Moderate-intensity Resistance Research Articles

Exercise interventions for the effect of endothelial function in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endothelial dysfunction is crucial factor to the hypertension occurrence, and controversy remains regarding the effect of exercise on improving endothelial function in hypertensive patients. The authors used meta-analysis to evaluate the intervention effect of exercise on endothelial function in hypertensive patients and to investigate exercise protocols that may have a greater intervention effect. A total of 37 studies and a total of 2801 participants were included. The results were as follows: endogenous nitric oxide (NO)[SMD=.89, 95% CI (.48, 1.30), p<.0001], endothelin-1 (ET-1): [SMD=-.94, 95% CI (-1.15, -.73), p<.0001], flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [SMD=-.57, 95% CI (.36,.79), p<.000001]. In subgroup analysis, high-intensity aerobic exercise, with a single exercise duration of 35-50min, 3-4 times/week for a total of 10-12weeks, had the largest amount of intervention effect on NO, and moderate-intensity resistance exercise, with a single exercise duration of ≥60min, 6 times/week for a total of 15-18weeks, had the largest amount of intervention effect on ET-1. In conclusion, exercise can improve NO levels, FDM levels, and reduce ET-1 secretion of hypertension patients, thereby improve their endothelial function. The ideal intervention effect of improving NO level was more likely to be obtained by taking the exercise prescription of high-intensity aerobic exercise with a single exercise duration of 35-50min, 3-4 times/week for 10-12weeks; the ideal intervention effect of improving ET-1 was more likely to be obtained by taking the exercise prescription of oderate -intensity resistance exercise with a single exercise duration of ≥60min, 6 times/week for 15-18weeks.

The chronic leukocyte and inflammatory cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia; a randomized controlled trial

Trial designOlder adults experience chronic dysregulation of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokines, both at rest and in response to resistance training. Systemic hypoxia modulates leukocytes and cytokines, therefore this study characterized the effects of normobaric hypoxia on the leukocyte and cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training.Methods20 adults aged 60–70 years performed eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training in either normoxia or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2), consisting of two lower body and two upper body exercises. Venous blood was drawn before and after the training intervention and flow cytometry was used to quantify resting neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, in addition to the subsets of lymphocytes (T, B and natural killer (NK) cells). Inflammatory cytokines were also quantified; interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Acute changes in leukocytes and cytokines were also measured in the 24 h following the last training session.ResultsAfter the intervention there was a greater concentration of resting white blood cells (p = 0.03; 20.3% higher) T cells (p = 0.008; 25.4% higher), B cells (p = 0.004; 32.6% higher), NK cells (p = 0.012; 43.9% higher) and eosinophils (p = 0.025; 30.8% higher) in hypoxia compared to normoxia, though the cytokines were unchanged. No acute effect of hypoxia was detected in the 24 h following the last training session for any leukocyte population or inflammatory cytokine (p < 0.05).ConclusionsHypoxic training caused higher concentrations of resting lymphocytes and eosinophils, when compared to normoxic training. Hypoxia may have an additional beneficial effect on the immunological status of older adults.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Trial number: ACTRN12623001046695. Registered 27/9/2023. Retrospectively registered. All protocols adhere to the COSORT guidelines.

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Preoperative Combined with Postoperative Progressive Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Gait, Balance and Function in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a preoperative combined with postoperative moderate-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) of the operative side in patients with hip osteoarthritis (HOA) who are undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). The study seeks to evaluate the impact of this combined intervention on muscle strength, gait, balance, and hip joint function in a controlled, measurable, and objective manner. Additionally, the study aims to compare the outcomes of this combined intervention with those of preoperative or postoperative muscle strength training conducted in isolation. A total of 90 patients with HOA scheduled for unilateral primary THA were randomly assigned to three groups: Pre group (preoperative PRT), Post group (postoperative PRT), and Pre& Post group (preoperative combined with postoperative PRT) focusing on hip flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction of operated side. Muscle strength, gait parameters, balance, and hip function were assessed at specific time points during a 12-month follow-up period. All three groups showed significant improvements in muscle strength, with the Pre& Post group demonstrating the most pronounced and sustained gains. Gait velocity and cadence were significantly improved in the Pre& Post group at 1-month and 3-month postoperative follow-ups compared to the other groups. Similarly, the Pre& Post group exhibited superior balance performance at 3-month and 12-month postoperative follow-ups. The Harris Hip Score also showed better outcomes in the Pre& Post group at all follow-up intervals. Preoperative combined with postoperative moderate-intensity PRT in HOA patients undergoing THA led to superior improvements in muscle strength, gait, balance, and hip joint function compared to preoperative or postoperative PRT alone. This intervention shows significant promise in optimizing postoperative rehabilitation and enhancing patient outcomes following THA.

Greater glycemic control following low-load, high-repetition resistance exercise compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise in males and females: a randomized control trial.

Exercise has long been known for its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose handling with both moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) exercise and resistance exercise (RE) inducing beneficial effects. In recent years, low-load, high-repetition (LLHR) RE has emerged as a strategy to increase muscle mass and strength to levels similar to traditional RE; however, the effects of LLHR RE on glucose handling has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this trial was to compare the acute effects of LLHR RE to MIC exercise on post-exercise glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in males and females. Twenty-four (n=12/sex) participants completed acute bouts of MIC exercise (30 min at 65% V̇O₂peak) and LLHR (3 circuits, 6 exercises/circuit, 25-35 repetitions/exercise/circuit) matched for time with muscle biopsies immediately pre and post exercise and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 90 min following exercise. Blood glucose concentrations (p=0.002, ηp 2=0.37), glucose AUC (p=0.002, ηp 2=0.35) and max glucose concentration (p=0.003, ηp 2=0.34) were lower during the post exercise OGTT following LLHR RE compared to MIC exercise. There was a main effect of trial on TBC1D1 Ser237 phosphorylation (p=0.04, ηp 2=0.19) such that it was greater following MIC exercise compared to LLHR RE. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACC Ser79 increased following MIC exercise with no change following LLHR RE (p<0.001, ηp 2=0.50). Phosphorylation of PTEN Ser380 was greater in males than females during LLHR RE (p=0.01, ηp 2=0.27). These findings suggest that LLHR RE is a feasible exercise modality to improve post-exercise glycemic control in both males and females. Trial registration number: NCT06217679.

Acute Effect of Dynamic and Gluteal Resistance Exercise Warm-up Protocols on Jump Landing Mechanics in College-Aged Females.

Rauseo, ML, Feairheller, DL, LaRoche, DP, and Cook, SB. Acute effect of dynamic and gluteal resistance exercise warm-up protocols on lower-extremity jump landing mechanics in college-aged females. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 259-265, 2024-Inadequate neuromuscular control of the femur by the gluteal musculature is associated with noncontact and overuse injuries to the knee. Acute bouts of resistance exercises targeting the gluteal musculature can be prescribed as part of a warm-up protocol with the goal of improving subsequent neuromuscular control and performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that a warm-up protocol including moderate-intensity gluteal resistance exercises (GRE) has on single leg jump landing biomechanics. Seventeen healthy, college-aged, recreationally active females (mean ± SD ; age = 21.4 ± 1.9 years; height = 166.9 ± 5.7 cm; body mass = 62.5 ± 7.4 kg) performed 3 single leg hop trials per leg after completing no warm-up (CON), a dynamic warm-up (DWU), and a dynamic warm-up with gluteal resistance exercises (DWU + GRE) across 3 laboratory visits. Lower extremity kinetic and kinematic variables were assessed during single leg hops from the point of initial foot contact to deepest knee flexion. Biomechanical differences between dominant and nondominant limb landings were also assessed. Dominant limb hip internal rotation angle after DWU + GRE (2.03 ± 9.92°) was significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.05) compared with CON (-3.36 ± 7.74°). Peak knee adduction moment (56.8%), peak knee flexion angle (5.7%), and peak knee external rotation angle (17.0%) were significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.017) in the dominant limb, compared with the nondominant limb, across warm-up protocols. The combined DWU + GRE warm-up protocol did not have a substantial impact on landing biomechanics. Clinicians prescribing GRE before activity should not expect significant changes in movement patterns after a single bout.

Resistance exercise training benefits pulmonary, cardiac, and muscular structure and function in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension

AimWe tested the effects of low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise training (RT) on the structure and function of pulmonary, right ventricle (RV), and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Main methodsAfter the first monocrotaline (MCT; 20 mg/kg) injection, male rats were submitted to a RT program (Ladder climbing; 55–65 % intensity), 5 times/week. Seven days later rats received the second MCT dose. Physical effort tolerance test and echocardiographic examination were performed. After euthanasia, lung, heart, and biceps brachii were processed for histological, single myocyte, and biochemical analysis. Key findingsRT improved survival and physical effort tolerance (i.e., maximum carrying load), mitigated the pulmonary artery resistance increase (i.e., TA/TE), and preserved cardiac function (i.e., fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume and TAPSE). RT counteracted oxidative stress (i.e., CAT, SOD, GST, MDA and NO) and adverse remodeling in lung (i.e., collapsed alveoli) and in biceps brachii (i.e., atrophy and total collagen) tissues. RT delayed RV adverse remodeling (i.e., hypertrophy, extracellular matrix, collagen types I and III, and fibrosis) and impairments in single RV myocyte contractility (i.e., amplitude and velocity to peak and relaxation). RT improved the expression of gene (i.e., miRNA 214) and intracellular Ca2+ cycling regulatory proteins (i.e., PLBser16); and of pathological (i.e., α/β-MHC and Foxo3) and physiological (i.e., Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, and Bcl-xL) hypertrophy pathways markers in RV tissue. SignificanceLow- to moderate-intensity RT benefits the structure and function of pulmonary, RV, and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension.

Appropriate exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: why this skill remains to be improved among clinicians and healthcare professionals. A call for action from the EXPERT Network†.

In Europe alone, on a yearly basis, millions of people need an appropriate exercise prescription to prevent the occurrence or progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A general exercise recommendation can be provided to these individuals (at least 150 min of moderate-intensity endurance exercise, spread over 3-5 days/week, complemented by dynamic moderate-intensity resistance exercise 2 days/week). However, recent evidence shows that this one size does not fit all and that individual adjustments should be made according to the patient's underlying disease(s), risk profile, and individual needs, to maximize the clinical benefits of exercise. In this paper, we (i) argue that this general exercise prescription simply provided to all patients with CVD, or elevated risk for CVD, is insufficient for optimal CVD prevention, and (ii) show that clinicians and healthcare professionals perform heterogeneously when asked to adjust exercise characteristics (e.g. intensity, volume, and type) according to the patient's condition, thereby leading to suboptimal CVD risk factor control. Since exercise training is a class 1A intervention in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, the awareness of the need to improve exercise prescription has to be raised among clinicians and healthcare professionals if optimized prevention of CVD is ambitioned.

Effectiveness of Structured Exercise Intervention in Cancer-Related Fatigue among Oral Cavity Cancer Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Introduction In head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, fatigue is present throughout the course of treatment and during follow-up. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a significant treatment-related side effect experienced by oral cancer patients during and after treatment. CRF, when coupled with other side effects of oral cavity cancer, patients who undergo definitive treatment have some of the most dramatic acute side effects, and reduced overall quality of life (QoL). Although there are upcoming intervention strategies to manage CRF, the effect of exercise intervention is explored in this study. The rationale for considering exercise to manage CRF is that it may alleviate the combined effect of toxic treatment and decreased levels of activity during the treatment that reduces the capacity for physical performance. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of exercise intervention on CRF, and its influence on functional capacity and QoL among patients with oral cavity cancer during and after their primary cancer treatment. Materials and Methods Oral cavity cancer patients (n = 223), planned for only chemoradiotherapy with curative intent were screened for CRF. Based on the inclusion criteria, 69 patients were grouped randomly into experimental (n = 35) and control (n = 34) groups. Patients in the experimental group were provided structured exercise intervention, while the control group was offered standard and routine care. Structured exercise in this present study comprised moderate-intensity walking and resistance exercises using TheraBand every day for three to five times a week. CRF was assessed using symbolic assessment of fatigue extent and the functional capacity was assessed by 6-minute walk test (6MWT), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and hand dynamometer. QoL was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment for Cancer-QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the Head and Neck Cancer module (HN35), while distress was assessed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer. Randomized patients were assessed at four points. Result The size effects in fatigue extent (ηp 2 = 0.40) and fatigue impact (ηp 2 = 0.41) were found to be moderate, and a positive correlation between 6MWT, fatigue extent, and fatigue impact was observed. Conclusion This study suggests that exercise intervention has a significant positive impact on CRF, most aspects of QoL, and the functional capacity of the patients.

A Systematic Review of the Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Synthesizing Evidence from Scientific Literature

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE&#x0D; High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves performing a series of intense exercises interspersed with periods of passive or active rest. HIIT provides changes in body composition and physical fitness. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition and compare the results of HIIT with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and resistance training (RT).&#x0D; REVIEW METHODS&#x0D; The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies examining the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition. Articles published up to 31.03.2023 were included, with a particular focus on the most recent publications.&#x0D; STATE OF KNOWLEDGE&#x0D; The classification of HIIT considers the intensity, duration and number of bouts during training session, as well as the length of the intervention period. Body composition describes qualitive and quantitative elements in the human body. Improving body composition benefits health and enables better training results. HIIT promotes weight loss, reduces BMI and decreases the content of adipose tissue, including visceral fat. HIIT is equally or more effective than MICT in burning fat tissue. Resistance exercises added to HIIT protocols have a favorable effect on changes in body composition.&#x0D; SUMMARY&#x0D; The assessment of HIIT effects on changes in body composition is complicated due to various interpretations of its definition. Further analyses are needed to systematize knowledge of the benefits of different HIIT protocols. Research optimizing them for reducing adipose tissue based on age, gender, body mass and presence of metabolic disorders are necessary.

The effect of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training combined with MCCR diet on glycemic status in prediabetes

BackgroundThere is little clinical evidence that exercise improves prediabetic individuals' glycemic status on glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance exercise combined with a medium carbohydrate, low fat, calorie-restricted, carbohydrate counting diet (MCCR) affects Hb1Ac and HOMA indices in individuals with prediabetes.MethodsTwenty-two young obese people (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) were divided into two groups: prediabetes intervention group (INT, n = 10) and normoglycemic control group (CON, n = 12). All participants received the MCCR dietary intervention and a high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training, 6 days/week, 5 times/day, and 50 min/time, for 8 weeks. Body composition and circumference, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-h post-glucose (2 h-PG), fasting insulin (FINS), Hb1Ac, the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) indices were assessed.ResultsAfter exercise and dietary intervention, Hb1Ac, 2 h-PG, and FINS levels were significantly reduced in both the INT and CON groups (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, and body fat percent were significantly improved in the INT group (p < 0.05), but HOMA-β was not observed. Additionally, Hb1Ac levels were significantly normalized in the prediabetic individuals, with a reversion rate of 71.43%, while there was no difference in FPG.ConclusionThe MCCR diet combined with an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance and resistance training is effective in reversing Hb1Ac and improving insulin sensitivity in young, obese adults with prediabetes.

Long-Term Resistance–Endurance Combined Training Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Young Adult Females with Obesity

A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet increase the risk of obesity. People with obesity experience adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle modification using non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise prevents increased morbidity through its anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different types of exercise on decreased proinflammatory cytokines in young adult females with obesity. A total of 36 female students from Malang City aged 21.86 ± 1.39 years with body mass index (BMI) of 30.93 ± 3.51 kg/m2 were recruited and followed three different types of exercise interventions: moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), and moderate-intensity combined training (MICT). The exercise was performed at a frequency of 3x/week for 4 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0, using the paired sample t-test. The results revealed that serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased between pre-training and post-training in the three types of exercise (MIET, MIRT, and MICT) (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage change in IL-6 levels from pre-training in CTRL was (0.76 ± 13.58%), in MIET was (-82.79 ± 8.73%), in MIRT was (-58.30 ± 18.05%), in MICT was (-96.91 ± 2.39%), and (p ≤ 0.001). There was a percentage change in TNF-α levels from pre-training in CTRL (6.46 ± 12.13%), MIET (-53.11 ± 20.02%), MIRT (-42.59 ± 21.64%), and MICT (-73.41 ± 14.50%), and (p ≤ 0.001). All three types of exercise consistently reduced proinflammatory cytokines such as serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Effect of High-Intensity vs. Moderate-Intensity Resistance Training on Strength, Power, and Muscle Soreness in Male Academy Soccer Players.

McQuilliam, SJ, Clark, DR, Erskine, RM, and Brownlee, TE. The effect of high vs. moderate-intensity resistance training on strength, power and muscle soreness in male academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1250-1258, 2023-The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of high-intensity, low-volume (HRT) vs . moderate-intensity, and high-volume resistance training (MRT) vs . soccer training only (control group [CON]) on changes in strength, power, and speed and to compare delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) between groups in male academy soccer players (ASP). Twenty-two ASP (age: 18 ± 1 years) were assigned to HRT ( n = 8), MRT ( n = 7), or CON ( n = 7). High-intensity resistance training completed 2 sets of 4 repetitions parallel back squat (PBS) repetitions at 90% 1 repetition maximum (1RM), while MRT performed 3 sets of 8 repetitions PBS repetitions at 80% 1RM, both once a week for 6 weeks in-season, alongside regular soccer training. All groups completed the following pretraining and posttraining assessments: 3RM PBS, bilateral vertical and horizontal countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and 30-m sprint. Delayed onset muscle soreness was assessed using a visual analog scale throughout training. High-intensity resistance training and MRT experienced similar increases compared with CON in absolute PBS 3RM ( p < 0.001), SJ height ( p = 0.001), and CMJ height ( p = 0.008) after training. There was a greater increase in PBS 3RM relative to body mass after HRT than MRT and CON ( p = 0.001) and horizontal CMJ distance improved in HRT but not in MRT or CON ( p = 0.011). There was no change in 10-m, 20-m, or 30-m sprint performance in any group. High-intensity resistance training volume was 58 ± 15% lower than that of MRT ( p < 0.001), and DOMS measured throughout training did not differ between groups ( p = 0.487). These findings suggest that 1 HRT session a week may be an efficient method for improving strength and power in ASP in-season with minimal DOMS.

The Effects of Exercise for Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Physical exercise can slow down the decline of the cognitive function of the older adults, yet the review evidence is not conclusive. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on cognitive ability. A computerized literature search was carried out using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase SCOPUS, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang, and VIP database to identify relevant articles from inception through to 1 October 2022. Based on a preliminary search of the database and the references cited, 10,338 records were identified. For the measured values of the research results, the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to synthesize the effect size. Finally, 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Since the outcome indicators of each literature are different in evaluating the old cognitive ability, a subgroup analysis was performed on the included literature. The study of results suggests that aerobic or resistance training interventions significantly improved cognitive ability in older adults compared with control interventions with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MD 2.76; 95% CI 2.52 to 3.00), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MD 2.64; 95% CI 2.33 to 2.94), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (MD 2.86; 95% CI 2.25 to 3.47), the Wechsler Memory Scale (MD 9.33; 95% CI 7.12 to 11.54), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MD 5.31; 95% CI 1.20 to 9.43), the Trail Making Tests (MD -8.94; 95% CI -9.81 to -8.07), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (MD -5.20; 95% CI -7.89 to -2.51). Physical exercise improved the cognitive function of the older adults in all mental states. To improve cognitive ability, this meta-analysis recommended that patients perform at least moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on as many days as possible in the week to comply with current exercise guidelines while providing evidence for clinicians.

Physical activities pre- and post-COVID-19 vaccination and its implementations: A narrative review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a severe communicable pulmonary medical problem that has been a challenging disease for everyone in the globe, but vaccines development and administration against this severe acute respiratory syndrome-inducing disease (coronavirus disease 2019) are currently yielding fabulous results. The mean duration of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic for this study spanned from 2020 until 2022. These manifestations are accompanied by symptoms of respiratory tract illnesses such as non-productive cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge. Relevant reviews on coronavirus disease 2019 manifestations and outcomes, consisting mainly of the infections/outbreaks, experimental information, and pre- and post-serovaccination details that occurred, were described. After a typical vaccination course, the study aims to summarize and understand more about the effectiveness of exercise on the pre-and post-coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and its implementations. Physical activity is an immunological function adjuvant to decrease communicable disease risk and enhance immunity post-viral infection vaccination. Moderate-intensity resistance exercisesession directly before getting the influenza vaccine decreases vaccine responses in older adults, such as redness, pain, or inflammation at the injection spot or other adverse consequences compared to the inactive circumstance. However, it was reported that exercise after a shot is generally safe as long as vaccinated people feel well enough. Though exercise before or after vaccination has no negative impact on the protection afforded by the vaccine, people can exercise immediately after receiving the vaccine, as any changes in blood flow will not affect the vaccine's response. One episode of light-to-moderate-intensifying exercise after vaccination may improve the antibody reactions to influenza or the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. Vaccination administered pre- and post-regular exercise is an effective approach for boosting antibody responses due to its immunostimulant effects. Future research should investigate how different vaccine antibodies respond to low, moderate, and high physical activity levels.

The effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for diabetes remission on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Asystematic review and meta-analysis.

Conventional wisdom affirmed that diabetes was irreversible, but current research shows that lifestyle interventions may achieve diabetes remission among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, many original studies have examined the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. However, great heterogeneity in intervention approaches resulted in inconsistent intervention effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for diabetes remission among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles from their inceptions to March 26, 2021. Reference lists and a relevant journal were searched manually as well. Both randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies were included. The quantitative data extracted from the selected studies included diabetes remission rate, weight, and quality of life score. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute's tool. RevMan version 5.3. was used to carry out the meta-analysis. This systematic review included 12 studies involving 3997 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle interventions included in the studies were mainly divided into diet-only interventions and diet combined with physical activity interventions. Among them, there were three types of diet: (1) low-energy diet, (2) low carbohydrate diet, and (3) Mediterranean diet. Moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance physical activity, walking, and maintaining habitual physical activity were the three types of physical activity interventions employed in the included studies. The results indicated that lifestyle interventions were effective for achieving diabetes remission, reducing weight, and improving quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle interventions were associated with significant effects on diabetes remission, reducing weight, and improving quality of life. As an important part of lifestyle interventions, diet and physical activity have a significant effect on blood glucose and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is therefore suggested that the contents of lifestyle interventions should focus on diet and physical activity.

The Effect of Resistance Training on the Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis

Resistance training is considered to be an efficient treatment for age-related sarcopenia and can improve muscle strength and quality in patients. However, there are currently no recommendations on resistance training parameters to improve muscle strength and quality in elderly patients with sarcopenia. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and included 13 eligible RCTs. Resistance training significantly improved grip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle index in patients with age-related sarcopenia, and kettlebell was found to be the most effective modality. However, it is noteworthy that the elastic band is also a recommended form of resistance training considering that the kettlebell intervention was tested in only one study, while the elastic band was confirmed by multiple studies. Elastic band training (Hedges's g = 0.629, 95%CI = 0.090-1.168, p < 0.05) (40-60 min per session, more than three times per week for at least 12 weeks) was the most efficient training method. Thus, resistance training can significantly improve muscle strength and muscle quality in elderly patients with sarcopenia. In addition, moderate-intensity resistance training using elastic bands may be the best training prescription for elderly patients with sarcopenia.

EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL FOR GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs in 2 to 9 percent of all pregnancies and is associated with substantial rates of maternal and perinatal complications. Women with a history of GDM have a sevenfold lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with those with euglycemic pregnancies.A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the evidence from published studies on the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on the health of glycemic control of pregnant women at high risk (gestational diabetes mellitus).Method. The databases used in this systematic review are Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed. Relevant articles were searched from 27 May to 29 June 2022. The publication year was limited to 2018 – 2022. A total of 20 randomized controlled trials were included that focused on non-pharmacological interventions in GDM women.Results &amp; Analysis. The selected articles show that physical exercise interventions consist of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise, educational interventions include telemedicine and mobile health (m-health), and dietary nutrition interventions.Discussions. Non-pharmacological interventions can have a good effect on the control of GDM in the treatment of GDM. In general, women with GDM can improve their condition and prevent the risk of complications in childbirth. The physical exercise intervention had a significant beneficial effect on controlling blood glucose levels in GDM women, while other interventions that also had a beneficial effect were education with telemedicine and mobile health media.

The Effects of Eight Weeks Moderate- and High-Intensity Circuit Resistance Training on the Levels of Serum Amyloid A and Insulin Resistance in Sedentary Men

Introduction: Obesity-related inflammation has an important role in increasing the risk of various pathological conditions, including insulin resistance. In this study, the effects of 8 weeks of moderate and high-intensity circuit resistance training on the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) and insulin resistance were investigated in sedentary men.Methods: In this study, 36 sedentary men (average BMI: 30.64 ± 3.14 kg/m2, age of 20 to 35 years old) were randomly assigned to the control (C), moderate-intensity circuit resistance training (MRT), and high-intensity circuit resistance training (HRT) groups. The training protocol was performed during eight weeks (three sessions per week). Blood samples were collected before and after eight weeks of training, and serum levels of SAA, insulin, and glucose were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test with the Bonferroni post hoc test.Results: The present study’s findings indicated that SAA levels and insulin resistance significantly reduced in the HRT and MRT groups compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.001). However, our results showed that the changes observed in SAA and insulin resistance were not significantly different between the HRT and MRT groups (P &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: It seems that HRT has no extra effects on inflammation and insulin resistance compared to MRT; however, changes in the levels of other inflammatory mediators should be determined.

The Effect of a Gym- and Home-based Training on Plasma TXNIP Level, Insulin Sensitivity, and Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a possible factor in the relationship between metabolism and cellular redox state and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of combined training in the gym and at home on TXNIP plasma level, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile in men with primary hypertension. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, forty-six hypertensive men (age 48 ± 9 years, BMI 30 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to the gym-based training (GBT: ten weeks, four days/week of moderate-intensity resistance and aerobic training followed by stretching training), home-based training (HBT: the type, duration, and intensity were similar to the GBT), and control groups. Selected blood biochemical parameters were measured at baseline and after ten weeks of training programs. Results: The plasma levels of TXNIP in the GBT (P = 0.04) and HBT (P = 0.005) groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. Moreover, the levels of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased and insulin sensitivity increased following GBT compared to the control group (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.01, respectively), with no significant difference observed between GBT and HBT (P = 0.47, P = 0.36 and P = 0.14, respectively). Conclusions: GBT was more effective compared to HBT in positive changes in blood glucose and lipid profile. However, HBT improved some important biochemical parameters and can be an alternative to complementary strategies strategy instead of GBT. Our data manifest that combined training has a positive effect on reducing the protein level, which negatively affects glucose and lipid metabolism in hypertensive men.

Clinical Care And Artificial-intelligence-guided Resistance Training Improve Functionality In Lower Back Pain

PURPOSE: To examine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) guided resistance training relative to clinical variables in subjects who suffer lower back pain (LBP). METHODS: 69 subjects (M24:F45) with LBP completed an 8-week intervention. Subjects self-selected clinical care enrollment (physical therapy, chiropractic, or no care) for their LBP prior to enrollment. Enrolled subjects were randomly assigned to either an 8-week AI-guided moderate-intensity core resistance training protocol or to no interventional training. This created four study groups (CONTROL (n = 9), TRAIN (n = 13), CLIN (n = 26), or COMBO (n = 21)). The CONTROL group received no treatment or training, the TRAIN group received training but no treatment, the CLIN group received treatment but no training, and the COMBO group received both treatment and training. AI-guided training was performed on a Tonal exercise trainer with supervision. Participants were evaluated using functional tests (Biering-Sorenson’s exam, 6-minute walk test) and patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS Physical Function, PROMIS Pain Interference, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Visual Analog Pain Scale) at baseline, 4-weeks, and 8-weeks. Wilcoxson matched pairs analysis was used for comparison of metrics within each group at baseline and 8 weeks. Significance level was set at α ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: TRAIN, CLIN, and COMBO groups increased Biering-Sorenson endurance from baseline to 8 weeks (23 + 8 sec, P < 0.02) and increased distance traveled in the 6-minute walk test (0.02 + 0.06 miles, P ≤ 0.03). The TRAIN, CLIN, and COMBO groups improved scores in both PROMIS Physical Function (1.8 + 0.8, P < 0.05) and Pain Interference (-3.3 + 1.4, P ≤ 0.02) after the 8-week intervention. For the TRAIN group, PROMIS scores also improved at the 4-week midterm evaluation (P ≤ 0.04). Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and Visual Analog Pain Scale scores did not change for any group (P > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the CONTROL group for any outcome measure (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Core-targeted, AI-guided resistance training and physical clinical care increased functional outcomes and patient satisfaction in individuals with LBP. Combining physical clinical care with AI-guided resistance training did not have a complimentary effect on improving functional or patient satisfaction outcomes.