인적 인식이 우울에 미치는 영향: 회피적 대처 및 미래기대의 이중매개효과와 자아존중감의 조절효과분석을 중심으로

중국 에이즈 고아들의 낙인적 인식이 우울에 미치는 영향: 회피적 대처 및 미래기대의 이중매개효과와 자아존중감의 조절효과분석을 중심으로

Who Becomes a Bullying Perpetrator After the Experience of Bullying Victimization? The Moderating Role of Self-esteem.

It is well known that victims of bullying could become a bullying perpetrator later on. However, there are some cases where victims do not become bullies after being bullied. What constitutes the differences between the two groups, who show different response strategies despite the similar experiences of victimization, is the main question that the current study poses. Based on the threatened egotism theory, the current longitudinal study postulates that there could be possible moderating effects of self-esteem in the relationship between prior bullying victimization and subsequent bullying perpetration. The data was drawn from 3,660 Korean secondary students (51.5% male) in the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study for 2 waves (7th to 8th grades). The results from structural equation modeling indicated that there is a significant interaction effect between bullying victimization and self-esteem in the 7th grade, in prediction to bullying perpetration in the 8th grade, after controlling for the prior level of bullying victimization and perpetration experiences, demographic and background characteristics (i.e., gender and family income), students' school-environmental factor (i.e., perceived seriousness of school bullying), individual factor (i.e., self-control) and family-environmental factor (i.e., parent-child relationship). Students with higher self-esteem were the most likely to engage in future bullying perpetration in response to bullying victimization, while the students with lower self-esteem were the least likely to engage in future bullying perpetration. Educators who examine adolescents' social problems should pay closer attention to self-esteem, as well as their bullying and victimization experiences, in order to provide appropriate interventions.

Moderating effect of self-esteem and depression on the correlation between the frequency of community volunteer activities and job consciousness in dental hygiene students

Objectives: This study examined dental hygiene students' frequency of participation in community volunteer activities, job consciousness, depression, and self-esteem, and then identified the correlation among them. We also analyzed the moderating effect of depression and self-esteem on the correlation between participation in community volunteer activities and job consciousness. Methods: We surveyed 312 dental hygiene students attending four universities in South Chungcheong Province, Korea, from May 2 to June 15, 2016, through direct visits. They were given structured questionnaires containing four items on community volunteer activities, three on job consciousness, ten on self-esteem, and 13 on depression. To examine the moderating effect of depression and self-esteem, we performed analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis (based on the path analysis model and by inserting interaction terms) using SPSS and AMOS. Results: We observed a negative correlation between self-esteem and depression (r=-0.062) but a positive correlation between self-esteem and job consciousness (r=0.125). Depression and job consciousness had a negative correlation (r=-0.176). Depression had a statistically significant impact on job consciousness (r=-0.519, p<0.01). The interaction term between depression and frequency of community volunteer activities also had a statistically significant influence on job consciousness (r=0.090, p<0.05). These findings indicate that depression moderates the correlation between frequency of community volunteer activities and job consciousness at a statistically significant level. Conclusions: More frequent participation in volunteer activities enhances dental hygiene students' self-esteem, reduces depression, and raises job consciousness. The positive impact of volunteering on self-esteem, depression, and job consciousness warrants encouraging students' participation in community volunteer activities, creating supportive structures, and developing various volunteer programs relevant to the students' area of study.