Moderating Effect Of Resilience Research Articles

Social isolation and adolescents’ psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 epidemic: the mediating effect of loneliness and the moderating effect of resilience

Social isolation and adolescents’ psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 epidemic: the mediating effect of loneliness and the moderating effect of resilience

태권도 사범들의 직무스트레스와 직무만족의 관계에서 회복탄력성의 조절효과

This study aims to clarify the causal relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among Taekwondo instructors, with a focus on the moderating effect of resilience. Based on the results verifying the set research hypotheses, the study concludes that the negative impact of job stress on job satisfaction among Taekwondo instructors can be mitigated depending on their level of resilience. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Taekwondo Gym directors should make significant efforts to enhance the psychological resilience of their instructors against job stress by applying effective leadership tailored to their characteristics, emphasizing the significant role of gym directors in enhancing resilience.

Stress and emotion in a locked campus: the moderating effects of resilience and loneliness.

The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between Chinese students' emotions and stress during a strict lockdown period in a university setting and the context of a global pandemic. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to investigate the moderating role of resilience and loneliness in this relationship. The participants consisted of 112 students. Based on loneliness and resilience measures and the intensive tracking of emotional stress over a 21-day period, the results of data analysis indicated that the students' overall levels of positive emotions were low and relatively independent of negative emotions. Negative emotions were significantly autoregressive and their baseline was closely related to the individual's overall feelings of stress and loneliness levels, fluctuating with feelings of stress. The results confirm the hypothesis that resilience helps to stabilize emotions. Individuals with low resilience may be more emotionally sensitive in confined environments, while receiving social support may help to alleviate low moods.

Urban-rural differences in associations among perceived stress, resilience and self-care in Chinese older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

Social determinants of health (SDH) are mainly comprised of structural and intermediary domains. Emerging evidence suggests that the burden of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) in older adults is exacerbated by structural determinants (e.g. low income and low education). However, less attention was paid to the intermediary determinants (i.e. material circumstances, psychosocial factors and behavioural factors) of MCCs. To investigate the associations among perceived stress, resilience and self-care in Chinese older adults with MCCs by comparing urban and rural groups. A convenience sample (125 and 115 participants from urban and rural settings, respectively) of Chinese older adults with MCCs was enrolled between January and April 2022. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses and propensity score weights were used to determine the associations among perceived stress, resilience and self-care. Hypothesis 1 regarding the negative associations between perceived stress and self-care was fully supported in the rural group. However, for the urban group, the negative association was only supported for the relationship between MCCs-related perceived stress and self-care maintenance. Hypothesis 2 was fully supported regarding the positive associations between resilience and the three components of self-care in both groups, although the relationship between resilience and self-care monitoring was marginally significant in the urban group. Hypothesis 3 regarding the moderating effect of resilience was only supported in the relationship between general perceived stress and self-care monitoring in the rural group. After adding the propensity score weights, the moderating effect was no longer statistically significant in the rural group. The urban-rural disparities in the Chinese context might largely be attributed to the complex interactions of the structural determinants and intermediary determinants. Findings can inform the development of culturally tailored interventions to promote self-care and reduce urban-rural disparities for Chinese older adults with MCCs. With the increasing number of older adults in China who are living with multiple chronic conditions and the call for effective interventions to improve their health outcomes, current findings can inform the development and implementation of nurse-led culturally tailored interventions to promote self-care and reduce urban-rural disparities for Chinese older adults with MCCs.

How does emotional abuse affect adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury urges? A moderated chain mediation model

BackgroundStudying non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents has high clinical significance. Its urges have been identified as a potential predictor of NSSI behavior and may serve as a crucial intervention target. ObjectiveThis study uses a moderated chain mediation model to explore the relationship between emotional abuse and adolescent NSSI urges. Additionally, we examine the mediating roles of ego depletion and self-esteem and the moderating effect of resilience. Participants and settingWe recruited 1129 Chinese adolescents (age M = 16.68; SD = 0.78; 49.4 % men) from secondary vocational schools in China. MethodsWe assessed emotional abuse, ego depletion, self-esteem, and NSSI urges in a longitudinal investigation across two time points (T1: March 2023, T2: June 2023). ResultsAfter controlling for age, sex, NSSI urges and self-esteem at T1, our study validates a moderated chain mediation model and finds that the mediating effect via self-esteem is 0.026 (95%CI = [0.011,0.046]), and the chain mediating effect via ego depletion and self-esteem is 0.031 (95%CI = [0.022,0.045]), whereas the direct effect of emotional abuse T1 on NSSI urges T2 is not significant (DE = 0.082, 95%CI = [−0.002, 0.167]) and the mediating effect via ego depletion is also not significant (IE = −0.003, 95%CI = [−0.022, 0.015]). Resilience moderates the impact of emotional abuse on ego depletion (β = 0.09, p < 0.01). ConclusionsThese findings suggest that ego depletion and self-esteem are potential mechanisms related to emotional abuse and adolescents' NSSI urges, whereas resilience can play a moderating role in reducing ego depletion.

The Effect of Workplace Loneliness on Employee Wellbeing: Role of Organizational Support and Resilience

Workplace loneliness is the perception of relationship deficit in any organization which hampers the employee’s psychological well-being, which is an essential attribute for overall organizational performance. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of workplace loneliness and perceived organizational support on psychological well-being and the moderating effect of resilience on psychological well-being. The study has gathered 391 data points from various working executives in different organizations in India. The data have been analysed by using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results have shown a negative association between workplace loneliness and a positive association with perceived organizational support for psychological well-being. It has also been exhibited that resilient employees discount the perception of loneliness in the workplace. The results of this study will certainly help organizations design their policies for supporting employees and develop resilient employees through necessary interventions. The study is unique in highlighting the effect of one of the negative workplace attributes and the essential ways to overcome the same in a single study.

The association between physical activity and subjective well-being among adolescents in southwest China by parental absence: a moderated mediation model

ObjectivesBuilt on the Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework, this study examined how physical activity affected the subjective well-being of adolescents in the multi-ethnic area of southwest China. The mediating role of school connectedness as an external development asset and the moderating role of resilience as an internal development asset were specified and tested within the framework of sport-based PYD.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 3143 adolescents (47.2% boys with mean age = 12.88 and SD = 1.68) was conducted in 2020. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed to estimate the direct effect of physical activity, the mediating effect of school connectedness, and the moderating effect of resilience on adolescents’ subjective well-being. Multi-group comparison was made to investigate differences and similarities across three parental absence subgroups: (1) both parents present, (2) one parent absent, and (3) both parents absent.ResultsAs surmised, physical activity, school connectedness, and resilience all positively and significantly affected adolescents’ subjective well-being. SEM analyses revealed that school connectedness mediated the effect of physical activity on subjective well-being. Moreover, resilience moderated both the direct and indirect effects of physical activity (through school connectedness) on subjective well-being. Finally, the multi-group comparison revealed a moderating effect of parental absence on the moderated mediation model.LimitationsThis study is a cross-sectional survey, so inference of causal associations among the study variables is impossible.ConclusionsHealthy lifestyle behaviors, school-supportive settings, and positive individual development assets can enhance the subjective well-being of adolescents in southwest China, especially those whose parents were absent. Physical activity interventions informed by the PYD framework should be incorporated into public health programs designed to foster the physical and mental health of left-behind adolescents in southwest China.

COVID-19 perseverative cognition and depressive symptoms in Hong Kong: The moderating role of resilience, loneliness and coping strategies

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased depression prevalence in general population. However, the relationship between persistent dysfunctional thinking associated with COVID-19 (perseverative-cognition) and depression, and its potential moderators are understudied. We aimed to examine the association between COVID-19 perseverative-cognition and depression, and the moderating effect of potential risk and protective factors on this association in general public during the peak of fifth COVID-19 wave in Hong Kong. MethodsThis survey recruited 14,269 community-dwelling adults between March 15–April 3, 2022 to investigate association between COVID-19 perseverative-cognition and depression, and the moderating effect of resilience, loneliness and three coping strategies (including emotion-focused, problem-focused and avoidant coping) on this association, using hierarchical regression models and simple slope analyses. COVID-19 perseverative cognition was assessed by the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) and depressive symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). ResultsPerseverative-cognition was positively associated with depression severity. Resilience, loneliness and three coping strategies moderated the association between perseverative-cognition and depression. Specifically, greater resilience and emotion-focused coping ameliorated the association between perseverative-cognition and depression, while higher levels of loneliness, avoidant and problem-focused coping accentuated such association. LimitationsCross-sectional design precluded establishing causality among variables. ConclusionThis study affirms that COVID-19 perseverative-cognition is significantly related to depression. Our findings indicate the potential critical role of enhanced personal resilience and social support, and adoption of emotion-focused coping in mitigating negative effect of COVID-19 related maladaptive thinking on depression severity, thereby facilitating development of targeted strategies to reduce psychological distress amidst the prolonged pandemic.

The Relationship between Psychological Hardiness and Military Performance by Reservists: A Moderation Effect of Perceived Stress and Resilience.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of hardiness on the perceived military performance of reservists, i.e., young people who have full-time jobs in a civilian sector and perform military training as a part of their civic duty. We proposed the conceptual model with conditional indirect effects of the hardiness on personal military performance, where mediated moderation effects are observed from personality traits and variables important for military service: team cohesion, perceived stress, and psychological resilience. The final dataset was comprised of 384 self-reported paper-pencil questionnaires filled out by reserve soldiers, and PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 7 and Model 14 were used for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived stress (Model 1) and psychological resilience (Model 2) have a statistically significant moderate mediating effect on the interlink between hardiness and performance when personality traits and team cohesion are taken into consideration. The change in R2 is statistically significant and explains how perceived stress and psychological resilience affect individuals. When psychological hardiness is low, the level of perceived stress has a statistically significant moderating effect, i.e., it reduces the effect of hardiness on performance. When comparing the effects of perceived stress and psychological resilience, the latter has a stronger moderating effect on performance. Specifically, the moderating effect of resilience was more evident in Model 2 (66.9% variance, r = 0.818) for the military performance of the reservists than the perceived stress in Model 1 (52.5% variance, r = 0.724). This means that resilience increases the accountability of Model 2 compared to Model 1 by 14.4%. We conclude that resilience training could statistically significantly increase the military performance of reserve soldiers as a tactical population.

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience, and Emotional Problems in Young Chinese Children.

Resilience plays an important role in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and children's health. Young children are often neglected in ACEs research and suffer from the negative consequences of ACEs. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between ACEs and emotional problems in young Chinese children and the moderating and mediating effect of resilience on this relationship. This study included young children at the beginning of their kindergarten year (n = 874, 42.80 ± 4.09 months) from Wuhu City, China, to examine the mediation and moderation effects of resilience on early-life ACEs and emotional problems. Our results show a positive direct effect of ACEs on emotional problems. Furthermore, a positive indirect effect of ACEs and emotional problems on resilience was found. A moderating effect of resilience was not observed in this study. Our findings (a) highlight the significance of paying more attention to early ACEs and revealing a better understanding of the effect of resilience on ACEs at an early age and (b) indicate that age-specific interventions should be provided to enhance young children's resilience when exposed to adversity.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure and psychological well-being: a moderation analysis of resilience

Fear of failure in entrepreneurship research has been considered as the inhibitor of entrepreneurial activity. However, previous studies have primarily focused on non-entrepreneurs. This approach to examining the fear of failure in entrepreneurship does not gauge the actual experience of entrepreneurs while practising entrepreneurship. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the psychological well-being (PWB) of entrepreneurs and the moderating effect of resilience in the relationship. Data is collected from 129 practising entrepreneurs. For data analysis purposes, regression and moderation analyses have been executed. Results suggested that entrepreneurial fear of failure is inversely associated with PWB of entrepreneurs. In addition, a high level of resilience neutralises the negative effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure on PWB.

Employee Adversarial Growth Driven by Organizational Learning in the Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to pharmaceutical companies and their employees. Over the past three years, intensive antipandemic tasks have placed high demands on the physical and mental strength of pharmacy professionals. By using a questionnaire, data were collected from 391 technicians in pharmaceutical companies from southern coastal areas of China. The study examined the influence mechanism of organizational learning on employee adversarial growth with the moderating effect of resilience. Our analysis shows that adaptive and experimental learning promote employee adversarial growth by enhancing individual role-breadth self-efficacy. Moreover, resilience reinforces the positive effect of organizational learning on role-breadth self-efficacy. The results imply that in a complex and changing environment, experimental learning has greater value for organizations to respond to crises and enables employees to promote personal growth.

The moderating effect of resilience on the effect of the caregiving burden of primary caregivers on depression: targeting primary caregivers of elderly people who use a day care center

Introduction. As family caregiving for the elderly was reaching its limit due to the continuing increase in the elderly population, day care can be said to be an intermediate stage between home care and facility care, and a system that responds well to Korea's welfare policy for the elderly, which advocates aging in place and integrated community care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the moderating effect of resilience on the effects of the caregiving burden of primary caregivers of elderly people who use day care centers on depression. Study participants and methods. The participants in this study were 304 primary caregiver of elderly people who use a day care center. 76.0% of the 304 were woman, 57.9% were middle-aged people aged 50 to 64, 41.8% of them were high school graduates. Frequency analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were performed using SPSS Win 24.0, and moderating effect analysis was performed using SPSS PROCESS MACRO 3.5.4 version (Model 1). Results. The higher the independent variable, i.e., the higher the caregiving burden, the higher the depression (Coefficient=.374, p=.000), and the higher the resilience, the lower the depression (Coefficient=-.174, p=.000). The effect value of the interaction term of the dependency burden and resilience was significant as -.270 (p=.001). The F value of the model was significant as 33.667 (p=.000), and the explanatory power was 25.1%. Also as interaction terms are added. The amount of change in R2 was significant as .031 (p=.001), and the moderating effect of resilience was verified Practical significance. It was revealed that self-esteem and basic job skills are important to improve the job-search skills of middle-aged adults. Therefore, in order to support customized career design at the national level, it is suggested that vocational education programs should include not only certification courses, but also content for improving basic vocational competency and counseling for improving self-esteem.

코로나19 팬데믹에서 대학생의 취업불안이 정신건강에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to examine how job-seeking anxiety perceived by college studentsin the COVID-19 pandemic situation affects mental health and to verify the moderating effect ofresilience in this relationship. For this study, the survey data of 201 college students who areabout to graduate were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, first, job-seeking anxiety, mentalhealth, and the resilience were all correlated. Second, job-seeking anxiety of college studentswas a factor affecting mental health, indicating that the higher the level of job-seeking anxiety,the higher the depression and the lower the level of hope. Finally, the moderating effect ofresilience was verified in the effect of job-seeking anxiety on mental health of college students. Therefore, for the mental health of college students in the COVID-19 pandemic, interventionsthat lower the level of job-seeking anxiety and improve resilience should be considered.

Understanding the effects of COVID-19 stigmatisation on job performance: a survey of frontline healthcare workers

The level of stigmatisation among health care providers has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and understanding the effect of COVID-19 stigmatisation on job performance has become increasingly important. The study explores the influence of COVID-19 stigmatisation on job performance among frontline health workers via the mediating role of anxiety. Furthermore, the moderating effect of resilience in the association between COVID-19 stigmatisation and anxiety is further examined. Participants were made up of 820 frontline health workers working in the epicentres of the Bono Ahafo, Western, Greater Accra, and Northern regions of Ghana. The hierarchical regression technique was employed in estimating the relationship between the variables. COVID-19 stigmatisation among frontline health workers directly affected anxiety and performance. In addition, the results showed that resilience moderated the relationship between COVID-19 stigmatisation and anxiety. The findings again demonstrated that anxiety partially mediated the association between concern for disclosure and public attitude and negative experience and job performance, whereas personalised stigma was insignificant. The study provides implications for establishing anti-stigma interventions and programs to enhance job performance among health workers. Key messages Many healthcare workers are subject to stigmatisation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employs hierarchical regression methods to examine the impacts of COVID-19 stigmatisation on job performance among frontline health workers. The health management team should strengthen interventions to control the stigma experienced by health workers during COVID-19 treatments.

Bullying Experiences, Depression, and the Moderating Role of Resilience Among Adolescents.

IntroductionResilience refers to the ability to adapt to difficult situation or adversity. Resilience is what gives people the psychological strength to cope with stress and hardship. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between resilience and bullying victimization and mental health problems. But whether the moderating effect of resilience against depression varies among victims of different types of bullying victimization remains unknown.MethodsThe study used data from the Taiwan Adolescent to Adult Longitudinal Study (TAALS), which was a school based, nationwide, longitudinal study conducted among adolescents in Taiwan. Between 2015 and 2019, the survey was repeated three times to capture changes in health behaviors. Meanwhile, our study is a cross-sectional study focusing on the 2nd follow-up survey of the TAALS, where we recruited 4,771 Grade 7 (12–13 years) and Grade 10 (15–16 years) students who had experienced bullying at school.ResultsThis study confirms the protective effect of resilience on depression among adolescents who have experienced bullying. The mode resilience score was used as a reference group. Compared to the reference group, victims of verbal bullying from the lowest resilience group were at the greatest risk of depression (OR = 5.91, CI = 4.38–7.99). Compared to the reference group, victims of cyber bullying from the highest resilience group had the lowest risk of depression (OR = 0.72, CI = 0.57–0.90).ConclusionRegardless of the type of bullying victimization, resilience has been shown to offer protection against depression. Specifically, higher resilience levels offer the greatest protection against depression for victims of cyber bullying compared to other three types of bullying victimization. Early interventions to reduce negative effects of bullying victimization may start with increasing an individual's resilience during adolescence.

Relationship between perceived stress and depression in Chinese front-line medical staff during COVID-19: A conditional process model

BackgroundSustained stress during COVID-19 may be associated with depression in front-line medical staff, which would expose them to severe threats. This study aimed to examine whether the relationship between perceived stress and depression is mediated by insomnia, and whether this mediation is moderated by resilience. MethodsFor front-line medical staff, this study used online questionnaire to evaluate their perceived stress, depression, insomnia and resilience. A conditional process model was performed to examine the relationship between perceived stress and depression, as well as the mediating effect of insomnia and the moderating effect of resilience. ResultsA total of 606 front-line medical staff completed the survey. Higher level of perceived stress was significantly positively related to severe insomnia and depression. In addition, insomnia was positively related to depression, while resilience could moderate the effect of perceived stress on depression by direct and indirect paths. LimitationsThe causality among perceived stress, depression, insomnia and resilience is difficult to be verified. ConclusionsPerceived stress is positively related to depression, and insomnia can mediate the effect of perceived stress on depression. In addition, the effect of perceived stress on depression, whether direct or indirect, is moderated by resilience, which is a protective factor for mental health.

Perceived Stress and Burden of Care in Elderly Caregivers: The Moderating Role of Resilience

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of resilience in the association between perceived stress and the burden of care among elderly caregivers at nursing homes in Tehran in 2016. Methods &amp; Materials In this cross-sectional, correlational study, the data were collected from 142 caregivers engaged in nursing homes in Tehran, of which 50 were men and 92 were women, through the census sampling method. Research tools included the questionnaire of perceived stress-14 (PSS-14), Cohen et al., (1983), Zarit et al. (1986) Burden of care questionnaire, and connor and davidson resilience questionnaire (2003). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software v. 20. The significance level was set at P&lt;0.05. Results The results showed that the average perceived stress score (35.11) was higher than the average (28). The burden of care was significantly positively associated with perceived stress (r&gt;0 or P=0.001), and there was a negative and significant relationship between resilience and responsibility of care (β=0.110). Also, the interaction effect of perceived stress and resilience on the burden of care was negative and significant, and resilience moderated the relationship between perceived stress and care burden (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion According to a positive relationship between perceived stress and burden of care among elderly caregivers and the moderating effect of resilience on this relationship, governmental and non-governmental organizations in the elderly field and health policymakers should bring in the concept of resilience in their executive actions, policies, and protocols and improve it through proper training interventions. Further research is needed to study other internal and external moderating factors to improve the service quality and address the psychological, social, and physical complications of elderly caregivers.

The association between caregivers’ anxiety and sleep disturbances among preschool children in rural areas of China: The moderating effect of resilience

This study aimed to explore the association between caregivers’ anxiety and sleep disturbances of preschool children aged from 3 to 6 years in rural areas of Anhui province, China. Besides, we also explored whether there is a mediated effect of resilience on this association. Caregivers of children from 26 kindergartens completed a structured questionnaire, the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment for Preschoolers, Second Edition (DECA-P2). CSHQ, SAS and DECA-P2 were used to evaluate sleep disturbances among preschool children, the caregivers’ anxiety, and the resilience of preschool children respectively. A total of 3,802 questionnaires were distributed in our investigation, after checking for completeness, 166 invalid questionnaires were excluded and 3,636 questionnaires were eventually included in our study. Binary logistic analysis was utilized to explore the potential relationship between caregivers’ anxiety and sleep disturbances of children. Moderating effect of resilience was evaluated through calculating the percentage of change in odds ratios (OR) in the models with and without resilience. 10% or more of percentage change in OR was defined as a significant mediation effect. In our study, 89.4% of the preschool children aged from 3 to 6 years had potential sleep disturbances. In preschool children whose caregivers are their parents, the correlation between caregivers’ anxiety and sleep disturbances of preschool children is statistically significant (OR = 10.168,95 %CI:2.506–41.263). In preschool children whose caregivers aren’t their parents, the correlation is also significant (OR = 2.405,95 %CI:1.139–5.077). Furthermore, resilience could attenuate the association between caregivers’ (including parents and other relatives) anxiety and sleep disturbances amongst preschool children. After adjusting resilience, the association between caregivers’ anxiety and sleep disturbances of preschool children was attenuated and remained significant (OR for parents = 9.323,95 %CI:2.295–37.875; OR for other caregivers = 2.232,95 %CI:1.050–4.745). In specific sleep domain of CSHQ, the moderating effect of resilience significantly existed in sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Our study indicated that caregivers’ anxiety was associated with sleep disturbances among preschool children. High resilient children may be partly protected against the negative effect of caregivers’ anxiety on their sleep quality. Future well-designed cohort studies are needed to further explore this topic in more details.

The Effect of Fear of the COVID-19 on Depression Among Chinese Outbound Students Studying Online in China Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: The Role of Resilience and Social Support.

Objective: The present study focused on examining fear of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is correlated with depression and explored the potential role of resilience and social support on the association between fear of the COVID-19 (FoC) and depression among Chinese outbound students studying online in China amid the COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods: A total of 476 Chinese outbound students from different universities worldwide, currently studying via online mode in China, completed an online survey including measures on FoC, resilience, social support, and depression.Results: (1) Fear of the COVID-19 was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with resilience and social support. Both resilience and social support were negatively correlated with depression. Social support showed a positive correlation with resilience. (2) The effect of FoC on depression mainly occurred through two paths: the mediating effect of resilience and the moderating effect of resilience. However, the moderating effect of social support on the association between FoC and depression was not sustained in this study.Conclusion: This study indicated the mediating and moderating effects of resilience on the association between FoC and depression among Chinese outbound students studying online in China during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The current findings confirmed that resilience has significant implications in preventing negative mental states under the COVID-19 context among this particular group.