Moderate Protein Diet Research Articles

The effects of the ketogenic diet on cancer treatment: a narrative review.

Despite significant advances in therapy, cancer remains the top cause of death in parts of the globe. For many types of cancer, the typical treatment is a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, this conventional treatment is not successful on its own. As a consequence, innovative approaches that improve treatment efficacy are urgently needed. The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, moderate protein, and low-carbohydrate diet that appears to sensitize most cancers to conventional therapies by exploiting cancer cells' altered metabolism, making it an effective adjuvant cancer treatment alternative. This diet could decrease glucose metabolism while enhancing lipid metabolism, interfering with the Warburg effect, and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. The anticancer impact of ketogenic diet has been established in numerous animal trials and clinical investigations on a wide range of tumor types, including glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, invasive rectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. In this review, we discussed the various types of ketogenic diets, the mechanism of action for ketogenic diet as a cancer therapy, and the data gathered from continuing preclinical and clinical studies, intending to establish a solid theoretical foundation for future research.

Not feeling the heat? Effects of dietary protein on satiation and satiety in mice are not due to its impact on body temperature

Dietary protein modulates food intake (FI) via unclear mechanism(s). One possibility is that higher protein leads to greater post-ingestive heat production (Specific dynamic action: SDA) leading to earlier meal termination (increased satiation), and inhibition of further intake (increased satiety). The influence of dietary protein on feeding behaviour in C57BL/6J mice was tested using an automated FI monitoring system (BioDAQ), simultaneous to body temperature (Tb). Total FI, inter meal intervals (IMI, satiety) and meal size (MS, satiation) were related to changes in Tb after consuming low (5%, LP), moderate (15%, MP) and high (30%, HP) protein diets. Diets were tested over three conditions: 1) room temperature (RT, 21 ± 1 °C), 2) room temperature and running wheels (RTRW) and 3) low temperature (10 °C) and running wheels (LTRW). The differences between diets and conditions were also compared using mixed models. Mice housed at RT fed HP diet, reduced total FI compared with LP and MP due to earlier meal termination (satiation effect). FI was lowered in RTRW conditions with no differences between diets. FI significantly increased under LTRW conditions for all diets, with protein content leading to earlier meal termination (satiation) but not the intervals between feeding bouts (satiety). Tb fell immediately after feeding in all conditions. Despite a reduction in total FI in mice fed HP, mediated via increased satiation, this effect was not linked to increased Tb during meals. We conclude effects of dietary protein on intake are not mediated via SDA and Tb.

Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Obesity and Other Metabolic Disorders: Narrative Review.

Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that increases the burden of different chronic diseases in the population. It has reached epidemic proportions and is a major risk factor for a variety of diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis, and some malignancies. Weight gain is a result of excessive energy intake compared to energy expenditure (energy loss from metabolism and physical exercise). A ketogenic diet has a more useful effect on obesity than other diets. A ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, moderate-protein diet that induces the production of ketone bodies by mimicking the breakdown of a fasting state. The mechanism behind the ketogenic diet is still unknown, although it obviously helps people with obesity lose weight. Several pathways for the ketogenic diet effect on weight loss have been hypothesized by researchers, including reduced appetite due to effects on appetite control hormones and a possible direct appetite suppressant action of ketone bodies; reduced lipogenesis and increased lipolysis; greater metabolic efficiency; and increased metabolic costs.

Association between dietary protein intake, diet quality and diversity, and obesity among women of reproductive age in Kersa, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the effect of dietary protein intake on women's body mass index. Therefore, this study investigated the association between dietary protein intake, diet quality, and overweight and obesity. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 897 women of reproductive age. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess 7-day dietary intake. It was converted into protein and other macro-nutrient intakes, Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women, and Global Dietary Quality Score. Body Mass Index (BMI) of overweight & obese women were defined as ≥25 kg/m2. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (in a multivariate logistic regression model) was used to determine the strength of the association between BMI and dietary protein intake, adjusting for potential confounders. The median dietary protein intake was 41.3 (32.9, 52.6) grams/day or 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) grams/kilogram of body weight/day. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 7.5% (n = 67). Only 220 (24.5%) women could meet the recommended minimum dietary diversity of five or more food groups out of 10 per day. Furthermore, only 255 (28.4%) women were found to have a low risk for nutrient adequacy. Interestingly, women who consumed moderate dietary protein had a significantly lower likelihood of being overweight or obese, with AOR of 0.21 (95% CI 0.10-0.48). Similarly, those who consumed a high amount of protein had even lower odds, with AOR of 0.03 (95% CI 0.01-0.14), compared to those who consumed a low amount of dietary protein. Age of 40-49 years (AOR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.24-8.95) compared to 18-29 years, non-farmers (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.55-6.62), higher consumption of food from unhealthy groups (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61), and high fat intake (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09) were associated with overweight and obesity. The study indicated an inverse relationship between BMI and dietary protein intake. It also revealed that women who consumed foods from unhealthy or unhealthy when consumed in excessive amounts were more likely to be overweight or obese. Increasing dietary protein consumption can help reproductive-age women reduce the odds of obesity and overweight. Furthermore, community-based educational programs, policy changes, and healthcare services can support this effort.

Moderate protein intake percentage in mice for maintaining metabolic health during approach to old age

Nutritional requirements for maintaining metabolic health may vary with each life stage, such as young, middle, and old age. To investigate the appropriate ratio of nutrients, particularly proteins, for maintaining metabolic health while approaching old age, young (6-month-old) and middle-aged (16-month-old) mice were fed isocaloric diets with varying protein percentages (5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% by calorie ratio) for two months. The low-protein diet developed mild fatty liver, with middle-aged mice showing more lipids than young mice, whereas the moderate-protein diet suppressed lipid contents and lowered the levels of blood glucose and lipids. Self-organizing map (SOM) analysis revealed that plasma amino acid profiles differed depending on age and difference in protein diet and were associated with hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Results indicate that the moderate protein intake percentages (25% and 35%) are required for maintaining metabolic health in middle-aged mice, which is similar to that in young mice.

Modified Atkins Diet Delayed the Onset of Epileptogenesis, Improved Motor Coordination and Enhanced Learning Memory in Mice

Modified Atkins diet is a high fat, moderate protein and carbohydrate diet that has long been used to manage intractable epilepsy in developed countries. However, the use of this diet for same condition is uncommon in most low- and middle-income countries including Nigeria. In a previous research, we formulated modified Atkins diet using cheap and locally-available food materials in Nigeria. This research is thus, aimed at evaluating the effect of the formulated modified Atkins diet on seizure plasticity using the PTZ-induced kindling model of seizure. We also investigated the effect of sub-chronic use (60 days) of the diet on motor coordination using positional sense test and on visual-spatial reference and learning memory using Morris-water maze. The result revealed that the formulated modified Atkins diet significantly (<i>p<0.05</i>) increased seizure plasticity by reducing the severity of seizure as well as delaying the onset of tonic-clonic seizure and death. The diet also enhanced motor coordination, and improved learning memory, but not reference memory in mice. We therefore concluded that the formulated modified Atkins diet may be of benefit in the management of intractable/treatment-resistant epilepsy, especially in patients who are already suffering from amnesia and/or postural instability since the diet was able to offer protection against seizure-induced memory loss and motor-incoordination in mice.

Evaluation of high-protein diets differing in protein source in healthy adult dogs.

Given the dynamic market for protein-based ingredients in the pet food industry, demand continues to increase for both plant- and animal-based options. Protein sources contain different amino acid (AA) profiles and vary in digestibility, affecting protein quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of canine diets differing in protein source and test their effects on serum metabolites and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs consuming them. Four extruded diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and meet the nutrient needs for adult dogs at maintenance, with the primary difference being protein source: 1) fresh deboned, dried, and spray-dried chicken (DC), 2) chicken by-product meal (CBPM), 3) wheat gluten meal (WGM), and 4) corn gluten meal (CGM). Twelve adult spayed female beagles (body weight [BW] = 9.9 ± 1.0 kg; age = 6.3 ± 1.1 yr) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 12/treatment). Each period consisted of a 22-d adaptation phase, 5 d for fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. Fecal microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2.2020.8. All other data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4. Fecal scores were higher (P < 0.05; looser stools) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM, but all remained within an appropriate range. Dry matter ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed CBPM or CGM than those fed DC or WGM. Crude protein ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CGM than those fed WGM. Dogs fed CBPM had lower (P < 0.05) organic matter, crude protein, and energy ATTD than those fed the other diets. Fecal indole was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed CBPM than those fed WGM. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC than those fed CGM. Fecal branched-chain fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM. Fecal ammonia was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM. The relative abundances of three bacterial phyla and nine bacterial genera were shifted among treatment groups (P < 0.05). Considering AA profiles and digestibility data, the DC diet protein sources provided the highest quality protein without additional AA supplementation, but the animal-based protein diets resulted in higher fecal proteolytic metabolites. Further studies evaluating moderate dietary protein concentrations are needed to better compare plant- and animal-based protein sources.

Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss

Consumption of unprocessed red meat in randomized trials has no adverse effects on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight, but its physiological effects during weight loss maintenance are not known. We sought to investigate the effects of healthy diets that include small or large amounts of red meat on the maintenance of lost weight after successful weight loss, and secondarily on body composition (DXA), resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry), and cardiometabolic risk factors. In this 5-mo parallel randomized intervention trial, 108 adults with BMI 28-40kg/m2 (45 males/63 females) underwent an 8-wk rapid weight loss period, and those who lost≥8% body weight (n=80) continued to ad libitum weight maintenance diets for 12 wk: a moderate-protein diet with 25g beef/d (B25, n=45) or a high-protein diet with 150g beef/d (B150, n=35). In per protocol analysis (n=69), mean body weight (-1.2 kg; 95% CI: -2.1, -0.3 kg), mean fat mass (-2.7 kg; 95% CI: -3.4, -2.0 kg), and mean body fat content (-2.6%; 95% CI: -3.1, -2.1%) decreased during the maintenance phase, whereas mean lean mass (1.5 kg; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0 kg) and mean REE (51 kcal/d; 95% CI: 15, 86 kcal/d) increased, with no differences between groups (all P>0.05). Results were similar in intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation for dropouts (20 from B150 compared with 19 from B25, P=0.929). Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors were not different between groups, the general pattern being a decrease during weight loss and a return to baseline during weight maintenance (and despite the additional mild reduction in weight and fat mass). Healthy diets consumed ad libitum that contain a little or a lot of unprocessed beef have similar effects on body weight, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors during the first 3 mo after clinically significant rapid weight loss.

Nutritional Adequacy of Essential Nutrients in Low Protein Animal-Based and Plant-Based Diets in the United States for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

The nutritional adequacy of both animal-based and plant-based low protein diets (LPDs) and moderate protein diets that are recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease have not been well examined. We therefore analyzed the nutrient content of three representative LPDs and moderate protein diets (lacto-ovo vegetarian, omnivorous, and vegan) containing foods that are likely to be prescribed for nondialyzed chronic kidney disease or chronic dialysis patients in the United States to determine the nutritional adequacy at different levels of protein intake. Theoretical 3-day menus were developed as per current renal dietary guidelines to model each diet at 7 different levels of protein intake (0.5-1.2g/kilograms body weight/day [g/kg/d]). The diets were analyzed for their content of essential amino acids (EAAs) and other essential nutrients. At an a priori recognized inadequate dietary protein level of 0.5g/kg/d, all 3 diets failed to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the following EAAs: histidine, leucine, lysine, and threonine. The omnivorous LPD met both the RDA and Estimated Average Requirement at levels of 0.6g protein/kg/d or more. The lacto-ovo and vegan diets at 0.6 and 0.8g protein/kg/d, respectively, were below the RDA for lysine. The amounts of several other vitamins and minerals were not uncommonly reduced below the RDA or Adequate Intake with all 3 LPDs. In comparison to omnivorous LPDs, both vegan and lacto-ovo LPDs are more likely to be deficient in several EAAs and other essential nutrients. To provide sufficient amounts of all EAA, vegan and lacto-ovo LPDs must be carefully planned to include adequate amounts of appropriate dietary sources. Supplements of some other essential nutrients may be necessary with all three LPDs.

Teknologi Penyiapan Pakan Protein Moderate dan Strategi Penyiapannya untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Maggot

The aim of this research was to prepare moderate protein diet and evaluate its quality to increase maggot productivity. This research was conducted from the egg stage to the pre-pupae stage. One gram of larval eggs was used for each replication. The substrates used were fruit waste, household waste, and concentrate diet. This study used a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 6 replications. Treatments were P0 (control feed of fruit waste and household waste) and P1 (moderate protein treatment feed). Control feed and moderate protein treatment were given as much as 13 kg during maintenance. The variables measured were dry matter consumption (grams), maggot weight (grams), pre-pupae percentage, substrate reduction (%), FCR, bioconversion (%), and WRI (Waste Reduction Index). Data were analyzed using paired sample T test. The results showed that BSF larvae receiving moderate protein treatment were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) compared to control feed for substrate consumption parameters, substrate reduction, and WRI. The conclusion from this research is the quality of feed with moderate protein content of 18,30 % which was prepared using a crude protein and energy balance approach was better than feed based on papaya fruit waste and household waste seen from the aspect of increasing substrat reduction, improving performance, prepupa metamorphosis, and increasing bioconversion of BSF larvae.&#x0D; Key words: bioconversion, larvae BSF, maggot, performance, waste

Impact of moderate dietary protein restriction on glucose homeostasis in a model of estrogen deficiency

The need to consume adequate dietary protein to preserve physical function during ageing is well recognized. However, the effect of protein intakes on glucose metabolism is still intensively debated. During age-related estrogen withdrawal at the time of the menopause, it is known that glucose homeostasis may be impaired but the influence of dietary protein levels in this context is unknown. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the individual and interactive effects of estrogen deficiency and suboptimal protein intake on glucose homeostasis in a preclinical model involving ovariectomy (OVX) and a 13 week period of a moderately reduced protein intake in 7 month-old ageing rats. To investigate mechanisms of action acting via the pancreas-liver-muscle axis, fasting circulating levels of insulin, glucagon, IGF-1, FGF21 and glycemia were measured. The hepatic lipid infiltration and the protein expression of GLUT4 in the gastrocnemius were analyzed. The gene expression of some hepatokines, myokines and lipid storage/oxidation related transcription factors were quantified in the liver and the gastrocnemius. We show that, regardless of the estrogen status, moderate dietary protein restriction increases fasting glycemia without modifying insulinemia, body weight gain and composition. This fasting hyperglycemia is associated with estrogen status-specific metabolic alterations in the muscle and liver. In estrogen-replete (SHAM) rats, GLUT4 was down-regulated in skeletal muscle while in estrogen-deficient (OVX) rats, hepatic stress-associated hyperglucagonemia and high serum FGF21 were observed. These findings highlight the importance of meeting dietary protein needs to avoid disturbances in glucose homeostasis in ageing female rats with or without estrogen withdrawal.

The ketogenic diet as a therapeutic intervention strategy in mitochondrial disease.

Classical mitochondrial disease (MD) represents a group of complex metabolic syndromes primarily linked to dysfunction of the mitochondrial ATP-generating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. To date, effective therapies for these diseases are lacking. Here we discuss the ketogenic diet (KD), being a high-fat, moderate protein, and low carbohydrate diet, as a potential intervention strategy. We concisely review the impact of the KD on bioenergetics, ROS/redox metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Next, the consequences of the KD in (models of) MD, as well as KD adverse effects, are described. It is concluded that the current experimental evidence suggests that the KD can positively impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial ROS/redox metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics. However, more information is required on the bioenergetic consequences and mechanistic mode-of-action aspects of the KD at the cellular level and in MD patients.

Early resistance training-mediated stimulation of daily muscle protein synthetic responses to higher habitual protein intake in middle-aged adults.

The ingestion of protein potentiates the stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Protein supplementation (eating above the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance) during resistance training has been shown to maximize lean mass and strength gains in healthy young and older adults. Here, contractile, oxidative, and structural protein synthesis were assessed in skeletal muscle in response to a moderate or higher protein diet during the early adaptive phase of resistance training in middle-aged adults. The stimulation of myofibrillar, mitochondrial or collagen protein synthesis rates during 0-3weeks of resistance training is not further enhanced by a higher protein diet. These results show that moderate protein diets are sufficient to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response during the early phase of a resistance training programme. Protein ingestion augments muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates acutely after resistance exercise and can offset age-related loss in muscle mass. Skeletal muscle contains a variety of protein pools, such as myofibrillar (contractile), mitochondrial (substrate oxidation), and collagen (structural support) proteins, and the sensitivity to nutrition and exercise seems to be dependent on the major protein fraction studied. However, it is unknown how free-living conditions with high dietary protein density and habitual resistance exercise mediates muscle protein subfraction synthesis. Therefore, we investigated the effect of moderate (MOD: 1.06±0.22gkg-1 day-1 ) or high (HIGH: 1.55±0.25gkg-1 day-1 ) protein intake on daily MPS rates within the myofibrillar (MyoPS), mitochondrial (MitoPS) and collagen (CPS) protein fractions in middle-aged men and women (n=20, 47±1years, BMI 28±1kgm-2 ) during the early phase (0-3weeks) of a dietary counselling-controlled resistance training programme. Participants were loaded with deuterated water, followed by daily maintenance doses throughout the intervention. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after weeks 1, 2 and 3. MyoPS in the HIGH condition remained constant (P=1.000), but MOD decreased over time (P=0.023). MitoPS decreased after 0-3weeks when compared to 0-1week (P=0.010) with no effects of protein intake (P=0.827). A similar decline with no difference between groups (P=0.323) was also observed for CPS (P=0.007). Our results demonstrated that additional protein intake above moderate amounts does not potentiate the stimulation of longer-term MPS responses during the early stage of resistance training adaptations in middle-aged adults.

Conditions stimulating neutral detergent fiber degradation by dosing branched-chain volatile fatty acids. II: Relation with solid passage rate and pH on neutral detergent fiber degradation and microbial function in continuous culture

To support improving genetic potential for increased milk production, intake of digestible carbohydrate must also increase to provide digestible energy and microbial protein synthesis. We hypothesized that the provision of exogenous branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) would improve both neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. However, BCVFA should be more beneficial with increasing efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis associated with increasing passage rate (kp). We also hypothesized that decreasing pH would increase the need for isobutyrate over 2-methylbutyrate. To study these effects independent from other sources of variation in vivo, we evaluated continuous cultures without (control) versus with BCVFA (0 vs. 2 mmol/d each of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and 2-methylbutyrate), low versus high kp of the particulate phase (2.5 vs. 5.0%/h), and high versus low pH (ranging from 6.3 to 6.8 diurnally vs. 5.7 to 6.2) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were 50% forage pellets and 50% grain pellets administered twice daily. Without an interaction, NDF degradability tended to increase from 29.7 to 35.0% for main effects of control compared with BCVFA treatments. Provision of BCVFA increased methanogenesis, presumably resulting from improved NDF degradability. Decreasing pH decreased methane production. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate production were decreased with increasing kp, even though true organic matter degradability and bacterial nitrogen flow were not affected by treatments. Decreasing pH decreased acetate but increased propionate and valerate production, probably resulting from a shift in bacterial taxa and associated VFA stoichiometry. Decreasing pH decreased isobutyrate and isovalerate production while increasing 2-methylbutyrate production on a net basis (subtracting doses). Supplementing BCVFA improved NDF degradability in continuous cultures administered moderate (15.4%) crude protein diets (excluding urea in buffer) without major interactions with culture pH and kp.

Higher Protein Intake Does Not Potentiate Skeletal Muscle Vitamin D Receptor

Abstract Objectives The loss of muscle mass with age increases not only risk of functional impairment, but also development and exacerbation of cardiometabolic disease. While dietary protein intake and habitual resistance exercise are traditional strategies to offset age-related decrements in lean mass, it is important to define the role of other regulatory nutrients in this process. Dietary vitamin D (VD) has received particular interest as muscle vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with hypertrophy. Importantly, beyond being a significant source of high-quality protein, animal-based protein foods are also rich in VD. While previous efforts have investigated the provision of protein and/or VD supplements during a resistance training program, the influence of dietary protein composition and diet-derived VD on resistance exercise adaptations remains unknown. Methods Forty-one middle-aged adults (mean ± SD: age 50 ± 8 y, BMI 27 ± 4 kg/m2, M = 19, F = 22) were stratified and randomized to consume either high (1.68 ± 0.26 g/kg/d) or moderate (1.16 ± 0.19 g/kg/d) amounts of animal-based protein during a 10-week dietary counseling-controlled resistance training program. Dietary intake was monitored by biweekly 3d diet records (ASA24). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle biopsies were performed pre- and post-intervention. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed for muscle gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intervention outcomes and their relationships were analyzed using linear mixed effects models and repeated measures correlation, respectively, by R. Results VDR gene expression increased regardless of condition (P = 0.007; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.84). Upregulation of VDR expression was correlated with gains in appendicular lean mass (r = 0.44; P = 0.011; CI: 0.10, 0.68). While protein intake did not affect VDR expression, animal-based protein diet density (servings/1000 kcal) was modestly correlated with VDR expression (r = 0.42; P = 0.014; CI: 0.08, 0.67). There was no relationship between dietary VD and VDR expression. Conclusions Our results suggests that moderate dietary protein intake is sufficient to support resistance exercise-induced VDR upregulation and lean mass gain in middle-aged adults. Funding Sources Funded in part by the Beef Checkoff. CFM funded by JBT Fellowship, UIUC.

The use of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

IntroductionThe ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and moderate-protein diet that has shown benefit as a treatment in neurologic disorders and may serve as a therapeutic option in individuals with psychiatric disorders.MethodsA search was conducted using EBSCOhost and PubMed databases for studies relating to ketogenic or low-carbohydrate diets and psychiatric disorders.ResultsA total of 32 experimental or observational studies were identified by initial search strategies, 14 of which met the criteria to be included in this analysis. Although specific diet formulations varied somewhat between studies, they all generally examined low-carbohydrate dietary intake with the goal of producing a ketotic state. The studies included in this review indicated the KD was beneficial in reducing symptoms associated with various psychiatric disorders.DiscussionThis review summarizes the available evidence regarding the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in psychiatric disease states. Data from the studies analyzed demonstrated a positive response in individuals who were able to remain on the diet, regardless of the disease state. However, there is a need for more data to clearly define the specific benefits the KD may provide.

The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health in Adolescents.

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis, but because of its restrictive nature, it may be difficult to adhere to, especially in adolescents. Supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts may induce a state of temporary ketosis without any undesirable side effects, thereby promoting the benefits of ketosis and minimizing adherence requirements to a ketogenic diet. To date, beta-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in healthy adolescents has not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the safety of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salt supplementation in a healthy adolescent population. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adolescents consumed 3.75 g of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, bone densitometry, happiness and emotional intelligence surveys, and blood pressure were assessed at Pre, Day 45, and Day 90. There were no significant differences detected in subjects supplementing with beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts had no detrimental impact on fasting blood safety metrics, bone density, happiness, emotional intelligence, or blood pressure. We conclude that supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts is safe and well-tolerated by healthy adolescents.

An investigation on the effects of dietary protein level in juvenile Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ) reared at three salinities: survival, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and body composition

A 50-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein level (26%, 34%, 43% and 52%) on the survival, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and body composition in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) reared at three salinities (0.5‰, 2‰ and 6‰). Survival rate (SR) showed a clearly decreasing tendency as the salinity elevated. The highest weight gain rate (WGR) was achieved in the treatment of 43% protein at the salinity of 0.5‰ and 2‰, and 26% protein at the salinity of 6‰ (p > 0.05). However, there was no significant interactive effect between dietary protein level and salinity on the SR and WGR of E. sinensis (p > 0.05). As salinity increased, the amylase activity and lipid deposition increased but the Na+/K+-ATPase activity decreased. The MDA content of E. sinensis was increased at the salinity of 2‰ than the other two salinities by low or moderate dietary protein (26–43% dry diet), but was significantly decreased by high protein (52% dry diet). Correspondingly, the activities of GSH-Px were increased at the relatively higher protein (43–52% dry diet). The significant interactive effect was only obtained between dietary protein level and salinity on the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and MDA content of E. sinensis. Dietary protein level had a more obvious positive effects on the EAA deposition at the salinity of 2‰ and 6‰, with the highest contents of essential amino acids (EAAs) achieved by 43% dietary protein. In conclusion, the relatively higher protein could benefit the E. sinensis by inhibiting the lipid peroxidation and increasing the deposition of EAAs at the salinity of 2‰. The elevated activities of amylase could account for the low protein (26%) requirement for E. sinensis reared at the salinity of 6‰.

Ketogenic diet effects on inflammatory allodynia and ongoing pain in rodents

Ketogenic diets are very low carbohydrate, high fat, moderate protein diets used to treat medication-resistant epilepsy. Growing evidence suggests that one of the ketogenic diet’s main mechanisms of action is reducing inflammation. Here, we examined the diet’s effects on experimental inflammatory pain in rodent models. Young adult rats and mice were placed on the ketogenic diet or maintained on control diet. After 3–4 weeks on their respective diets, complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was injected in one hindpaw to induce inflammation; the contralateral paw was used as the control. Tactile sensitivity (von Frey) and indicators of spontaneous pain were quantified before and after CFA injection. Ketogenic diet treatment significantly reduced tactile allodynia in both rats and mice, though with a species-specific time course. There was a strong trend to reduced spontaneous pain in rats but not mice. These data suggest that ketogenic diets or other ketogenic treatments might be useful treatments for conditions involving inflammatory pain.

The PREVIEW intervention study: Results from a 3‐year randomized 2 x 2 factorial multinational trial investigating the role of protein, glycaemic index and physical activity for prevention of type 2 diabetes

AimTo compare the impact of two long‐term weight‐maintenance diets, a high protein (HP) and low glycaemic index (GI) diet versus a moderate protein (MP) and moderate GI diet, combined with either high intensity (HI) or moderate intensity physical activity (PA), on the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) after rapid weight loss.Materials and MethodsA 3‐year multicentre randomized trial in eight countries using a 2 x 2 diet‐by‐PA factorial design was conducted. Eight‐week weight reduction was followed by a 3‐year randomized weight‐maintenance phase. In total, 2326 adults (age 25‐70 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) with prediabetes were enrolled. The primary endpoint was 3‐year incidence of T2D analysed by diet treatment. Secondary outcomes included glucose, insulin, HbA1c and body weight.ResultsThe total number of T2D cases was 62 and the cumulative incidence rate was 3.1%, with no significant differences between the two diets, PA or their combination. T2D incidence was similar across intervention centres, irrespective of attrition. Significantly fewer participants achieved normoglycaemia in the HP compared with the MP group (P < .0001). At 3 years, normoglycaemia was lowest in HP‐HI (11.9%) compared with the other three groups (20.0%‐21.0%, P < .05). There were no group differences in body weight change (−11% after 8‐week weight reduction; −5% after 3‐year weight maintenance) or in other secondary outcomes.ConclusionsThree‐year incidence of T2D was much lower than predicted and did not differ between diets, PA or their combination. Maintaining the target intakes of protein and GI over 3 years was difficult, but the overall protocol combining weight loss, healthy eating and PA was successful in markedly reducing the risk of T2D. This is an important clinically relevant outcome.