Moderated Multiple Regression Models Research Articles

MODERATING EFFECT OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPATORY M&E PROCESS ON PERFORMANCE OF HIV/AIDS COMMUNITY HEALTH PROJECTS IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA

Objective: This study examined the moderating effect of the regulatory framework on the relationship between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) processes and the performance of HIV/AIDS community health projects by NGOs in Kisumu County, Kenya. Theoretical Framework: Anchored in participatory action research, the study drew on theory of stakeholder engagement to assess the extent to which PM&E and regulatory frameworks collectively enhanced project performance. Method: Using a moderated multiple regression model, the study analysed data on PM&E processes, regulatory frameworks, and their interaction on project outcomes. Quantitative data were collected from NGO project managers and community leaders and analysed to test the study’s hypotheses. Results and Discussion: PM&E processes significantly influenced project performance (β = 0.341), with the regulatory framework also contributing independently (β = 0.345). The interaction between PM&E and the regulatory framework further moderated this relationship, as indicated by a composite mean of 4.13, correlation coefficient R = 0.572, and ANOVA (F = 55.360, p = 0.000). These results led to the rejection of the null hypothesis, confirming that both PM&E and regulatory frameworks positively impacted project success. Research Implications: Strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing participatory monitoring practices, and conducting regular policy reviews were deemed essential for improved project performance. Capacity-building for community leaders was also recommended to reinforce the efficacy of HIV/AIDS community health projects. Originality/Value: This study contributes to existing literature by highlighting the critical role of regulatory frameworks in moderating PM&E effectiveness, offering actionable insights for NGOs and policymakers focused on enhancing the impact of community health interventions.

Diagnosing and Mitigating Multicollinearity in Moderated Multiple Regression

<p>This paper primarily explores the challenges associated with Moderated Multiple Regression Models, particularly how a moderator variable (m) influences the direction or strength of the relationship between an independent variable (x) and a dependent variable (Y). A significant issue arises when there is a high correlation between the independent variable and the moderator, leading to severe multicollinearity. That complicates the accurate estimation of the independent variables’ effects on the dependent variable (Myers, 1990). We develop five moderated multiple regression models with purpose of mitigating the multicollinearity in the analysis. Our empirical findings indicate that three of them perform good tested by the variance inflation factor and condition index. We finally suggest a process of standardizing both independent variable and moderator and taking the cross multiplication by those two standardized variables before conducting moderated multiple regression analysis.</p> <p> </p>

Low neurocognitive performance and problematic contexts: interaction influences in predicting adolescent externalizing behaviors within a community sample

ABSTRACT Research has identified neurocognitive and contextual risk factors of externalizing behaviors. However, fewer studies have examined the interaction among neurocognitive and other risk factors in predicting externalizing behaviors. The goal of the current study was to examine the relation between neurocognitive and contextual factors in predicting externalizing behaviors in a community sample of adolescents. Participants were 84 adolescents, aged 11–17 (M = 13.39, SD = 1.82), recruited as part of a larger study. Separate moderated multiple regression models were utilized in which neurocognitive variables (intellectual functioning, short-term memory/attention, disinhibition) were added as predictors and contextual variables (family dysfunction and parental depression, anxiety, and stress) were added as moderators in step 1, and their interaction was added in step 2. Externalizing behaviors served as criterion variables (hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptom severity, reactive and proactive aggression). Overall, results suggest that higher levels of problematic contextual factors exacerbate the significant negative associations among neurocognitive functioning and externalizing behaviors. Importantly, this pattern was shown across neurocognitive domains and contextual factors. Findings suggest that contextual factors should be targeted for the treatment or prevention of youth externalizing behaviors, particularly for adolescents with neurocognitive vulnerabilities.

The Interplay Between Workplace Incivility, Religiosity and Well-Being: Insights from Jordan and the United Arab Emirates.

Drawing on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, this study examines the relationship between workplace incivility and workers' psychological well-being. A related aim is to examine the link between workers' religiosity and their well-being, with workplace incivility moderating this nexus. Data were collected from 247 employees identified from private sectors (in Jordan and the UAE) via online-survey questionnaire. Factor analysis and hierarchical moderated multiple regression models were used to test the hypotheses. Study results show that workers' religiosity is positively and significantly associated with their psychological well-being, while workplace incivility is negatively (but insignificantly) associated with workers' psychological well-being. In addition, and contrary to our expectations and prior studies, our results suggest that workplace incivility strengthens the direct relationship between religiosity and well-being. The mechanism of this intersection may propose that rude and uncivil treatments positively predict self-blame, something that may lead the targets to become more religious to get recovery from different types of incivility and stressful life events. This study highlights the contextual applicability and possible extension of the JD-R theory through extending its model to religiosity and well-being of employees in a diverse cultural context in the Middle East.

Examining the Interaction between Perceived Cultural Tightness and Prevention Regulatory Focus on Life Satisfaction in Italy

This study aimed to investigate how some specific cultural and personal factors can influence people’s life satisfaction. By embracing an interactionist perspective, we hypothesized that perceiving one’s social environment as culturally tight (greater strength of social norms) can “match” with regulatory prevention focus (focus on safety following guidelines and rules) resulting in increased life satisfaction. This study relied on a cross-sectional design with 472 participants residing in Italy who filled out a questionnaire with self-report measures of perceived cultural tightness of their place of residence, and well-validated measurement scales of prevention focus and life satisfaction. A moderated multiple regression model revealed that regulatory prevention focus moderated the relationship between perceived cultural tightness and life satisfaction in such a way that the relationship was positive in high (vs. low) prevention focus. Therefore, results confirmed our match hypothesis that individuals’ perception of tight social norms where they reside is associated with higher life satisfaction, particularly in those who are highly focused on prevention. These findings provide insight into identifying possible interactions of perceived culture and regulatory focus on subjective well-being within an Italian sample.

Explaining individual differences in cognitive performance: The role of anxiety, social support and living arrangements during COVID-19

The present study investigated the relationship between anxiety, social support, living arrangements and cognitive performance of university students during the global pandemic. Two hundred and fifteen students participated by completing online questionnaires. Separate moderated multiple regression models were used to test whether social support (Family, Friends, Significant Other subscales of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) moderated the relationship between anxiety (Anxiety subscale of Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale), living arrangements (Living Alone vs Living with Friends and Family) and cognitive performance (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire), after controlling for comorbid depression. The results for each level of perceived social support suggested that anxiety was negatively associated with cognitive performance. Our most significant finding was that for students living alone, social support from a significant other offered a protective factor, whereby buffering the anxiety related cognitive deficits prevalent in those who reported lower social support. These data have important practical implications for supporting the social-emotional and academic needs of university students during the global pandemic.

Extreme life histories are associated with altered social behavior and cortisol levels in shelter dogs

High-volume breeders often produce purebred or “designer breeds” to supply the pet industry. Some high-volume commercial breeding facilities (CBEs) include extreme conditions such as overcrowding, little human contact, exposure to harsh weather conditions, inadequate food and water, and untreated medical conditions. Previous research with puppies born in these extreme conditions reports that this early life history of deprivation is associated with multiple behavioral and psychological abnormalities once adopted. Still, few studies to date have examined whether impoverished conditions affect the physiological systems of domestic dogs. The following study examined hormonal and behavioral differences in dogs from adverse early-life environments (i.e., puppy mills, unlicensed commercial breeders, hoarding situations) and a control group of dogs during social interactions with an unfamiliar human while in the shelter environment. Dogs from known early adverse backgrounds displayed significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than other dogs found at the shelter, F(1, 23) = 4.51, p = 0.045. Neither time spent in adverse living conditions nor time spent in the shelter correlated with cortisol output. During social interactions with an unfamiliar human, dogs from adverse backgrounds exhibited more fear behavior (p = 0.022) and displayed lower levels of affiliative behavior (p = 0.039). Dogs from adverse backgrounds spent more time in stationary positions (i.e., sitting, standing, freezing) than other shelter dogs (p = 0.043), and we were unable to complete a food-based social-cognitive task because of this. Using a moderated multiple regression model, we found dogs’ background was a significant moderator of the relationship between total cortisol output and panting during interactions with an unfamiliar human, R2 = 0.39, F(1, 11) = 6.94, p = 0.023. In contrast, no relationship between these variables was seen in other shelter dogs. The findings of this study demonstrate that even when residing in the same shelter environment, a history of living in extreme conditions may lead to higher cortisol levels and altered behavior in a novel social context. While studies have examined dogs while still in the CBEs or once they have been adopted, this study examines their behavior and cortisol levels once removed and placed in a shelter environment where the public might interact with them and consider them for adoption. Gaining a better understanding of the behavioral and hormonal outcomes of dogs that have experienced extreme early life deficiencies may assist in the development of effective interventions that will facilitate rehabilitation and enhance the welfare of these dogs as pets.

Effect of Gender Diversity on the Association between Corporate Sustainability Practices and Financial Performance of Firms

Purpose: The objective of this research is to examine the effect of corporate sustainability practices (CSP) on financial performance (FP) as well as the moderating effect of gender diversity (GENDIV) in the board on the relationship between CSP and FP of firms in Malaysia.
 Methods: The sample of the study is 312 firm-year observations from 2015 to 2017 of 104 firms listed in Bursa Malaysia. The theoretical framework of the study is underpinned by the Stakeholder theory and the Agency theory. To test the hypotheses, with the help of STATA software, the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimator model and the hierarchical moderated multiple regression model have been used.
 Results: The findings of the study reveal that CSP significantly and positively affects the FP of firms. The empirical results also show that gender diversity in boards significantly moderates the relationship between CSP and FP of Firms in Malaysia.
 Implications: Based on the empirical findings, the study recommends that the policymakers and regulatory bodies should follow up the mandatory corporate sustainability practices of the firms as well as revise the codes of corporate governance regarding gender diversity of the boards to ensure their long-term sustainability as well as to reduce the risk of financial distress, or bankruptcies in the future.

The Impact of Institutional Distance on Innovation Performance of OFDI Enterprises: Comparison of Coastal and Inland Regions in China

Wang, X. and Qi, Y., 2020. The impact of institutional distance on innovation performance of OFDI Enterprises: Comparison of coastal and inland regions in China. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 166–170. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) has a certain impact on enterprises' innovation performance through the reverse technology spillover effect. However, China's OFDI is not unevenly distributed, and the OFDI of the coastal economically developed regions has the highest proportion. The large institutional distance between the home country and the host country also affects the effect of OFDI reverse technology spillover on enterprises' innovation performance. This paper uses the moderated multiple regression model to analyze the moderate effects of institutional distance on the relationship between OFDI reverse technology spillover and enterprises' innovation performance, using the data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies over the period of 2008–17. The results show that OFDI reverse technology spillover has a significantly positive effect on innovation performance and that the effect of coastal regions in China is stronger than that of inland regions; formal institutional distance (FID) and informal institutional distance negatively moderate the impact of reverse technology spillover on innovation performance of OFDI enterprises in inland regions, whereas the FID positively moderates the relationship between reverse technology spillover on innovation performance of OFDI enterprises in coastal regions.

The moderating role of parent gender on the relationship between restrictive feeding and a child's self–regulation in eating: Results from mother-only samples may not apply to both parents

Self-regulation in eating is increasingly becoming an area of interest especially in child obesity and development literature and prevention. This study aims to examine differences in the impact of overtly restrictive feeding practices across mothers and fathers on child's self-regulation in eating. A moderated multiple regression model was run to test the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between overtly restrictive feeding practices and self-regulation. A simple slope analysis was then used to probe the interaction term between overt restriction in feeding and gender. Results from a moderation analysis indicate parental gender to be a significant factor affecting the relationship between overtly restrictive feeding and a child's self-regulation in eating. On probing the interaction, the simple slope was negative and significant when gender was female meaning that women's use of overt restriction negatively impacts children's ability to self-regulate in eating compared to men. Feeding studies often generalize findings from mother-only samples to all parents but these results provide evidence against doing so.

Institutional incentives and pressures in Chinese manufacturing firms’ innovation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how Chinese firms’ innovation is related to their perceived incentives and pressures from the transitioning institutional environment.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 166 manufacturing firms located in Guangdong Province (China) is analyzed using binomial and moderated multiple regression models.FindingsThe results show that institutional incentives are more effective in promoting incremental innovations than radical ones, whereas institutional pressures are more pronounced in facilitating radical innovations than incremental ones. In addition, the interaction between the two divergent institutional forces is negatively related to innovation performance.Practical implicationsThe findings inform managers and policy makers in institutional transition environments to consider and balance the effects of institutional forces. Firms should match the institutional incentives and pressures with their own innovation objectives in terms of incremental or radical goals, and take caution to deal with the divergent institutional directions, so as to avoid the negative interaction effects. Policy makers should take a systems approach when considering the incentive-based and/or command-and-control designs of innovation policies and regulations.Originality/valueThe study contributes to existing literature on institutions and innovation by disentangling incentive and pressure effects of institutions, regulation and innovation policies, as well as the combined and interaction effects intrinsic within institutional mixes.

Evidence for the Protective and Compensatory Functions of Resilience in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are more likely to engage in behavior problems than children without IDD. In the present study, we explored whether adverse life experiences and events were related to child behavioral and emotional problems. We also examined whether child resilience would act as a protective factor in this putative association between adverse experiences and child behavioral and emotional problems. Mothers of 310 children with IDD aged between 4 and 15 years old completed a cross-sectional online survey including measures of exposure to adverse life experiences, child resilience, and behavior and emotional problems. In moderated multiple regression models, we found that exposure to adverse life experiences had a positive association with child behavior problems and peer problems and that these associations were moderated by child resilience. Resilience served a protective function—lowering risk of problems for children exposed to adversity. Child resilience also served a compensatory function, being directly associated with fewer conduct and emotional problems and increased pro-social behavior. Child resilience may be an important factor in understanding the behavior and emotional problems of children with IDD. Further, especially longitudinal, research is needed. Interventions designed to increase children’s resilience may be beneficial for children with IDD.

Associations Between Resilience and the Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities.

There is variability in the extent to which mothers are affected by the behavior problems of their children with developmental disabilities (DD). We explore whether maternal resilience functions as a protective or compensatory factor. In Studies 1 and 2, using moderated multiple regression models, we found evidence that maternal resilience functioned as a compensatory factor-having a significant independent main effect relationship with well-being outcomes in mothers of children with DD and autism spectrum disorder. However, there was no longitudinal association between resilience and maternal well-being outcomes. There was little evidence of the role of resilience as a protective factor between child behavior problems and maternal well-being in both studies.

Social support, coping, and positive perceptions as potential protective factors for the well-being of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Objectives: Behavioral and emotional problems exhibited by children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have been identified as significant stressors for family members in both cross-sectional and longitudinal research. However, there is variability in the extent to which family members are affected by behavioral and emotional problems. In the present study, we explored whether perceived social support, positive perceptions, or coping style explain some of this variability and specifically whether these three variables function as protective factors.Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight mothers of children aged between four and 18 years old with IDD participated in a cross-sectional survey.Results: Using moderated multiple regression models, we found consistent evidence that perceived social support functioned as a protective factor — affecting the relationship between child behavioral and emotional problems and maternal depression, life satisfaction, and positive affect. There was no evidence that coping and positive perceptions acted as a protective factors.Conclusion: Building social support through parental interventions, especially in families of children with behavioral and emotional problems, may result in improved well-being for mothers of children with IDD.

The role of justice for cooperation and contract’s moderating effect in construction dispute negotiation

PurposeJustice, although well developed in the organisational field, has not been given adequate attention in the area of construction project dispute negotiations. Based on previous studies, the purpose of this paper is to more elaborately discuss whether each dimension of justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) is important for negotiators to cooperate in construction project dispute negotiation and whether their impact was moderated by the completeness of construction contract.Design/methodology/approachA survey of 164 prime negotiators from different construction projects was conducted. A stepwise multiple regression was employed to test the impact of each dimension of justice, and then a moderated multiple regression model was used to test the moderating effect of contract completeness.FindingsThe results indicated that, while distributive justice is related to cooperative behaviours, the impact of procedural justice and interactional justice also have great impact, and even more significantly related to cooperative behaviours. Moreover, while contractual obligatoriness positively moderates the relationship between procedural justice and cooperative behaviours, the term specificity negatively moderates the relationship between procedural and interactional justice and cooperative behaviours.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the authors aimed to test the effect of justice on cooperative behaviours in construction dispute negotiations originally, but did not determine whether their relationship is mediated by any other factors. Second, contractual governance was chosen as the moderator; other factors may also influence behaviours in project dispute negotiations.Practical implicationsFirst, project dispute negotiators should not focus their attention solely on the distribution of the negotiation issues. For a cooperative approach, negotiators should also give strong consideration to whether their offers reflect procedural justice and whether their opponents are being treated fairly. Second, while contractual design may affect the frame surrounding the negotiations to help negotiators achieve an integrated outcome, they should give more attention to certain forms of justice.Originality/valueIn contrast to previous studies, the authors defined all three forms of justice in project dispute negotiations, and by adding all three forms of justice into the model, the authors attempted to investigate whether distributive, procedural and interactional justice were all related to cooperative behaviours in project dispute negotiations and to ascertain the extent to which each form of justice is important. Furthermore, the authors explored variations in the importance of each form of justice in negotiations under different contractual conditions.

Multicollinearity is a red herring in the search for moderator variables: A guide to interpreting moderated multiple regression models and a critique of Iacobucci, Schneider, Popovich, and Bakamitsos (2016).

Multicollinearity is irrelevant to the search for moderator variables, contrary to the implications of Iacobucci, Schneider, Popovich, and Bakamitsos (Behavior Research Methods, 2016, this issue). Multicollinearity is like the red herring in a mystery novel that distracts the statistical detective from the pursuit of a true moderator relationship. We show multicollinearity is completely irrelevant for tests of moderator variables. Furthermore, readers of Iacobucci et al. might be confused by a number of their errors. We note those errors, but more positively, we describe a variety of methods researchers might use to test and interpret their moderated multiple regression models, including two-stage testing, mean-centering, spotlighting, orthogonalizing, and floodlighting without regard to putative issues of multicollinearity. We cite a number of recent studies in the psychological literature in which the researchers used these methods appropriately to test, to interpret, and to report their moderated multiple regression models. We conclude with a set of recommendations for the analysis and reporting of moderated multiple regression that should help researchers better understand their models and facilitate generalizations across studies.

Prerecruitment organizational perceptions and recruitment website information processing

Despite the prevalent use of the Internet for recruitment purposes, little is known about how job seekers process presented information, particularly before organizations have actively recruited these job seekers. In this study, we examine the effects of prerecruitment perceptions of familiar organizations before exposure to information on organizational recruitment websites using a combination of undergraduate students and employees of a large university located in the southwestern USA (N = 75). Participants completed a three-part study that allowed us to investigate how these prerecruitment perceptions impact the reported time spent viewing recruitment websites and the ability to recall website information. We used two hierarchical moderated multiple regression models to test study hypotheses. Our results suggest that job pursuit intentions may influence processing of job and organizational information presented on recruitment websites, and this influence is moderated by subjective fit perceptions. Specifically, we find that participants who indicated high job pursuit intentions and low perceptions of subjective fit were more likely to spend time on a recruitment website and recall presented information one week after viewing it. We discuss the implications of these findings for organizations as they design and implement early recruitment activities.

The Relationship between Employment Status and Self-rated Health among Wage Workers in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Household Income

The purpose of the study reported in this article was to investigate the relationship between employment status and self-rated health (SRH) and the moderating effect of household income among wage workers in South Korea. This research analyzed the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, 2005 to 2008. Of the 10,494 respondents participating in the survey during the period, a total of 1,548 people whose employment status had remained either precarious or nonprecarious were selected. A moderated multiple regression model was used to examine the main effect of employment status on SRH and the moderating effect of total household income on the relationship between employment status and SRH. Among 343 precarious workers and 1,205 nonprecarious workers, after controlling for gender, age, education, smoking, and drinking, employment status was associated with SRH of wage workers, and household income was found to have a moderating effect on SRH in that higher income buffers the link between unstable employment status and low SRH. Unstable employment, combined with low income, was significantly related to precarious wage workers' perceived health. To promote public health, efforts may be needed to secure not only people's employment, but also their income.

Exploring Birth Outcome Disparities and the Impact of Prenatal Care Utilization Among North Carolina Teen Mothers

BackgroundThis study investigated the role of prenatal care utilization in explaining disparities in birth outcomes between African-American and White teen mothers in North Carolina. MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed birth record data for African-American and White teen mothers provided by the North Carolina State Center of Health Statistics for 2009 (n = 10,515). Hierarchical moderated multiple regression models were completed to explore associations between racial status, prenatal care utilization, and birth outcome disparities amid multiple demographic and medical risk factors. FindingsRacial status as African American was identified as a significant predictor for lower birth weight and gestational age in each regression model when accounting for other demographic variables, medical risk factors, and prenatal care utilization. Results illuminate significant associations between higher prenatal care utilization levels and higher infant birth weight and gestational age for the overall teen population. However, these results did not identify protective effects in reducing racial disparities in birth weight or gestational age. ConclusionGiven these results, a more in-depth exploration of prenatal care client assessment, education, and alternative prenatal care models is warranted to identify strategies for reducing birth outcome disparities between these populations. These findings also suggest the need for further examination of other potential social and economic factors that explain racial disparities in birth outcomes between African-American and White teen populations.

The Application of a Predictive S Corporation Premium Model and the Behavioral Considerations in Acquisitions of Private Corporations

The valuation of S Corporations has been a source of great controversy since the beginning of the recent decade when the US Tax Court ruled in Gross v. Commissioner that the net income of S Corporations should not be tax-affected in the valuation process. The benefit of removing a level of taxation has been translated by the Tax Court as an inherent increase in value for S Corporations regardless of transaction specific conditions that may or may not warrant a valuation premium. This paper addresses the issue of when an S Corporation premium exists though the application of a moderated multiple regression model developed by this author in prior research using actual transaction data. The objective of this paper is to introduce the application of the model in various transaction specific conditions when valuing S Corporations.