Moderate Length Research Articles

Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Probes for Mitochondria-Targeted Imaging.

Room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) probes have significant advantages in the field of cellular imaging, as their long lifetimes can prevent interference from the spontaneous fluorescence of organisms. Persulfurated arenes are a typical RTP molecular parent nucleus. However, most of the applied research on them is concentrated in anti-counterfeiting, and relatively few are applied in bioimaging. The molecular structure and structure-property relationship of them applied in bioimaging are still in the exploration stage. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of RTP probes with long alkyl chains, all of which can be targeted to mitochondria with good water solubility for mitochondria-targeted imaging. Further, we investigated the effect of alkyl chains on the luminescence properties of these probes, and found that the moderate length of alkyl chains can realize the enhancement of phosphorescence intensity. We believe this finding is of guiding significance for the design of molecular structures in the field of RTP probes.

LP-mode diversity method for the beating model of FM-EDFAs with comparison between different beat lengths

The mode beating effects can be considered for improving the modeling accuracy of few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (FM-EDFAs). A linearly polarized (LP) mode diversity method for the beating model of FM-EDFAs is proposed in the paper, in which each vector mode is always decomposed into the x- and y-polarized LP components in erbium-doped fibers and then the mode interference effects between the co-polarized LP modes associated with different vector modes act on the erbium-ion population profile. The power evolution of LP11e mode as an example is firstly analyzed for three cases of long, moderate and short beat lengths, in comparison with the intensity model. It is shown that the FM-EDFA with a moderate beat length has a potential advantage in gain control and the intensity model is equivalent to the case with the long beat length. The simultaneous amplification of LP01 and LP11e modes are then investigated for the moderate beat lengths and the modal gain can approximately be expressed by that of the intensity model and a cosine function of the beat length. The similar analysis process is also applied to other beating scenarios, such as the simultaneous amplification of LP01, LP11e and LP11o modes.

RNA fold prediction by Monte Carlo in graph space and the statistical mechanics of tertiary interactions.

Using a graph representation of RNA structures, we have studied the ensembles of secondary and tertiary graphs two sets of RNA with Monte Carlo simulations. The first consisted of 91 target ribozyme and riboswitch sequences of moderate lengths (< 150 nt) having a variety of secondary, H-type pseudoknots and kissing loop interactions. The second set consisted of 71 more diverse sequences across many RNA families. Using a simple empirical energy model for tertiary interactions and only sequence information for each target as input, the simulations examined how tertiary interactions impact the statistical mechanics of the fold ensembles. The results show that the graphs proliferate enormously when tertiary interactions are possible, producing an entropic driving force for the ensemble to access folds having tertiary structures even though they are overall energetically unfavorable in the energy model. For each of the targets in the two test sets, we assessed the quality of the model and the simulations by examining how well the simulated structures were able to predict the native fold and compared the results to fold predictions from ViennaRNA. Our model generated good or excellent predictions in a large majority of the targets. Overall, this method was able to produce predictions of comparable quality to Vienna, but it outperformed Vienna for structures with H-type pseudoknots. The results suggest that while tertiary interactions are predicated on real-space contacts, their impacts on the folded structure of RNA can be captured by graph space information for sequences of moderate lengths, using a simple tertiary energy model for the loops, the base pairs and base stacks.

High-performance dicationic ionic liquids based on imidazolium and quaternary ammonium for phenol extraction

Phenolic compounds serve as crucial chemical raw materials abundant in coal tar, so it is of great economic value to extract phenolic compounds from coal tar. Ionic liquids (ILs) are regarded as desirable extractants in this separation field due to considerable advantages over traditional methods. Compared to traditional mono-cationic ILs, dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) exhibit outstanding thermal stability and a wider operating temperature range. Our research focused on developing DILs based on typical imidazolium and quaternary ammonium structures for phenol separation, examining the impact of the methylene chain length between the cations on the extraction efficiency. Hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions between DILs and phenol were also investigated as driving forces in the extraction process. 1-methyl-3-(3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide ([MIMC3N111][Br]2) with a moderate chain length was selected as the optimal extractant due to its weaker coulomb force inside the DIL, facilitating stronger hydrogen bonding with phenol compared to the other two DILs. Under optimized conditions, [MIMC3N111][Br]2 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency of 96.03 % in model oil (toluene and phenol) with a phenol content of 200 g dm−3 and the DIL to phenol mole ratio was only around 0.3. [MIMC3N111][Br]2 also featured excellent recyclability, maintaining high extraction efficiency through multiple cycles. Importantly, its lower solubility in oil-phenol mixtures compared to mono-cationic ILs significantly reduced contamination of the oil phase. The DILs in this work can exhibit significant potential for separating phenolic compounds with certain advantages.

Intrinsic Synergy and Selectivity for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth Generated by a Polymer Ligand of Proximal Enzymes.

A fundamental understanding of the design of polymer ligands of proximal enzymes is essential for the precise targeting of cancer cells, but it is still in its infancy. In this study, we systematically investigated the contribution of the chain length, ligand density, and ligand ratio of proximal enzyme-targeted polymers to the efficacy, synergy, and selectivity for the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The results revealed that employing a moderate chain length as a scaffold allowed for an intrinsically high efficacy and synergy of proximal enzyme-targeted polymers, in contrast to single enzyme-targeted polymers that prefer longer chain length for efficacy. The synergy obtained in proximal enzyme targeting was not provided by the combination of the corresponding small molecules. Moreover, the maturation of the synergistic efficacy of the proximal enzyme-targeted polymers also improved selectivity. This study proposes a rational design for polymer inhibitors and/or ligands for cancer cells with a high efficacy and selectivity.

Spawning Redd Habitat Use and Selection by Invasive Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Along a Longitudinal Gradient in a Headwater Stream

ABSTRACTAs stream habitats change from upstream to downstream, choice of spawning redd sites by brown trout may shift as habitat availability changes. In a previous study, we examined the importance of overhead cover or shade in redd site selection. Here, we examined spawning site habitat use and selection by brown trout by assessing physical characteristics at redd sites in a 4.8‐km reach of Garvin Brook (southeastern Minnesota, USA) during each of five spawning seasons, 2016–2020. We measured redd dimensions, water depths, and current velocities, and compared these among four separate sections (900–1900 m in length) of the stream. We also assessed available habitats within each section to examine possible selection of habitats by spawning trout, plus quantified the size distribution of gravel substrate at redd sites within two stream sections. Habitat availability varied dramatically among stream sections. After analyzing 1844 redds from the five spawning seasons, brown trout displayed strong selection for water depths between 10 and 29 cm and current velocities between 10 and 49 cm/s. Preferred/selected water depths and current velocities increased by 7 cm and 10 cm/s, respectively, between upstream and downstream sections. All redds were located in gravel/cobble substrates, with variations in size distributions of gravels not correlated to redd dimensions or any measured habitat variable. Spawning site preferences of brown trout can change along a stream reach of moderate length, likely in relation to changing availability of various combinations of water depth, velocity, substrate, available cover, and trout abundance.

Semiparametric maximum likelihood reconstruction of stochastic differential equations driven by white and correlated noise.

A semiparametric methodology for reconstructing Markovian and non-Markovian Langevin equations from time series data using unscented Kalman filtering is introduced and explored. The drift function and the logarithm of the diffusion function are expanded into sets of polynomial basis functions. In contrast to the more common state augmentation approach, the Kalman filter is here used only for state estimation and propagation; the model parameters are determined by maximum likelihood based on the predictive distribution generated by the Kalman filter. Model selection regarding the number of included drift and diffusion basis functions is performed with the Bayesian information criterion. The method is successfully validated on various simulated datasets with known system dynamics; it achieves accurate identification of drift and diffusion functions, also outside the prescribed model class, from datasets of moderate length with medium computational cost.

Experimental and theoretical insight into the use of maleic anhydride copolymer and modified sulfamic acid for removing oilfield blockage

In the process of oil production, the problem of oilfield production decline due to blockage is becoming more and more serious. To improve the exploitation efficiency of traditional fuel, it is very important to remove the blockage and inhibit the formation of the blockage. In this study, the primary constituents of the blockages in this oilfield were identified as asphaltene (organic blockage) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3, inorganic blockage). To address these blockages, maleic anhydride copolymer (MAC-1, MAC-2, and MAC-3) with different chain lengths were polymerized by maleic anhydride and allyl polyoxyethylene ether, which were used to disperse organic blockages. Additionally, modified sulfamic acid (MSA-1, MSA-2, and MSA-3) with different chain lengths were synthesized by sulfamic acid, polyethylene glycol, and lauroyl chloride, which were used to dissolve inorganic blockages. The efficacy of these agents in terms of blockage removal, scale inhibition capability, corrosion rate, and compatibility with formation water were comprehensively evaluated. Results showed that MAC-2, which possesses a moderate chain length, and MSA-1, which has a shorter chain length, demonstrated an optimal synergistic effect on blockage dissolution at concentrations of 4 wt% for MAC-2 and 5 wt% for MSA-1. The dissolution rate of this combination was 81.18 %, with a scale inhibition rate of 95.7 %. The corrosion rate increased with temperature, and the agents maintained good compatibility with the formation water. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effectiveness of MAC, the interaction between MAC and asphaltene was simulated by molecular dynamics (MD). These simulations indicated that MAC-2 and asphaltene exhibit the highest interaction energy (-64.2618 kcal/mol). Furthermore, we investigated the dissolution kinetics of CaCO3 in MSA solutions and determined that the reaction between MSA and CaCO3 was first-order, with a reaction rate constant of 1.6 × 10−2 min−1. The insights gained from this study offer a valuable experimental and theoretical foundation for enhancing productivity in similar oilfields.

Lipid Specificity of the Fusion of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles with the Host Membrane.

Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) facilitate the long-distance delivery of virulence factors crucial for pathogenicity. The entry and trafficking mechanisms of virulence factors inside host cells are recently emerging; however, whether bacterial MVs can fuse and modulate the physicochemical properties of the host lipid membrane and membrane lipid parameter for fusion remains unknown. In this study, we reconstituted the interaction of bacterial MVs with host cell lipid membranes and quantitatively showed that bacterial MV interaction increases the fluidity, dipole potential, and compressibility of a biologically relevant multicomponent host membrane upon fusion. The presence of cylindrical lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, and a moderate acyl chain length of C16 help the MV interaction. While significant binding of bacterial MVs to the raft-like lipid membranes with phase-separated regions of the membrane was observed, however, MVs prefer binding to the liquid-disordered regions of the membrane. Furthermore, the elevated levels of cholesterol tend to hinder the interaction of bacterial MVs, as evident from the favorable excess Gibbs free energy of mixing bacterial MVs with host lipid membranes. The findings provide new insights that might have implications for the regulation of host machinery by bacterial pathogens through manipulation of the host membrane properties.

PCC Polar Codes for Future Wireless Communications: Potential Applications and Design Guidelines

The main limitation of polar codes is that the channel polarization is insufficient in the context of short and moderate codeword length, resulting in a degradation of error correction performance. Promising solutions can be found in the recently proposed parity-check-concatenated (PCC) polar codes, which exploit the scattered parity bits to improve the error correction capability substantially. Owing to this benefit, PCC polar codes constitute an appealing paradigm of channel coding and have been deemed a critical technology of the control channel coding for 5G mobile communication. As an emerging channel coding, its potentiality has yet to be thoroughly investigated. To unleash the eminent benefits of the PCC polar codes, in this article, we present a comprehensive overview, including its innovative construction of encoding, low-complexity decoding, advanced evolution variants, and potential application scenarios, as well as its future design guidelines.

Numerical study of flow past two square cylinders with horizontal detached control rod through passive control method

A two dimensional (2-D) numerical study is conducted through the lattice Boltzmann method for flow past two square cylinders with a detached control rod placed in the horizontal position of the channel. The range of Reynolds number (Re) is fixed at Re = 150, with the length (l) of the control rod varying from l = 0.1d–21d. First, we check the accuracy of grid points and the validity of the code for present problems by comparing the results with already available data in the literature. After that, we discussed the obtained results in terms of vorticity contour, drag and lift coefficients, and force statistics. In our study of flow structure mechanisms, we examined four types of flow regimes: a small length control rod, a small and moderate length control rod, a moderate length control rod, and a larger length control rod according to flow behavior. In force statistics, we calculated the values of CDmean, CDrms, CLrms, CDamp, CLamp, and St, respectively. The mean drag coefficient contains the smallest values at the largest length, i.e., l = 19 and 21d. The maximum value of CDmean is examined at the first cylinder (C1) as compared to the second cylinder (C2) at l = 2.25d, and it is 1.2789. The values of CDmean for C2 at the length of the control rod, l = 0.1d–1.25d, and at l = 21d are negative due to the effect of thrust. The value of the Strouhal number is the same for both cylinders C1 and C2, and its highest value is 0.1036. The pressure amplitude of the drag coefficient is maximum for C1, while the pressure amplitude of the lift coefficient is maximum for C2, and its value is 2.1569.

Interlayer Carrier Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Perovskites Determined by the Length of Conjugated Organic Cations.

Unlocking the restricted interlayer carrier transfer in a two-dimensional perovskite is a crucial means to achieve the harmonization of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells. In this work, the effects of conjugated organic molecules on the interlayer carrier dynamics of 2D perovskites were investigated through nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We found that elongated conjugated organic cations contributed significantly to the accelerated interlayer carrier dynamics, originating from lowered transport barrier and boosted π-p coupling between organic and inorganic layers. Utilizing conjugated molecules of moderate length as spacer cations can yield both superior efficiency and exceptional stability simultaneously. However, conjugated chains that are too long lead to structural instability and stronger carrier recombination. The potential of conjugated chain-like molecules as spacer cations in 2D perovskites has been demonstrated in our work, offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance perovskite solar cells.

Nuclear deformation and cell division of single cell on elongated micropatterned substrates fabricated by DMD lithography

Cells sense mechanical signals from the surrounding environment and transmit them to the nucleus through mechanotransduction to regulate cellular behavior. Microcontact printing, which utilizes elastomer stamps, is an effective method for simulating the cellular microenvironment and manipulating cell morphology. However, the conventional fabrication process of silicon masters and elastomer stamps requires complex procedures and specialized equipment, which restricts the widespread application of micropatterning in cell biology and hinders the investigation of the role of cell geometry in regulating cell behavior. In this study, we present an innovative method for convenient resin stamp microfabrication based on digital micromirror device planar lithography. Using this method, we generated a series of patterns ranging from millimeter to micrometer scales and validated their effectiveness in controlling adhesion at both collective and individual cell levels. Additionally, we investigated mechanotransduction and cell behavior on elongated micropatterned substrates. We then examined the effects of cell elongation on cytoskeleton organization, nuclear deformation, focal adhesion formation, traction force generation, nuclear mechanics, and the growth of HeLa cells. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between cell length and mechanotransduction. Interestingly, HeLa cells with moderate length exhibit the highest cell division and proliferation rates. These results highlight the regulatory role of cell elongation in mechanotransduction and its significant impact on cancer cell growth. Furthermore, our methodology for controlling cell adhesion holds the potential for addressing fundamental questions in both cell biology and biomedical engineering.

Tyche: An Efficient and General Prefetcher for Indirect Memory Accesses

Indirect memory accesses (IMAs, i.e., A [ f ( B [ i ])]) are typical memory access patterns in applications such as graph analysis, machine learning, and database. IMAs are composed of producer-consumer pairs, where the consumers’ memory addresses are derived from the producers’ memory data. Due to the built-in value-dependent feature, IMAs exhibit poor locality, making prefetching ineffective. Hindered by the challenges of recording the potentially complex graphs of instruction dependencies among IMA producers and consumers, current state-of-the-art hardware prefetchers either (a) exhibit inadequate IMA identification abilities or (b) rely on the run-ahead mechanism to prefetch IMAs intermittently and insufficiently. To solve this problem, we propose Tyche, 1 an efficient and general hardware prefetcher to enhance IMA performance. Tyche adopts a bilateral propagation mechanism to precisely excavate the instruction dependencies in simple chains with moderate length (rather than complex graphs). Based on the exact instruction dependencies, Tyche can accurately identify various IMA patterns, including nonlinear ones, and generate accurate prefetching requests continuously. Evaluated on broad benchmarks, Tyche achieves an average performance speedup of 16.2% over the state-of-the-art spatial prefetcher Berti. More importantly, Tyche outperforms the state-of-the-art IMA prefetchers IMP, Gretch, and Vector Runahead, by 15.9%, 12.8%, and 10.7%, respectively, with a lower storage overhead of only 0.57 KB.

Walking performance in individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis—possible outcome measures and assessment of known-group validity

BACKGROUND CONTEXTOne of the primary goals of treatments received by individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication is to improve walking ability. Thus, a thorough and valid assessment of walking ability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis is needed. Duration of continuous walking and steps per day could be relevant when evaluating walking ability in daily living. PURPOSETo describe and evaluate a method for estimating continuous walking periods in daily living and to evaluate the known-group validity of steps per day in individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis. STUDY DESIGNThis is a cross-sectional observational study. PATIENT SAMPLEThe study contains three study groups: individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis, individuals with low back pain, and a background population from the Lolland-Falster Health Study (LOFUS). OUTCOME MEASURESParticipants in all three study groups wore an accelerometer on the thigh for seven days. METHODSAccelerometer data were processed to summarize the continuous walking periods according to their length: the number of short (4–9 seconds), moderate (10–89 seconds), and extended (≥90 seconds) continuous walking periods per day, and the number of steps per day. Results from the three groups were compared using negative binomial regression with lumbar spinal stenosis as the reference level. RESULTSContinuous walking periods of moderate length were observed 1.48 (95% CI 1.27, 1.72) times more often in individuals from the background population than in individuals with LSS. Continuous walking periods of extended length were observed 1.53 (95% CI 1.13, 2.06) times more often by individuals with low back pain and 1.60 (95% CI 1.29, 1.99) times more often by individuals from the background population. The number of steps per day was 1.22 (95% CI 1.03, 1.46) times larger in individuals with LBP and 1.35 (95% CI 1.20, 1.53) times larger in individuals from background population. CONCLUSIONSThe impact of neurogenic claudication on walking ability in daily living seems possible to describe by continuous walking periods along with steps per day. The results support known-group validity of steps per day. This is the next step toward a clinically relevant and comprehensive assessment of walking in daily living in individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis.

Andreev reflection in hybrid [formula omitted] lattices junction

We explore local Andreev reflection and crossed Andreev reflection in a normal metal (N)–superconductor (S)–normal metal (N) hybrid junction based on the α−T3 lattice. Initially, both the left and right sections feature dice lattice structures (α=1). We compute probabilities for electron reflection, local Andreev reflection, electron transmission, and crossed Andreev reflection, as well as local conductance, electron transmission conductance, and crossed Andreev reflection conductance. Subsequently, we analyze structures with the left side featuring dice lattice and the right side graphene (α=0), as well as the reverse configuration. Our findings reveal that crossed Andreev reflections are more prevalent in the graphene–superconductor–dice lattice (GSD) junction, particularly with moderate superconducting region lengths, larger electron incidence angles, and lower electron incidence energy.

Patient experiences on the quality of cerebrovascular diseases counselling using digital solutions in hospital-A qualitative research study.

To describe patients' experiences of the quality of counselling to develop new digital counselling solutions for patients with cerebrovascular disease. A descriptive, qualitative approach. Semi-structured in-person interviews were conducted among 22 patients diagnosed with acute cerebrovascular disease and treated as inpatients at a single university hospital in Finland between September 2021 and February 2022. Data were analysed using deductive and inductive content analysis. The identified facilitators, barriers and possible solutions for the development of new digital counselling solutions were deductively categorized into five main categories: (1) background factors, (2) resources, (3) implementation, (4) sufficiency, and (5) effects and 12 generic categories. Patients with cerebrovascular diseases worry about symptoms affecting their ability to receive information and valued a supportive atmosphere. Staff should have more time for counselling and use motivational digital counselling solutions in plain language, moderate length and with multimedia content. Patients desired reminders, easy search functions and possibilities for two-way communication. New digital counselling solutions could be beneficial in supporting the patients' knowledge, emotions and adherence. For the success of such solutions, patients' special needs concerning different levels of cognitive impairment need to be considered. The results of this study may benefit healthcare organizations in the development of digital counselling solutions that meet the patients' needs. We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines with the COREQ reporting method. Patients were involved as the study population.

Characteristics of limb kinematics in the gait disorders of post-stroke patients

Post-stroke gait disorders involve altered lower limb kinematics. Recently, the endpoint of the lower limb has been used as a control variable to understand gait kinematics better. In a cross-sectional study of sixty-seven post-stroke patients, the limb extension angle and effective limb length during gait were used as input variables with a mixed Gaussian model-based probabilistic clustering approach to identify five distinct clusters. Each cluster had unique characteristics related to motor paralysis, spasticity, balance ability, and gait strategy. Cluster 1 exhibited high limb extension angle and length values, indicating increased spasticity. Cluster 2 had moderate extension angles and high limb lengths, indicating increased spasticity and reduced balance ability. Cluster 3 had low limb extension angles and high limb length, indicating reduced balance ability, more severe motor paralysis, and increased spasticity. Cluster 4 demonstrated high extension angles and short limb lengths, with a gait strategy that prioritized stride length in the component of gait speed. Cluster 5 had moderate extension angles and short limb lengths, with a gait strategy that prioritized cadence in the component of gait speed. These findings provide valuable insights into post-stroke gait impairment and can guide the development of personalized and effective rehabilitation strategies.

Chitosan-β-cyclodextrin composite flocculants dual-drive for efficient microalgae harvesting: Structural evidences, dehydration process, E-DLVO model behavior and biomass utilization

Flocculation is one of the promising methods for harvesting microalgae. In this study, a series of grafted cationic chitosan-cyclodextrin composite flocculants (CTS/β-CDs) with different structural properties were prepared from chitosan and cyclodextrin. The results showed that the harvesting efficiency of CTS/β-CD-1 for C. vulgaris reached 99.91%. The chain type of polymeric flocculants with moderate graft chain lengths (L = 10–20) and tighter branched chain density distribution (D = 1.0–1.8) was favorable for C. vulgaris harvesting. The addition of CTS/β-CDs caused the discrete C. vulgaris cells to be flocculated and aggregated, and the reorganization of particles resulted in larger particles after flocculation, improving the dewatering performance of microalgae flocs. CTS/β-CDs had no significant inhibitory effect on the extraction of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, and did not affect the extraction and quality of fatty acid methyl esters, and the re-cultivation experiments of the harvested water showed that chitosan-based flocculant was able to effectively reduce the cost of microalgae harvesting. Electrostatic interactions and bridging were the main harvesting mechanisms between CTS/β-CD-1 and C vulgaris. E-DLVO modeling suggested that flocculation is mainly a result of electrostatic and acid-base interactions when the distance between particles is small. At higher pH, the harvesting efficiency of CTS/β-CD-1 with C. vulgaris decreased. The study contributes to a better understanding of the structure–activity relationship between the structural characteristics of flocculants and the harvesting performance.

Ethylene glycol derivative-pendanted quaternary ammonium antibacterial polymers with low cytotoxicity

Cationic poly(quaternary ammonium) (pQA) polymers exhibit excellent antibacterial efficacy but high cytotoxicity (thus low selectivity), hampering their widespread use as antibacterial agents. Herein, we systematically synthesized a series of pQA polymers (pQA−EG) containing biocompatible ethylene glycol (EG) derivative pendant groups with different chain lengths and connectivities (acyclic/cyclic). The antibacterial efficacy of pQA−EG was optimized by a moderate EG chain length, which endowed the polymer with balanced hydrophobicity/charge density. The high chain flexibility of the EG derivative combined with its good hydrophilicity was critical for significantly lowering the cytotoxicity of pQA−EG. Hence, compared with pQA polymers containing alkyl pendant groups, the pQA−EG polymer containing a long flexible EG derivative pendant group exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity and higher selectivity as well as satisfactory antibacterial activity and kinetics. Our study offers a rational platform for synthesizing low-toxicity antibacterial polymers and provides fundamental insights into their structure−biological activity relationships.