Moderate Punishment Research Articles

Milost místo smrti (v procesech s cikány v Čechách první poloviny 18. století) aneb jak nepočítat historii

This article is concerned with the persecution of Gypsies in Bohemia in the first third of the 18th century. As in other European countries, in cases where Gypsies had been already formally expelled from a land, Gypsy vagabondage was defined and punished as a capital crime. The article does not forget this normative aspect of the theme, but it nonetheless concentrates on the actual practice of persecution and above all on cases in which condemned Gypsies begged for mercy and their death penalty was in fact reduced to a more moderate punishment. The author also looks at the extensive powers of reprieve that the Prague Apellate Court (in the case of Gypsy vagabondage the tribunal of first instance), was granted by the ruler in the 1720s. Condemned Gypsies were not explicitly mentioned in this context, but there is plenty of evidence that they were not excluded from this practice of reprieve. The article criticises the view of the persecution of Gypsies that is based solely on the quantification of incomplete data in the manuals of condemnation of the Apellate Court. These books not only fail to indicate when the condemned were later reprieved, but also do not allow us to reliably identify individuals condemned. There are examples of one person appearing several times in them, sometimes under different names. It is this misleading quantified evidence that has helped give rise to the idea that the persecution of Gypsies in the early modern period was the first stage of the Gypsy Holocaust ini the 20th century. The article argues, on the contrary, that in relation to persecution the pre-modern differed from the modern state not only in terms of capacity, but fundamentally.

The impact of government subsidy on photovoltaic enterprises independent innovation based on the evolutionary game theory

Achieving a green, low-carbon economy necessitates clarifying the impacts of government photovoltaic (PV) subsidies on enterprise independent innovation in China. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among government, enterprises, and energy regulatory service centers (ERSC). It analyzes equilibriums' asymptotic stability and explores mechanisms affecting the system's evolution toward an ideal state. The results indicate that the strategic choices of the government, enterprises, and ERSC interplay with each other. Specifically, the primary influencing factors for enterprise innovation are costs, benefits, and penalties which promote innovation to an extent, while government subsidies have minimal effect. Under ERSC's policy guidance and services, enterprises controlling independent innovation costs given moderate punishment intensity enables system evolution toward sustainable innovation despite subsidy cancellation, achieving enterprises' ultimate carbon reduction goal in China. The originality in this study lies in the analysis of ERSC's influence on equilibrium, which models the impact of policies on enterprises, and ERSC plays an essential role in coordinating the government-enterprise information gap. Chinese government should strengthen regulatory system construction and increase financial support. This model can generate social benefits, reduce costs, and provide policymakers with an analytical framework and insights for policy formulation in China.

Optimalisasi Penjatuhan Hukuman Akibat Indisipliner Kerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil

Discipline is the ability of Civil Servants to comply with obligations and avoid prohibitions regulated in the applicable laws and regulations. The purpose of this study was to determine the benchmarks for imposing disciplinary penalties in Article 4 letter f according to the level of discipline and type of discipline. The method used in this study uses a normative-empirical approach, namely looking for data in the literature in which there are laws and regulations which are further elaborated with an empirical approach, namely the working of these norms in an institution, especially Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline. In this study, it was found that the imposition of disciplinary penalties for perpetrators who committed violations according to the author was not optimal because of the low understanding of the applicable laws and regulations and not optimal supervision from direct superiors. Disciplinary law against Civil Servants who violates Article 4 letter f in Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline is divided into three categories: 1) the category of light discipline does not come to work without a valid reason up to ten working days for a year , 2) category of moderate punishment violation without the principle of cooperation with twenty thirty days, 3) category of violation of law without the principle of cooperation as a whole 21 (twenty one) to 28 (twenty eight) working days and or continuously for 10 (ten) working days for a year

Impacts of special cooperation strategy with reward and punishment mechanism on cooperation evolution

This paper introduces a special cooperation strategy with both punishment and reward capabilities and analyzes the effect of this strategy on cooperation evolution. The results show that the evolutionary stable states include full defection, the coexistence of ordinary cooperators and defectors, the coexistence of special cooperators and defectors, the coexistence of special cooperators and ordinary cooperators, and the coexistence of the three strategies. Punishment can induce cooperation. Under moderate punishment, the greater the reward the more conducive to cooperation, while under larger punishment, higher rewards conversely weaken the facilitative effect on cooperation. As the temptation increases, ordinary cooperators decrease to zero, while special cooperators increase first and start to decrease or even die out when the ordinary cooperators disappear. The coexistence of the three strategies presents that the ordinary cooperator group is exploited by the defectors, the special cooperator group is invaded by the ordinary cooperators, and the defector group is suppressed by the special cooperators, making the three strategies mutually suppressive and interdependent, and ultimately stable coexistence. The presence of special cooperators significantly promotes cooperation evolution in systems. This contributes to a better understanding of the origins and transformations of social norms and institutions.

Repeated, moderate footshock reduces the propensity to relapse to alcohol seeking in female, but not male, iP rats.

Persistent alcohol use despite negative consequences is a key feature of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and is typically assessed using punishment in animal models. This study examined relapse-like behavior in male and female alcohol-preferring iP rats following punishment-imposed voluntary abstinence to alcohol seeking. We focused on alcohol seeking in the punishment-associated environment after prolonged abstinence. Finally, we sought to understand the predictability of relapse-like behavior by examining AUD comorbidities, namely, anxiety-like behavior and the response to repeated, moderate punishment. We found no sex differences in operant self-administration of alcohol. However, we did find a reduced propensity to relapse in the punishment-associated environment in female rats following prolonged abstinence. Relapse propensity was associated with the response to punishment during operant training, but not prior anxiety-like behavior. Together these results highlight the importance of studying sex differences in relapse to alcohol seeking. In addition, the behavioral response to a negative consequence may be a predictor of relapse, particularly in females. Improving our understanding of the sexually dimorphic responses in alcohol seeking may be a powerful tool for designing personalized, or at least sex-specific, approaches to treatment and rehabilitation programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Age-friendly regeneration of urban settlements in China: Game and incentives of stakeholders in decision-making

The age-friendly regeneration of urban settlements has been promoted in China to meet older people's demand for "aging in place". However, there are some contradictions among stakeholders in the decision making, hindering the regeneration process. Therefore, after identifying the stakeholders and their contradictions and clarifying their benefits and strategies, this paper established an evolutionary game model of the local government, investors and residents and then explored the stable strategy set of the evolutionary game of stakeholders. A case simulation method was used to test the theoretical results. This paper found the incentive measures that improve the efficiency of the decision making regarding the age-friendly regeneration of urban settlements. This paper also found that under limited conditions, the only stable strategy set of the stakeholder game was the local government, investors and residents implementing active intervention, coordinating opinions and agreeing on benefits strategies, respectively. The evolutionary sequence of the stable strategy set is "local government → investors → residents", which was very important to the application of incentive measures and the proposal of policy implications and suggestions. The effective incentive measures to improve the age-friendly regeneration decision-making efficiency included the following: direct subsidies, indirect subsidies and direct punishment for investors and passive compensation and sharing coefficient optimization for residents. Some policy implications and suggestions for improving decision-making efficiency and promoting the age-friendly regeneration of urban settlements in China are proposed in this paper. The local government can appropriately increase direct and indirect incentives and apply moderate punishment. It is very important that the local government pays attention to the design and operating principles of incentive measures. Otherwise, the wrong design and operation might lead to the failure of incentive measures. The higher-level government should supervise the local government carefully and propose relevant policies and regulations to clearly punish the negative attitudes of the local government. Investors can share more incremental income with residents to promote the development of corporations and the recognition of the local government and residents. Residents should make a good balance of advantages and disadvantages in the decision-making of age-friendly regeneration.

Juveniles Are Not So Different

The “juveniles are different” doctrine is gaining ground in the United States. It holds that children, unlike adults, should not receive merciless punishments like life without parole, given their immaturity, impulsivity, and limited brain development. The doctrine’s impact has been both significant and modest because it operates in an exceptionally repressive context considering the advent of mass incarceration. Unless construed more broadly, it may help rationalize draconian sentences for adults and cement the status quo. This Article offers a wider historical and comparative perspective. Over time, age has recurrently served to legitimize punitiveness toward children or adults. America has oscillated between deeming that juveniles deserve fewer rights than adults, that they deserve more rights, or that they should essentially be treated the same. After diverse paradigm shifts, mass incarceration led to a downward-leveling process whereby juveniles were punished just as ruthlessly as adults. “Juveniles are different” was a reaction to this trend, although punitive assumptions undergird its rigid age carve-outs. This Article calls for a new phase: an upward-leveling process under which juveniles’ emerging right to be free from merciless punishments would apply to everyone. This is the norm in other Western democracies, which have gravitated toward universal human rights and moderate punishment. A broader outlook may spell the difference between a conception of “juveniles are different” that casts adults as irredeemable and a stepping-stone toward meaningful systemic reform.

Juveniles Are Not So Different: The Punishment of Juveniles and Adults at the Crossroads

The “juveniles are different” doctrine is gaining ground in America. It holds that children, unlike adults, should not receive merciless punishments like life without parole given their immaturity, impulsivity, and limited brain development. The doctrine’s impact has been both significant and modest because it operates in an exceptionally repressive context considering the advent of mass incarceration. Unless construed more broadly, it may help rationalize draconian sentences for adults and cement the status quo. This Article offers a wider historical and comparative perspective. Over time age has recurrently served to legitimize punitiveness toward children or adults. America has oscillated between deeming that juveniles deserve fewer rights than adults, that they deserve more rights or that they should essentially be treated the same. After diverse paradigm shifts, mass incarceration led to a downward-leveling process whereby juveniles were punished just as ruthlessly as adults. “Juveniles are different” was a reaction to this trend, although punitive assumptions undergird its rigid age carve-outs. This Article calls for a new phase: an upward-leveling process under which juveniles’ emerging right to be free from merciless punishments would apply to everyone. This is the norm in other Western democracies, which have gravitated toward universal human rights and moderate punishment. A broader outlook may spell the difference between a conception of “juveniles are different” casting adults as irredeemable and a stepping stone toward meaningful systemic reform.

The Condition for Generous Trust.

Trust has been considered the “cement” of a society and is much studied in sociology and other social sciences. Most studies, however, have neglected one important aspect of trust: it involves an act of forgiving and showing tolerance toward another’s failure. In this study, we refer to this concept as “generous trust” and examine the conditions under which generous trust becomes a more viable option when compared to other types of trust. We investigate two settings. First, we introduce two types of uncertainties: uncertainty as to whether trustees have the intention to cooperate, and uncertainty as to whether trustees have enough competence to accomplish the entrusted tasks. Second, we examine the manner in which trust functions in a broader social context, one that involves matching and commitment processes. Since we expect generosity or forgiveness to work differently in the matching and commitment processes, we must differentiate trust strategies into generous trust in the matching process and that in the commitment process. Our analytical strategy is two-fold. First, we analyze the “modified” trust game that incorporates the two types of uncertainties without the matching process. This simplified setting enables us to derive mathematical results using game theory, thereby giving basic insight into the trust mechanism. Second, we investigate socially embedded trust relationships in contexts involving the matching and commitment processes, using agent-based simulation. Results show that uncertainty about partner’s intention and competence makes generous trust a viable option. In contrast, too much uncertainty undermines the possibility of generous trust. Furthermore, a strategy that is too generous cannot stand alone. Generosity should be accompanied with moderate punishment. As for socially embedded trust relationships, generosity functions differently in the matching process versus the commitment process. Indeed, these two types of generous trust coexist, and their coexistence enables a society to function well.

Thwarting Intelligent Malicious Behaviors in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Sensing falsification is a key security threat in cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Intelligent malicious users (IMUs) adjust their malicious behaviors according to their objectives and the network's defense schemes. Without long-term collection of information on users' reputation, the existing schemes fail to thwart such malicious behaviors. In this paper, we construct a joint spectrum sensing and access framework to thwart the malicious behaviors of both rational and irrational IMUs. Lack of reputation information makes the malicious behavior resistance degrade performance since the honest users may be misjudged as IMUs. Based on the moral hazard principal-agent model, we design an incentive compatible mechanism to provide a moderate punishment to IMUs. Our findings show that neither spectrum sensing nor spectrum access alone can prevent malicious behaviors without any information on users' reputation. According to the different properties of malicious behavior resistance by spectrum sensing and spectrum access, we employ joint spectrum sensing and access to optimally prevent the IMUs sensing falsification. The proposed malicious behavior resistance mechanism is shown to achieve almost the same performance as the ideal case with truthful sensing.

Conservative allocation models for outbound containers in container terminals

This paper examines location assignment for outbound containers in container terminals. It is an extension to the previous modeling work of Kim et al. (2000) and Zhang et al. (2010). The previous model was an “optimistic” handling way and gave a moderate punishment for placing a lighter container onto the top of a stack already loaded with heavier containers. Considering that the original model neglected the stack height and the state-changing magnitude information when interpreting the punishment parameter and hid too much information about the specific configurations for a given stack representation, we propose two new “conservative” allocation models in this paper. One considers the stack height and the state-changing magnitude information by reinterpreting the punishment parameter and the other further considers the specific configurations for a given stack representation. Solution qualities for the “optimistic” and the two “conservative” allocation models are compared on two performance indicators. The numerical experiments indicate that both the first and second “conservative” allocation models outperform the original model in terms of the two performance indicators. In addition, to overcome computational difficulties encountered by the dynamic programming algorithm for large-scale problems, an approximate dynamic programming algorithm is presented as well.

Behavior modification and the principle of normalization: clash or synthesis?

AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between the principle of normalization and behavior modification with reference to the use of moderate punishment. Applying the normalization ideology through non‐aversive strategies alone has resulted in poor outcomes. Research demonstrates that moderate punishment can be a useful aid towards the development of normative interventions. In this way the negative implications of the dogmatic equation of ‘normativeness’ with non‐aversiveness on the effectiveness of intervention are avoided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Operant aversive control and Pavlovian higher order conditioning

Pigeons pecked a key for food on a multiple schedule, while pecking in one component also produced time-outs intermittently. The time-outs could be avoided by withholding responses appropriately, and they could be escaped either by responding or by not responding (in separate conditions). Partial suppression of responding during the time-out component was evidence for moderate punishment, and every time-out was escaped successfully. The escape behavior transferred to the warning signal signifying when responses would produce the time-out. The transfer occurred even if this behavior during the signal produced the aversive consequence. The result was that avoidance occurred only if the escape response was the omission of pecking. Responding during the signal was determined neither by its consequences nor by species-specific responses to a salient stimulus, but, rather, by the behavior occurring in the aversive environment itself.

PUNISHMENT AND RATE OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT1

This experiment investigated the effect of several punishment intensities on two responses maintained by contrasting rates of reinforcement. The responses were concurrently reinforced according to two different variable-interval schedules. Because these schedules were independent of one another and programmed different rates of reinforcement, the two responses occurred at dissimilar rates. When responses were simultaneously suppressed by punishment, both rates were reduced proportionately until suppression was virtually complete. In other words, the per cent suppression resulting from punishment was independent of the rate at which the response was reinforced. Phenomena found in single-response studies were duplicated here. Responding tended to increase both within and between punishment sessions at mild and moderate punishment intensities. Cessation of punishment led to a "compensatory" overshooting beyond the prepunished response rate.