Moderate Level Of Difficulty Research Articles

Difficulties Encountered by Mapeh Teachers in the Blended Learning Modality

Examining the challenges MAPEH teachers face in the blended learning environment aims to shed light on the difficulties they encounter. In this context, this study aimed to determine the difficulties experienced by MAPEH teachers in the blended learning modality (BLM) in three schools of District VI Division of Bacolod City during the school year 2021-2022. Data for this descriptive study was collected from 101 teachers using a researcher-made instrument that has gone through rigorous tests of validity and reliability. The ensuing analysis showed MAPEH teachers encountered high-level challenges in delivering instruction and utilizing technology in blended learning, with a moderate level of difficulty in assessing learning. Younger teachers with shorter teaching experience, particularly those assigned to primary grade levels, faced moderate challenges in technology literacy and application and assessment, whereas older teachers experienced higher difficulty levels. Significant differences were found in the challenges MAPEH teachers face across age groups in technology literacy, application, and assessment in blended learning. The findings of this paper call for support through seminars and training for the teachers, especially in delivering instruction and effectively utilizing technology in blended learning. Keywords: MAPEH teachers, empirical-based approach, difficulties in blended learning modalities, Bacolod City, Philippines

Item Analysis of Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ)-Based Exam Efficiency Among Postgraduate Pediatric Medical Students: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study From Saudi Arabia.

Several modalities of written examination have been employed in medical education, with multiple-choice questions (MCQs) being the most frequently used and preferred format. This underlines the need to regularly assess and monitor the quality of MCQs in medical exams. Such assessment of MCQs helps to ensure that these exams are well‑designed and adequately poweredto evaluate students' performance. Hence, the current study assessed the efficiency of an MCQ-based examination, in a cohort of pediatric post-graduate students in Saudi Arabia. This observational, cross-sectional study examined the efficiency of MCQs in terms of their validity, reliability, difficulty index (DFI), discrimination index (DI), and distractor efficiency (DE). The exam consisted of a total of 48 MCQs, 144 distractors, a total score of 48, and no negative marking. The reliability index of 0.76 showed the consistency and reproducibility of the exam results. The exam had a DFI of 69.77%, indicating an overall moderate level of difficulty. The exam had a balanced mix of 23 easy (47.9%), 20 (41.7%) moderately difficult, and five (10.4%) tough questions. Twenty (41.6%) items had a DI of ≥0.3, indicating good discrimination of high and low performers, while the remaining 28 MCQs (58.3%) had a lower DI of ≤0.19, implying poor discriminative ability. The DE was 81.25%, indicating that the majority of distractors in the exam were functional. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study among post-graduate pediatric students from Saudi Arabia, to present the results of item analysis of an MCQ-based exam. The study highlights the importance of optimizing the quality of MCQs by following established guidelines, to make MCQ-based clinical assessments more effective. It reiterates the importance of a reasonable DFI well aligned with students' knowledge levels, maximum distractor functionality, and an impactful DI, in developing high-quality MCQs.

Dronelab: a wing of a visionary entrepreneur

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will be able to discuss topics such as new venture creation and opportunity sensing, knowledge sharing and employee bonding and the use of social networks in business growth. Case overview/synopsis This case study focuses on the entrepreneurial journey of Mr Nikhil Methiya, the owner of Dronelab Technology Private Limited, which provides surveying, inspection, agriculture, surveillance and research and development services using drone technologies. This case highlights how Methiya used his minimal resources to grew his business, diversified his activities and developed a sound company profile and work culture to provide the best services to clients. This case also discusses the role of social networks in business growth and expansion, the use of effectuation theory in forming new businesses and the importance of conducting a SWOT analysis to understand a firm’s internal and external environments. Furthermore, this case touches upon the challenges and opportunities of the drone industry in India. It leaves readers in a dilemma should Methiya plan to expand his business to Europe and Africa in the upcoming years. This case study is suitable for postgraduate management students specializing in entrepreneurship and can serve as a valuable resource for the Venture Creation Program’s start-up strategy and execution. The case study’s pedagogy involves discussion-based learning. Complexity academic level This case study can be used in management for an entrepreneurship specialty course. It is ideal for postgraduate students and has a moderate level of difficulty. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

PORTRAIT OF STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS USING FOUR-TIER MULTIPLE CHOICE DIAGNOSTIC TEST ON ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS MATERIAL IN CLASS XI SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Misconception is a mismatch between the understanding of the concept known by students and the actual concept. Physics is a science that has several concepts. The profile of misconceptions on physics concepts must be identified so that students have an appropriate understanding of the concepts. The purpose of this research is to analyze students’ concept understanding and misconceptions of Rotational Dynamics material using a four-tier multiple choice diagnostic test. The type of research used is descriptive with qualitative and quantitative approaches. This research was conducted in one of the high schools in Medan in Grade XI IPA. The population in this research was grade XI students majoring in IPA. The research sample was obtained by using purposive sampling technique as many as 64 students of grade XI IPA 2 and XI IPA 3. Sampling based on certain criteria from population participants. The criteria are classes whose students have finished learning Rotational Dynamics material and have not been tested on Rotational Dynamics material. Data collection techniques in the form of diagnostic tests response questionnaires and interviews. The test used is a four-tier multiple choice diagnostic test that has been validated by experts. The diagnostic test consists of 18 valid items with a reliability of 0.912 including a very high category, good differentiating power, and moderate difficulty level. The results showed that students' concept understanding of Rotational Dynamics material was categorized as moderate with 44.88% of students understood the concept, 50.17% of students had misconceptions, and 4.95% of students did not understand the concept, and students' responses to the use of four-tier multiple choice diagnostic tests obtained 80% with good criteria.

DEVELOPMENT OF QUIZIZZ-BASED PROBLEMS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION SYSTEM MATERIALS FOR CLASS VII JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

In the 21st century teachers face big challenges on how to implement technological developments into the learning process, so that students become more competent and able to compete according to the times. Assessment in the teaching and learning process is a process for making decisions based on information obtained from measuring learning outcomes. One of the online-based assessments is Quizizz. The purpose of this research is to describe the process of developing material problems on life organizational systems using the quizizz application and to describe the product developed after the process of theoretical and empirical validity. This research uses the ADDIE development model which stands for Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. After that, the questions based on quizzes that had been developed were tested for theoretical and empirical validity. Based on the theoretical analysis conducted by expert validators, an average score of 94.64% was obtained with very good criteria. The results of the empirical validity analysis showed that out of 20 items there were 7 valid questions and 13 invalid questions, the reliability value was 0.583 with moderate criteria, discriminating power with an average of 0.343, moderate difficulty level, and good deception function.

DEVELOPING AN INSTRUMENT FOR RELATIONAL UNDERSTANDING ABILITY TEST AND INTERVIEW GUIDELINES

The development of this research instrument aims to produce an instrument for assessing the ability of relational understanding in the matter of two-variable linear equations (PLDV). The form of the research being carried out is research and development (Research and Development) in order to produce products measuring students' relational understanding abilities. The research location is at SMPN 37 Pekanbaru in the even semester of the 2022/2023 academic year. The object of research is an instrument for assessing the ability of relational understanding in class VIII2. The instrument for collecting data uses an instrument validation sheet. Data analysis shows that the 10 item items developed have a very valid category with an average of 0.83 and a reliability level of 0.92 which is in the very good category. In terms of difficulty level, half of the test instrument questions are in the category of moderate difficulty level and in the differentiating power of the questions, there are 4 questions that are in the bad category. So, basically questions that are appropriate for use in research are numbers 1,3,5,8 and 9. For the validity of the interview instrument, they are in a fairly valid category with a score of 0.8667.
 Keywords: relational understanding, validity, judgment

Analisis Butir Soal Tes Matematika Materi Trigonometri

In learning outcomes assessment activities, teachers play an active role in preparing measuring instruments. Competency measurement tools must have appropriate quality criteria used in measuring student competence. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the mathematical competency test instrument in terms of item validity, item difficulty level, item discriminating power and distractor function. The instrument developed is a competency test instrument for trigonometry material. The form of this instrument is multiple choice. The sample of this research is SMA Negeri 5 Yogyakarta. Analysis of the Trigonometry competency test items was carried out using qualitative analysis with the result that 85% in terms of material had good criteria, 82.5% in terms of construction had good criteria and 92.5% in terms of language had good criteria. Quantitative analysis of the Trigonometry competency test shows that 27 items (67.5%) have good validity, the test has a reliability value of 0.709 with good criteria. There were 26 questions (65%) with moderate difficulty level, 28 questions (70%) had good category discrimination, and 37 questions (92.5%) had good criteria for the distraction function. Keywords: validity, reliability, difficulty level, differentiating power

DEVELOPING READING ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT FOR INTERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS: AZWAR MODEL

The study was inspired by the fact that teachers of an intermediate English reading course employed a pre-made reading instrument particularly tests obtained from the internet, the TOEFL, or a textbook without consulting the learning objectives. Therefore, they cannot meet the demand of the teaching and learning objectives and the classroom-based assessment that should be tailored to the unique circumstances of the course. The objective of this study is to create intermediate reading comprehension test items for EFL students that adhere to the "good test" criterion generated utilizing the Azwar Model (1996). Second-semester students of English Language department in one of institutions in Kediri, Indonesia were meant to take a reading test using this instrument. The results of the try-out from 75 EFL students from the same level demonstrates that the test met the requirements of being valid, reliable, and practical, had moderate difficulty level, good discrimination levels as the most, and 73 functional distractors of the total. Meanwhile, five-invalid test items are not going to be included to be utilized in assessing EFL students’ reading comprehension. Intermediate reading course lecturers could then utilize the 35 items which are considered as valid, reliable, and moderately difficult to measure their students’ reading achievement.

Investigating the quality of life for children with autism spectrum disorder scale using Rasch methodology.

Our purpose in this study was to provide additional psychometric evidence of the Quality of Life for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (QOLASD-C) scale. We used Rasch modeling to investigate the QOLASD-C functioning, the characteristics of the items comprising the scale, and the item functioning across subgroups of children with ASD based on gender and race/ethnicity. Results showed that QOLASD-C was unidimensional, met the local independence assumption, and measured quality of life (QOL). The items showed excellent fit to the model and good discriminating ability between low and high QOL. Most items showed a moderate difficulty level. No differential item functioning was observed based on children's gender and race/ethnicity. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Análisis y aspectos técnicos de las preguntas asociadas a imágenes radiológicas en el examen para médico interno residente en España, convocatoria 2022

The examination for the Medical Intern Resident (MIR) is a multiple-choice test aimed at ranking candidates for specialized medical training positions in Spain. The objective of this study is to provide an objective analysis of this test in its 2022 edition as an evaluative tool for discrimination, with a particular focus on the field of radiology and nuclear medicine. The clinical cases associated with radiology images or nuclear medicine pose greater difficulty compared to the rest of the MIR exam questions. Out of the 14 questions related to radiological or nuclear medicine images, six of them exhibit high difficulty, and only 5 out of the 14 questions demonstrate good or excellent discriminatory capacity. While the MIR exam proves to be an excellent discriminatory tool in psychometric terms, the image-related questions show a significant potential for improvement. In order for the image-associated question to exhibit appropriate discrimination, it is essential to minimize irrelevant information, ensure that it complements the clinical information provided in the text without contradicting it, represent the characteristic imaging finding of the disease, utilize the appropriate imaging modality, maintain a moderate difficulty level for the questions, and ensure that the distractors are clearly false.

Effects of Diamond Steps Exercises on Balance Improvement in Healthy Young and Older Adults: A Protocol Proposal.

Diamond step (DS) exercises are associated with multiple components of postural control and, thus, have the potential to efficiently improve balance ability. This study aimed to verify whether DS exercises contribute to improving balance ability. This study included 35 healthy young people and 29 older adults. DS exercises were performed continuously for 3 min, four times a week, for 1 month. Balance ability was assessed at baseline and after 1 and 2 months; eight items in total were examined: 30 s chair stand test, functional reach test, standing on one leg with eyes closed, time required for five rounds of DS, left-right DS, Y balance test, open-close stepping test, and finger-to-floor distance. The difficulty, achievement, and lightness/enjoyment of DS exercises were measured after the first practice and 1 month after beginning the exercises as subjective evaluations. Older adults showed improvement in seven of the eight items, with the exception being the one-legged stance with closed eyes. The subjective evaluation showed a decrease in the level of difficulty of DS exercises for older adults. DS exercises may improve balance by effectively utilizing various postural control strategies. These exercises can be effective and easy to implement, given their moderate difficulty level and self-efficacy.

Analisis Butir Soal Tipe Multiple Choice Questions pada Penilaian Harian Sekolah Dasar

Daily assessment is an important educational instrument because it can assist teachers in measuring student learning progress. One of the most commonly used types of evaluation is Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). This study aims to reveal the quality of daily assessment items in the form of MCQs based on effectiveness, reliability coefficient, and item deception. This quantitative descriptive research uses statistical data analysis, which is then processed into a description. The assessment instrument grid used theme 4 elementary school material. The instrument was tested on 20 class V MIN 3 Padang students. The results of this study found that the items in the test instrument were good enough to use because they had an average score of 11,367, a moderate difficulty level with a score of 0.568, and element values were quite reliable. They had good discriminating power with a score of 0.070. Even so, there are still a number of items that are not of high quality in terms of difficulty level, discriminating power, and question distraction, so they need to be revised or replaced with other items.

What might be frequently overlooked is actually still beneficial: Learning from post national-standardized school examination

This study describes the characteristics of the test and its items used in the national-standardized school examination by applying classical test theory and focusing on the item difficulty, item discrimination, test reliability, and distractor analysis. We analyzed response data of 191 12<sup>th</sup> graders from one of public senior high schools in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, to the examination on the elective mathematics subject. The results showed that both multiple-choice and essay items contained in the test were at a moderate level of difficulty. The lowest item difficulty index went to the multiple-choice item where students failed in interpreting straight and dashed lines and went to the essay item that required complex intra-mathematical connections. In addition, we only found one item which was poor in distinguishing student competence. Furthermore, students’ test scores on multiple-choice and essay items were reliable. Although most multiple-choice items had at least two functioning distractors, it was still found two items whose all distractors were not functioning. In this article, we provide some suggestions concerning improvement towards mathematics learning practices.

Test Item Quality Analysis of Final Mathematic Assessment in Islamic Elementary School

This study aimed to determine the test item quality of the final mathematic assessment for the 5th-grade students of MI Muhammadiyah Kalibanger. This quantitative descriptive study applied documentation, interviews, and observation to collect the data. The data were analyzed for validity, reliability, difficulty level, differentiating power, and function. The analysis result showed that the items were categorized as good. 60% of the analyzed questions were deemed valid, and 100% of the analyzed items were reliable, with a reliability value higher than 0.40. The difficulty level was also found to be in the good category, as 56% of the total questions have a moderate difficulty level. Most questions were found to have poor differentiating power, while the questions’ function was found to be effective since 80% of the total multiple-choice questions can work properly.

Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian untuk Mengukur Critical Thinking Skill Materi Relasi dan Fungsi

The development of critical thinking skills assessment instruments for students of class VIII MTs on the subject of relations and functions as well as describing the quality of the instrument (validity, reliability, level of difficulty, discriminatory power) are the main objectives of this research. The development model refers to Tessmer's formative research with stages: (1) preliminary, (2) self-evaluation, (3) prototyping (expert reviews one-to-one, and small group), and (4) field test. The grid, performance test questions and critical thinking skills descriptions, as well as assessment rubrics are assessment instruments developed with characteristics that refer to the critical thinking skill indicators according to Facione (interpretation, analysis, evaluation and inference). The results showed: (a) the performance test and the description test had high validity; (b) the reliability category of the performance test and description test items is good; (c) Question number 1 on the performance test and description has an easy level of difficulty and item number 2 has a moderate level of difficulty; (d) The distinguishing power of item number 1 on the performance test and description is in the satisfactory category and item number 2 is in the very satisfactory category. The results of the study indicate that the category of research instruments developed for relation and function material has a quality that is feasible to use Keywords: Development, Assessment Instrument, Critical Thinking Skill

Analisis soal matematika tipe higher order thingking skill (hots) kelas vii mts pondok pesantren khairul fatihin nw ijobalit

This study aims to describe the quality of the analysis of Class VII mathematics problems of MTs Khairul Fatihin NW Ijobalit academic year 2020/2021 HOTS type viewed from the aspects of validity, reliability, difficulty level, differentiator and finisher. The type of research used is quantitative descriptip. Subjects in this study were students of Class VII MTs Pondok Pesantren Khairul Fatihin NW Ijobalit which amounted to 37 people. The object of the study was hots type math problems and the answers of grade VII students of the even Semester of the 2020/2021 school year, which consisted of 35 objective questions. Data collection techniques are carried out by interview and documentation methods. The results showed that: there are 4 questions category HOTS where all the questions cognitive level is C4 in terms of validity, item hots problem classified as a valid problem; in terms of reliability, hots problem classified as a matter of moderate reliability with an index of 0.469; in terms of differentiating power, the item about HOTS is in the category enough with a percentage of 75%; in terms of difficulty level, the item about hots classified as having a moderate difficulty level; in terms of the effectiveness of the Spieler, hots problem has a very good Spieler effectiveness because the Spieler is selected with a percentage of more than 5%.

Herrman S. Saroni: Paths to Success as a Composer in New York, 1844–52

Herrman S. Saroni: Paths to Success as a Composer in New York, 1844–52

DEVELOPING A TOOL TO ASSESS HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILL ABOUT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HIGH SCHOOL

Implementation of the 2013 curriculum is able to create students who have high-level thinking skills. One way to overcome is to develop an instrument for higher-order thinking skills. This study aims to produce an instrument for assessing higher order thinking skills about the immune system for class XI SMA/ MA that is logically valid, empirical, practical, reliable, moderate difficulty level, discriminatory power and good option quality. This study uses a 4-D models development model. The subjects of this study were two biology lecturers at UNP and one teacher at SMAN 2 Solok City, as well as 32 class XI students. Data collection instruments is questionnaire. This data was analyzed using the ANATES 4.09 application. Based on the results of data analysis, the average value of logical validity was 86.2% with a valid category, an average practicality value of 91.66% with a very practical category, moderate difficulty level, good discriminating power, 52% option quality and reliability with percentage 0.83. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the instrument for assessing high-level thinking skills about immune system material is logically and empirically valid, practical, reliable, moderate difficulty, discriminatory power and good quality of options.

AFE-RCNN: Adaptive Feature Enhancement RCNN for 3D Object Detection

The point clouds scanned by lidar are generally sparse, which can result in fewer sampling points of objects. To perform precise and effective 3D object detection, it is necessary to improve the feature representation ability to extract more feature information of the object points. Therefore, we propose an adaptive feature enhanced 3D object detection network based on point clouds (AFE-RCNN). AFE-RCNN is a point-voxel integrated network. We first voxelize the raw point clouds and obtain the voxel features through the 3D voxel convolutional neural network. Then, the 3D feature vectors are projected to the 2D bird’s eye view (BEV), and the relationship between the features in both spatial dimension and channel dimension is learned by the proposed residual of dual attention proposal generation module. The high-quality 3D box proposals are generated based on the BEV features and anchor-based approach. Next, we sample key points from raw point clouds to summarize the information of the voxel features, and obtain the key point features by the multi-scale feature extraction module based on adaptive feature adjustment. The neighboring contextual information is integrated into each key point through this module, and the robustness of feature processing is also guaranteed. Lastly, we aggregate the features of the BEV, voxels, and point clouds as the key point features that are used for proposal refinement. In addition, to ensure the correlation among the vertices of the bounding box, we propose a refinement loss function module with vertex associativity. Our AFE-RCNN exhibits comparable performance on the KITTI dataset and Waymo open dataset to state-of-the-art methods. On the KITTI 3D detection benchmark, for the moderate difficulty level of the car and the cyclist classes, the 3D detection mean average precisions of AFE-RCNN can reach 81.53% and 67.50%, respectively.

Validity and Reliability Analysis in Supporting Mastery Learning STEM Model

Research with invalid and unreliable instruments will greatly affect the results of the study. The lack of complete exposure of the results of data analysis and the validity and reliability analysis of the daily tests have not been found, the researchers conducted a study that aims to describe the results of the validity and reliability of colloidal material daily test items in supporting the completeness of learning the STEM model. This type of quantitative descriptive research. The researcher wants to describe the validity of the chemistry questions on the colloidal material daily test instrument in terms of validity, reliability, level of difficulty, and discriminating power. The content validity test results were obtained that the instrument was valid. The instrument questions were 18 multiple-choice items and 6 description items, all valid and reliable results were obtained. Multiple-choice questions only have questions 6 and 14 which have good distinguishing power, while questions 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 18 have good distinguishing power. Explanation questions from numbers 1 to 6 have good discriminating power. Based on the criteria for the level of difficulty, the results of multiple-choice questions 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 17 were questions with a moderate level of difficulty, while questions numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 18. Instruments that can be used at least have valid and reliable criteria.