Moderated Mediation Hypothesis Research Articles

How do online sales channels affect global product purchases? The role of CSR and cross-country differences

This study aims to extend the link between online purchasability and consumers’ actual purchase behavior in the global product context by considering global companies’ social contributions and cross-country differences. Using 1033 datasets from South Korea (n = 545) and Japan (n = 488), we employed the PROCESS macro to test the moderated moderated mediation hypothesis. Our findings highlight that global companies’ social contributions strengthen the positive indirect effect of online purchasability on purchase frequency by increasing the number of items purchased. Furthermore, contrary to our prediction, Japanese consumers with a high evaluation of social contribution have a stronger positive indirect link between online purchasability and purchase frequency than South Korean consumers. We provide significant insights into the implications of online sales channel management and its strategy, highlighting the role of corporate social responsibility in better understanding the dynamics of global consumer product purchases in the context of a cross-country analysis.

Firm strategy, employee retention and organizational performance: a moderated mediation study of New Zealand SMEs

PurposeAn effective firm strategy is key to sustained financial performance, while interactions between strategy, employee retention and top talent retention have been seldom explored. We test hypotheses using New Zealand SMEs which are defined as having up to 250 employees. We initially explore firm strategy using Porters competitive advantage model predicting employee retention (including top talent), with study 1 (n = 208) using firm size as a moderator, finding a direct significant relationship from firm strategy toward employee retention. Next, we explore firm strategy predicting firm performance with employee retention mediating and include firm size as a moderator, testing a moderated mediation model in study 2 (n = 474) and study 3 (n = 300, with time-lagged performance).Design/methodology/approachThere are no open databases holding NZ firms’ performance data and thus data was sourced from a Qualtrics survey panel. Such panels have become more common (e.g. Haar et al., 2021a, b) and a recent meta-analysis by Walter et al. (2019) showed that this type of panel data was no different from data sourced through conventional means (i.e. mail survey). We focused on NZ private sector SMEs using senior managers across a range of industries and geographic locations. Because the influence of firm strategy on employee retention remains unknown in the literature, we conducted study 1 (n = 208) to test the initial part of our overall model. Study 2 (n = 474) and study 3 (n = 300) tested the full model (with organizational performance), with study 3 having organizational performance time-lagged by one month.FindingsAll direct effect hypotheses are supported, although firm size interacted significantly with firm strategy showing smaller not larger-sized firms leverage firm strategy to achieve superior retention benefits. This was against hypothesis 5a in all three studies. Studies 2 and 3 supported the moderated mediation hypothesis, with firms of larger size having a stronger indirect effect from firm strategy on firm performance while employee retention mediated the influence of firm strategy on firm performance. Finally, dominance analysis found that a quality differentiation strategy was the key strategy across all studies and outcomes. We discuss the implications for organizations.Practical implicationsThe first managerial implication from the study is that small and medium sized firms would benefit both from developing a deeper understanding of the strategic alternatives open to them and placing a greater emphasis on the implementation of their selected strategic approach. A second managerial implication relates to findings indicating that retention generally, and top talent retention specifically, is positively related to firm strategy and firm performance. Given the importance and challenges of staff retention, particularly in the current environment where there are significant skill shortages, these results suggest that small and medium sized business would benefit from considering how strategy can create an organizational environment that is attractive to employees and support stronger retention outcomes as a mechanism for driving both retention and performance.Originality/valueThe study makes three major contributions. First, it examines firm strategy and extends the focus on firm performance by including not only employee retention but also top talent retention, responding in part to the call to develop and refine performance measures (Lieberman, 2021). Second, beyond using retention as a mediator, firm size is included as a moderator and a moderated mediation model is ultimately tested. Third, we conduct dominance analysis to identify the key firm strategy that influences firm performance and retention. Ultimately, this paper asks: what is the role of firm strategy on New Zealand SME performance, and what influence does retention and relative firm-size play.

Perceived climate of Cha-xu and trust on knowledge sharing: a moderated mediation model

PurposeThis study aims to identify an antecedent that hinders knowledge sharing, namely, the perceived climate of Cha-xu. Based on the social exchange perspective, the authors propose a theoretical model that links the perceived climate of Cha-xu to employee knowledge sharing. This model focuses on the mediating role of two types of trust (vertical and horizontal trust) and the moderating role of task interdependence in influencing the mediation.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 509 Chinese employees, this study carried out a survey on an online platform. This study developed a structural equation model and tested the moderated mediation hypothesis by using Mplus 8.0.FindingsThe results showed that two types of trust act as mediators in the relationship between the perceived climate of Cha-xu and knowledge-sharing processes. The mediating effect of horizontal trust is stronger. Most significantly, findings show that this mediated relationship is contingent on the level of task interdependence.Originality/valueThis paper provides evidence for distinguishing vertical trust and horizontal trust in the field of knowledge management. From a managerial perspective, this study identifies traditional cultural factors for hindering knowledge-sharing processes within Chinese organizations.

Psychological wellbeing of students with trait narcissism

Previous studies suggested that perceived social support (PSS) significantly contributes to psychological wellbeing (PWB), partially explained by the sense of mattering. Nevertheless, individuals with different personality might perceive social support in different ways from the other. The interaction of PSS with trait narcissism, one of the dark triad personality traits was investigated by collecting data from 141 college students who were recruited purposively and instructed to respond to the scales of PWB, PSS, mattering, and narcissism. Bootstrap analysis with 5,000 samples in 95% confidence interval was utilized to test the moderated mediation hypothesis. The results suggested that individuals with moderate-to-high narcissism levels tend to perceive social support as decreasing their sense of mattering to other people, and as they do not feel they matter, their PWB was negatively affected. Limitations, implications, and suggestions are discussed.

상사의 비인격적 감독, 일-삶의 균형, 조절초점과 고객지향성과의 관계

Hundreds of studies have investigated the negative impact of abusive supervision over the last two decades. Many scholars have examined the relationship between abusive supervision and various result variables. Abusive supervision defined as subordinates' perception of the extent to which supervisors engage in the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors(Tepper, 2000, p.178). So many scholars need to further investigate this escalating phenomenon to develop interventions that can help managers, practitioners, and organizations at reducing or eliminating such destructive supervisory behaviors. This research to examined the relationship between abusive supervision and customer orientation based on the hospital context. More detailed we set the work life balance(WLB) mediating variable, clear explain of process of abusive supervision influence to customer orientation. Also we set the regulatory focus(prevent, promotion, Higgins, 1998) moderate variables reflected context. Based on the literature review, we build up the direct, mediate, moderate and moderated mediation hypothesis. Total 289 questionnaires are used for testing the hyphotheis, overcome the common method bias because of time lagged collections. The results are as follows. First, abusive supervision significantly decreased customer orientation and WLB. Second, WLB significantly increased customer orientation. Third, WLB mediate between abusive supervision and customer orientation. Fourth, regulatory focus(prevent, promotion) moderate between abusive supervision and WLB. More detailed, if high on prevention focus, abusive supervision and WLB of negative relationship are buffered. However if high on promotion focus, abusive supervision and WLB of negative relationship are boost up. Finally, moderated mediation(conditionally indirect effect) effect are supported which if high on promotion focus, that if high on promotion focus, WLB of mediation effect are greater than if low on promotion focus. Based on the results, Organization should prevent the supervisor’s abusive supervision for set the strong ethical norm, practices and regulations. Also should set the and freely using of WLB practices for customer orientation. Therefore, this study have theoretical and implemental contributions to explain of relationship between abusive supervision, customer orientation, WLB and regulatory focus.

Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach

PurposeMenopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. The endocrine changes that come with menopause include an erratic decline in estrogen levels which affects the brain. Thus, leading to changes in cognitive function in the longer term due to the menopausal transition. The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being. The moderated multiple mediation hypothesis of the study is that the effect of premature or early menopause is mediated by depression and insomnia, while all the pathways are moderated by smoking habits.Data and MethodsThe study utilized Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017–2018, Wave 1 data. The sample of 31,435 women were aged 45 and above and did not undergo hysterectomy. A moderated multiple mediation model was used to understand the association between premature or early menopause (X), insomnia (M1), depression (M2), moderator (W), and cognitive health (Y), while controlling for possible confounders.ResultsPremature menopause was negatively associated with cognition (β:-0.33; SE:0.12; p < 0.05), whereas positively associated with insomnia (β:0.18; SE:0.03; p < 0.001) and depression (β:0.25; SE:0.04; p < 0.001). There is a moderating effect of smoking or tobacco consumption has a significant moderating effect on the pathways among premature menopause, depression, insomnia and cognition. When the same model was carried out for early menopause (40–44 years), the results were not significant.ConclusionsThe findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. The study, strongly recommends the dissemination of information on the negative effects of tobacco consumption and making more informed choices to maintain a healthy life. More research into various methods and therapy is needed to determine the relationship between the age of early menopause and their psychosocial well-being.

Helping Others Results in Helping Yourself: How Well-Being Is Shaped by Agreeableness and Perceived Team Cohesion

This longitudinal research explores team cohesion as a potential mediator explaining the associations between agreeableness as a personality trait and well-being. Additionally, the study examines whether the leader offering support moderates the mediating role of perceived group cohesion. The sample consists of male military personnel (N = 648) from six different units. The longitudinal design examined two time points, T1 and T2, during the soldiers' training period. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was utilized to determine the significance of the moderator and the mediation effect. The results indicate that an agreeable personality and team cohesion at T1 predicted increased well-being at T2 (two months later). In addition, the moderated mediation hypothesis was significant, indicating that when leaders offered more support, the indirect link between an agreeable personality and well-being via team cohesion was stronger than when they offered less. The findings suggest that an agreeable personality and leader support are important in the organizational domain, and these variables promote well-being. By understanding the contribution of both external and internal sources of support to soldiers' well-being, intervention plans can be developed to lessen the stressors of their mental well-being and help them reach their maximum potential.

Intolerance of Uncertainty, Acculturative Stress, Gratitude, and Distress: A Moderated Mediation Model

Based on Berry’s (1997) model of acculturation, the current study examined whether gratitude would moderate the association between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and acculturative stress (i.e., moderation hypothesis), and mitigate the positive association between IU and psychological distress through acculturative stress (i.e., moderated mediation hypothesis). Participants were 171 international students with Chinese heritage from a Midwest public university. Results from PROCESS supported these hypotheses. First, the positive association between IU and acculturative stress was attenuated to a greater extent at higher compared to lower levels of gratitude. Second, the mediation effect of IU on psychological distress through acculturative stress was weaker among those with higher compared to lower levels of gratitude. Findings demonstrate the protective role of gratitude and the role of IU as a risk factor for psychological distress through acculturative stress. Implications for practice, training, and research are discussed.

Psychopathy in positions of power: The moderating role of position power in the relation between psychopathic meanness and leadership outcomes

Even within positions of power, i.e., leadership jobs, the amount of power a leader holds can vary. This study investigated whether position power is a trait-relevant cue that activates the behavioral expression of meanness in leaders. It was hypothesized that psychopathic meanness in leaders will interact with position power in predicting subordinate-rated team performance, which will mediate the relationship between meanness and supervisor-rated leadership effectiveness. This moderated mediation hypothesis was tested in a multi-source online study with 281 leaders with subordinate and supervisor ratings. The results support the moderated mediation model, indicating that differences in the amount of position power can change how psychopathic meanness relates to leadership outcomes. Consequently, this study fosters a deeper understanding of seemingly contradictory finds regarding psychopathy in leadership positions.

Effect of consumer animosity on boycott campaigns in a cross-cultural context: Does consumer affinity matter?

Global companies have often suffered from unexpected boycott campaigns in foreign markets owing to consumer animosity toward a country of origin. This study aims to empirically investigate how consumer animosity (toward economic sanctions) and affinity predict consumer boycotts. We conduct a country comparison, employing the PROCESS macro to test the moderated mediation hypothesis, using data from 571 and 500 consumers in South Korea and Japan, respectively. The results find a negative indirect effect of animosity on purchase amount via boycott attitude and intention in both countries. The direct impact of animosity on purchase amount (in the case of South Korea) and the moderated mediation effect of consumer affinity (in the case of Japan) are partially supported. Therefore, the offsetting influence of consumer affinity in mitigating the effects of consumer animosity in the context of boycott campaigns is highlighted, offering novel managerial implications.

Efficacy, expectancy, or the sense of mattering? Academic procrastination in online study

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Past studies reported that academic procrastination (AP) was contingent upon students’ educational self-efficacy (ASE) and the expectancy-value belief (EV), which were developed through social interaction. When teaching and learning in most universities were altered into online learning (OL) during the pandemic, students’ social interaction was more inclined toward online communication, especially through social networking sites (SNS); a phenomenon that has been reported to alter their sense of societal mattering (SM), the sense that they matter to the society. We hypothesized that SM moderates the mediation of EV on the association between ASE and AP. We purposively recruited 361 university students who must study fully online from home during the outbreak and asked them to respond to the designated scales. The bootstrap analysis with 5,000 samples and a 95% confidence interval showed that the moderated mediation hypothesis was supported. Students who believe that they can perform well tend to value their tasks higher, and therefore had a lower rate of procrastination. However, this mediation did not occur among students who do not think that they matter enough to the university as a society.&lt;/span&gt;

Mindfulness, cognitive fusion, and self-compassion in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders-A cross-sectional study.

In the last decades, third wave approaches in cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have shown effectiveness in treating several mental disorders, including schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Three crucial processes associated with clinical changes in patients include mindfulness, psychological flexibility (PF) and self-compassion (SC). PF is generally assessed by cognitive fusion (CF), a negative formulated key process of PF. The current study encompasses a cross-sectional design to examine the interplay of mindfulness, CF, SC and symptom severity in SSD. It was hypothesized that mindfulness is negatively correlated with symptom severity, CF mediates the negative relation between mindfulness and symptom severity, and SC moderates the link between mindfulness and CF. In total, 79 persons with SSD were recruited at the Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Correlations, as well as moderated mediation analyses, were performed using the analysis modeling tool PROCESS with total symptom severity and negative symptom severity as outcome variables, measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms Scale (SNS). Results show that the moderated mediation hypothesis was confirmed for negative symptom severity assessed by SNS, however, not for total symptom severity assessed by PANSS. In general, the association between mindfulness and CF was stronger for participants with higher SC scores in our data. Future studies should investigate the relationship between mindfulness, SC, and PF regarding symptom severity in SSD in longitudinal designs while considering the impact on different outcomes and differences regarding assessment tools.

“How Else Could You Do that?” The effects of generating multiple means of goal attainment on female students’ perceived goal attainability

Perceived goal attainability (PGA) is a crucial variable in education, influencing students’ goal commitment, goal pursuit and psychological wellbeing. Asking students to generate multiple means of goal attainment is thought to have a positive effect on PGA. And yet research on the “availability” heuristic suggests that difficulty in generating means of goal attainment may have a negative effect on PGA. The present study is the first to examine the matter in a real-world middle and high school context. In three experiments female students aged 11–15 were asked to generate many/few means of goal attainment. An inconsistent mediation model was hypothesised in which the “many means” condition has a negative indirect effect on perceived goal attainability through difficulty-in-generation (DIG) but a positive direct effect on the same variable. It was also hypothesised that these effects are greater in students with low baseline PGA. This moderated mediation hypothesis was supported statistically by tests of interaction in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, which involved the youngest students with the highest baseline PGA, difficulty-in-generation and the “Think of many” manipulation appeared to have much less effect, again suggesting that DIG (and “Think of many”) exert less of an influence when students’ baseline PGA is high. Results have important implications for schools, students and educators alike.

Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Achievement Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intention: A Conditional Process Model of Entrepreneurship and Gender

This study focused on the roles of entrepreneurship and gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we tested a moderating role of gender and examined the moderated mediating role of entrepreneurship by gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Based on the secondary data from the 2017 Korea Entrepreneurship Survey on 10,000 people, a conditional process model 15 (Hayes’ PROCESS macro) analysis was used to test the direct and indirect paths with respect to gender differences. The results indicate that the conditional direct effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention was not significant for women, but it was significant for men. Results also confirmed that the indirect effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurship was stronger for women than for men. Therefore, the moderation hypothesis and the moderated mediation hypothesis were supported. The study contributes to the explanation of the black box between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention by emphasizing the role of gender as a moderator and entrepreneurship as a mediator of this relationship. This study focused on and confirmed the role of gender previously neglected in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurship as a mediator to promote entrepreneurial activity among women. Therefore, this study extends existing research results by elaborating the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention.

Post-locked down mental wellbeing among Malaysian adults: factors of life satisfaction in urban Malaysia

Under the enforcement of the recovery movement control order (RMCO), citizens of Malaysia were allowed to commute for work with tight protocols of social distancing. In this period of time, most individuals were adjusting to the new norm after being locked down for about six weeks. With an assumption that the social dynamics could have been different from the pre-pandemic era, this study aims to investigate how mattering predicts life satisfaction among individuals who live in the urban area of western Malaysia in the aforementioned timeframe. The role of other variables, namely perceived social support (PSS), resilience, and spirituality was also investigated. Data was collected from 402 adults between 18 and 66 years of age (M=25.44) who reside in the urban areas of Malaysia. A moderated serial mediation hypothesis was tested by employing the Bootstrap method in PROCESS Macro model 92. Our findings suggested that resilience does not play a significant role in the equation due to its insignificance in predicting life satisfaction after controlling the rest of the variables.

공유리더십, 변화자기효능감, 집단주의와 변화지향 조직시민행동과의 관계

Recently, environment change is more complex, dynamic and ambiguity, the increased use of teams in organizations more and more important for competitive advantage. However, the question naturally arises regarding what forms of leadership are best suited for these structures and will promote the attainment of performance?. At this point, early leadership researchers argued that the importance of leadership being shared among team members. Shared leadership as results from the distribution of leadership influence across all of team members and mutual influence embedded in the interactions among team members that can significantly improve team and organizational performance. That is shared leadership occurs when all members of a team are fully engaged in the leadership of the team and are not hesitant to influence and guide their fellow team members in an effort to maximize the potential of the team as a whole. This study purpose to investigate relationship between shared leadership, change self-efficacy, collectivistic orientation and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) at team level analysis that show clear the process and context of shared leadership influences. More detalied, examined the effect of shared leadership foster employees’ change-oriented OCB and reflected mediating effect of change self-efficacy, the moderating effect of collectivistic value orientation was regarded as a contextual factor. After literature review, we set the direct hypothesis, mediate hypothesis, moderate hypothesis and moderated mediation hypothesis. For test of hypothesis, we conducted survey method and to removed the common method bias problem, questionnaires are collected by multi-source(team leader, team member) and check the aggregation of individual responds to using team level(rwg, ICC(1), ICC(2)). Total 416 team members and 98 teams used for final analysis. The results show that shared leadership have positive impacts on change-oriented OCB and change self-efficacy. Change self-efficacy has a positive impact on change-oriented OCB. Also, change self-efficacy mediate between shared leadership and change-oriented OCB. Collectivistic value orientation moderate between shared leadership and change self-efficacy. If high on collectivistic value orientation, the those of relationship are more increased. Finally, moderated mediations are significant that change self-efficacy mediation of effect are more strong under high on collectivistic value orientation, reflected of conditional indirect effect. Based on the results, organizations can enhance shared leadership by encouraging team members when teams foster interact team member and all of team members as leaders and to involve in shared, mutual leadership for extra-role behavior such as change-oriented OCB. Also managers should ensure that all of team members has shared direction and purpose, promote and establish norms of participation and input into the team’s activities and strategies, and seek to foster a positive environment where team members encourage one another and actively recognize each others’ contributions.

Dealing with the devil: Combined effects of destructive leadership and Dark Triad personality on revenge, happiness and psychological detachment

AbstractUtilizing the cognitive appraisal theory of stress and coping, we examined the combined effects of destructive leadership and Dark Triad personality on revenge and employee outcomes (happiness and psychological detachment). Adopting a time‐lagged research design (three time lags), we collected data from 288 employees from the service sector in Pakistan. Using Process technique, our findings showed that revenge mediated the destructive leadership and outcomes relationship. We also found that the impact of destructive leadership on revenge was more substantial for individuals having high Dark Triad personality. The results supported our moderated mediation hypothesis, proving that revenge mediates the relationship between destructive leadership and outcomes for individuals with a high Dark Triad Personality.

My LMX standing with my leader as compared to my coworkers: conditional indirect effect of LMX social comparison

PurposeThe paper examines the effect of relative leader-member exchange (LMX) on follower's in-role performance, citizenship behaviour and cynicism via relational identification. Moreover, LMXSC (LMXSC) moderates the direct and mediating relationship.Design/methodology/approachBased on multi-level (individual and group level) model, dyadic data were collected from 298 employees working under 47 group managers in the banking sector in Pakistan.FindingsThe multi-level moderated mediation model tested in Mplus and HLM software showed the full support for direct, mediating and moderating hypothesized relationships; however, the moderated mediation hypothesis was partially supported. It reveals that relative LMX standing of followers predicted in-role performance, organizational citizenship behaviour at an individual level (OCB-individual) and cynicism. Relational identification with the leader mediated the relationship. Moreover, at high LMXSC, the relationship between relative LMX and relational identification and consequently the outcomes were stronger.Originality/valueLMX has widely been studied at dyadic level, despite the suggested high and low LMX quality relationships that exist in a workgroup. This study not only investigates the role of relative LMX on employee performance through relational identification but also reports that subjective evaluation of LMXSC plays a major role in promoting employee performance.

Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis

It has been proposed that state anxiety, aroused when an inmate is initially placed in restrictive housing, interacts with the sequestering Special Housing Unit (SHU) environment to overtax the individual's already limited coping resources, and promotes later emotional problems and psychological deterioration. This study tested a SHU syndrome hypothesis with a moderated mediation path analysis of 69 male inmates. Results revealed that group status (general population vs. restrictive housing) interacted with state anxiety to increase trait anxiety and ineffective coping, which then gave rise to higher staff ratings of psychological disturbance in inmates with no prior history of mental illness.

When and why does political trust predict well-being in authoritarian contexts? Examining the role of political efficacy and collective action among opposition voters.

Previous research indicates that trust in the political system increases well-being. Drawing from prior collective action research, we posit that a) the relationship between political trust and well-being would be mediated by collective action participation (mediation hypothesis) and b) political efficacy would moderate the indirect effect of political trust on well-being through collective action participation (moderated mediation hypothesis). In two studies (N=704), we tested these relationships among opposition voters in Turkey before two highly contested elections. The findings of Study 1showed a significant indirect effect of political trust on well-being through collective action participation and supported our mediation hypothesis. However, unlike democratic contexts, the relationship between collective action and well-being was negative. In addition, we did not find support for our moderated mediation hypothesis. In Study 2, we used more nuanced measures of political efficacy (voting efficacy and online/offline protest efficacy) and collective action (both offline and online collective action). In addition to replicating the findings of Study 1 with respect to the mediatory role of collective action participation (but only for online collective action participation), Study 2 again did not support our moderated mediation hypotheses with respect to the four moderators. Results highlight the importance of online and offline collective action among ideologically marginalized people with low trust in the political system in maintaining well-being.