Moderate-intensity Endurance Exercise Research Articles

Changes in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels After Two-Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise in Obese Women

Study purpose. The study purpose was to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on reducing inflammation in obese women. Materials and methods. Twenty obese women selected according to the established criteria were used as subjects. Then the subjects were divided into two groups: the control group (G1) and the endurance exercise group (G2). Moderate-intensity endurance exercise was performed by running on a treadmill for 40 minutes, with a frequency of 5 times/week for 2 weeks. Moderate-intensity was performed with 60%-70% HRmax (HRmax formula: 220-age). Blood sampling for inflammation measurement using the biomarker High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was performed before and after the intervention for 2 weeks. hs-CRP was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. A paired sample t-test with a significant level (p ≤ 0.05) was used for data analysis. Results. The results showed the mean hs-CRP levels between before and after the intervention in G1 (6.76±4.40 vs. 6.43±4.89 ng/mL, (p=0.641)) and G2 (6.56±3.34 vs. 2.12±1.14 ng/mL, (p=0.004)). Conclusions. The study indicates that moderate-intensity endurance exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation levels in obese women, so individuals with obesity are advised to reduce inflammation levels through moderate-intensity endurance exercise.

Sex-related beneficial effects of exercise on cardiac function and rhythm in autistic rats.

Cardiovascular diseases are prevalent in autistic patients. As exercise is useful in the treatment of medical conditions, this study aimed to identify the effect of low-intensity endurance exercise (LIEE) and moderate-intensity endurance exercise (MIEE) on cardiovascular events in autistic rats. Valproic acid (VPA) was administrated once on gestational day 12.5 to pregnant rats to produce autism-like symptoms in offspring. Thirty-day-old offspring were divided into 12 groups: Male-CTL, Male-VPA, Male-CTL + LIEE, Male-CTL + MIEE, Male-VPA + LIEE, Male-VPA + MIEE, Female-CTL, Female-VPA, Female-CTL + LIEE, Female-CTL + MIEE, Female-VPA + LIEE, and Female-VPA + MIEE. LIEE and MIEE were performed 5 days a week for 30 days. Twenty-four hours after the last exercise session, electrocardiogram and hemodynamic and cardiac function indices were recorded. The results indicated that +dp/dt max and contractility index (CI) decreased in the Female-VPA group compared to the Female-CTL group. LIEE increased these parameters in the Female-VPA + LIEE group. However, MIEE normalized CI in the Male-VPA + MIEE compared to the Male-VPA group. Tau increased in the Female-VPA group compared to the Female-CTL group and it decreased in the Female-VPA + MIEE group compared to the Female-VPA group. LIEE and MIEE recovered the reduction of heart rate and the increase in P, R, and T amplitudes in Male-VPA group. LIEE and MIEE increased heart rate variability in the Male-VPA and Female-VPA groups. The findings showed that LIEE and MIEE alleviated cardiac dysfunction and disturbances in heart rhythm in the autistic offspring. Exercise may be recommended as a routine program for autistic patients to prevent and treat the harmful cardiovascular consequences of autism.

Appropriate exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: why this skill remains to be improved among clinicians and healthcare professionals. A call for action from the EXPERT Network†.

In Europe alone, on a yearly basis, millions of people need an appropriate exercise prescription to prevent the occurrence or progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A general exercise recommendation can be provided to these individuals (at least 150 min of moderate-intensity endurance exercise, spread over 3-5 days/week, complemented by dynamic moderate-intensity resistance exercise 2 days/week). However, recent evidence shows that this one size does not fit all and that individual adjustments should be made according to the patient's underlying disease(s), risk profile, and individual needs, to maximize the clinical benefits of exercise. In this paper, we (i) argue that this general exercise prescription simply provided to all patients with CVD, or elevated risk for CVD, is insufficient for optimal CVD prevention, and (ii) show that clinicians and healthcare professionals perform heterogeneously when asked to adjust exercise characteristics (e.g. intensity, volume, and type) according to the patient's condition, thereby leading to suboptimal CVD risk factor control. Since exercise training is a class 1A intervention in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, the awareness of the need to improve exercise prescription has to be raised among clinicians and healthcare professionals if optimized prevention of CVD is ambitioned.

Endurance Exercise Training Attenuates the Waterpipe Smoke Inhaling-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats: Role of Neurotrophic Factors and Apoptotic System.

The increasing prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and its detrimental effects on memory function have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on the detrimental effects of WTS on learning and spatial memory in rats. Animals were divided into the Control group (CTL), the exercise group (Ex) which trained for 8 weeks, the WTS group (Wp) exposed to smoke inhalation (30 minutes per day, 5 days each week, and for 8 weeks), and the group that did exercise training and received waterpipe smoke together (Ex + Wp). Thereafter, learning and spatial memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and hippocampal molecular measurements were done. Waterpipe smoke significantly impaired learning and spatial memory, decreased expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and BDNF (p < .01 and p < .05 vs. CTL group, respectively), increased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. CTL group) in hippocampal tissue, and increased the percent of damaged neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area (p < .05 vs. CTL group). Combination of exercise training with WTS prevented learning and spatial memory disturbances and recovered expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 (p < .05 vs. Wp group), decreased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. Wp group), and reduced percentage of damaged neurons (p < .05 vs. Wp group). Findings suggest that moderate-intensity endurance exercise training can ameliorate learning and memory impairment caused by waterpipe smoke in rats. This effect partly results from increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1 and correcting pro/anti-apoptotic proteins balance in the hippocampal tissue. The popularity of WTS especially among youth is increasing. We assessed the effect of hookah smoke with/without exercise on learning and memory. Hookah smoke leads to CA1-neural injury and impairs learning and memory in rats. A combination of exercise training with hookah smoke attenuates these complications. This positive effect of exercise is partially mediated by the balancing of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and also the BAX to BCL-2 ratio, a significant predictor of cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Extrapolation of these positive findings to humans needs complementary studies.

The effect of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training combined with MCCR diet on glycemic status in prediabetes

BackgroundThere is little clinical evidence that exercise improves prediabetic individuals' glycemic status on glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance exercise combined with a medium carbohydrate, low fat, calorie-restricted, carbohydrate counting diet (MCCR) affects Hb1Ac and HOMA indices in individuals with prediabetes.MethodsTwenty-two young obese people (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) were divided into two groups: prediabetes intervention group (INT, n = 10) and normoglycemic control group (CON, n = 12). All participants received the MCCR dietary intervention and a high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training, 6 days/week, 5 times/day, and 50 min/time, for 8 weeks. Body composition and circumference, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-h post-glucose (2 h-PG), fasting insulin (FINS), Hb1Ac, the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) indices were assessed.ResultsAfter exercise and dietary intervention, Hb1Ac, 2 h-PG, and FINS levels were significantly reduced in both the INT and CON groups (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, and body fat percent were significantly improved in the INT group (p < 0.05), but HOMA-β was not observed. Additionally, Hb1Ac levels were significantly normalized in the prediabetic individuals, with a reversion rate of 71.43%, while there was no difference in FPG.ConclusionThe MCCR diet combined with an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance and resistance training is effective in reversing Hb1Ac and improving insulin sensitivity in young, obese adults with prediabetes.

Acute Moderate-Intensity Strength Exercise Increases Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Females

The study purpose was to prove the effect of acute moderate-intensity endurance and strength exercise on increasing IL-6 levels in obese females. Materials and methods. A total of 21 obese women aged 20-25 years were recruited from among university students and given two modes of acute exercise intervention, namely moderate-intensity endurance and strength exercise carried out for 35 minutes/session. Subjects were divided randomly into three groups, namely K1 (control group without intervention; n = 7), K2 (Acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise; n = 7), K3 (Acute moderate-intensity strength exercise; n = 7). ELISA was used to analyze serum IL-6 levels before and after exercise. The data analysis technique used the One-way ANOVA test and continued with the Tukey HSD post-hoc test with a significance level of 5%. Results. The results of the One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between serum IL-6 levels after exercise and delta (Δ) in the three groups (p ≤ 0.01). The results of the Tukey HSD post-hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between serum IL-6 levels after exercise and delta (Δ) at K3 with K1 (p ≤ 0.01), K3with K2 (p ≤ 0.01), while there was no significant difference in serum IL-6 levels (p ≥ 0.05) at K2 with K1. Conclusions. Overall, our study concluded that 35 min/session of acute moderate-intensity strength exercise was effective in increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, in obese females.

Regulation of the endocannabinoid system by endurance and resistance exercise in hypoxia in human skeletal muscle.

Exercise modulates the circulating levels of the endocannabinoids ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and possibly the levels of their receptors and downstream signaling in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulation of the endocannabinoid system by several exercise paradigms in human skeletal muscle. A second aim was to compare endocannabinoid regulation in healthy and prediabetic people in response to an acute endurance exercise. Blood and muscle samples were taken before and after resistance and endurance exercise in normoxia and hypoxia to measure plasma endocannabinoid levels as well as muscle protein expression of CB1, CB2, and downstream signaling. We found that: 1) an acute resistance exercise session decreased plasma 2-AG and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) levels in normoxia; 2) 4 wk resistance training decreased plasma AEA, PEA, and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) levels in both normoxia and hypoxia; 3) an acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise increased plasma OEA levels in the healthy and prediabetic groups in normoxia and hypoxia, whereas plasma 2-AG levels increased in the healthy group and AEA in the prediabetic group only in normoxia. The expression of the cannabinoid receptors was only marginally regulated by acute exercise, hypoxia, and prediabetes and downstream signaling did not follow the changes detected in the endocannabinoid ligands. Altogether, our results suggest that resistance and endurance exercise regulate the levels of the endocannabinoid ligands and CB1 expression in opposite ways. The physiological impact of the changes observed in the endocannabinoid ligands in human skeletal muscle after exercise needs further investigation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We are the first to analyze both endocannabinoids ligands and receptors in response to endurance and resistance exercise. In addition, no study before has compared both exercise paradigms regarding endocannabinoid tone, which is of interest as endocannabinoids regulate energy metabolism, and these are different between endurance and resistance exercise. Furthermore, we investigated whether the endocannabinoid tone was differently regulated in response to acute endurance exercise in prediabetic people. Linking exercise, endocannabinoids and (pre)diabetic people has never been done before.

CORRELATION OF TOTAL GENOTYPE SCORES AND AEROBIC CAPACITY AMONG FIELD HOCKEY PLAYERS

A balanced aerobic and anaerobic capacity is an important determinant of performance among field hockey players during the competition. Training and heritable talent play important roles in determining the performance of the athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of sport-related genetic variants on aerobic capacity and repeated sprint ability performance among field hockey players. A total of 45 participants (age = 16.42 ± 0.50 years old, height = 1.67 ± 0.06 m) were selected based on the inclusion criteria of this study. Participants were divided into three groups based on training intensity for eight weeks (high intensity, moderate intensity, and control). Three genetic variants associated with endurance and power (ACE rs1799752, ACTN3 rs1815739, and PPARA rs4253778) were used to calculate the total genotype score (TGS). Pearson’s correlation was used to analyse the correlations between the performance and TGS. There was a significant correlation between the aerobic capacity with endurance TGS (r=0.55, p=0.03) and power TGS (r=-0.55, p=0.03) following the moderate intensity group. It is concluded that the higher the endurance TGS, the better the aerobic capacity in the moderate intensity endurance exercise. Therefore, the short-term performance of the athletes was significantly influenced by the genotypes and training intensity.

Effect of Endurance Exercise on Lipid Peroxidation Level and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Testicular Tissue in Adult Male Rats With Cadmium-induced Infertility

Background and Objectives: Cadmium (Cd) can induce lipid peroxidation, increase malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduce total oxidative capacity (TAC) in the testis by producing free radicals and, as a result, cause infertility. This study aims to determine the effect of a period of endurance exercise on MDA levels and TAC of testicular tissue in adult male rats with infertility induced by cadmium chloride. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 healthy adult male Wistar rats weighing 250±30 g and aged 12 weeks were used, which were randomly divided into four groups of control (n=8), exercise (n=8), Cd (n=8), and Cd+exercise (n=8). The endurance exercise program was presented at five sessions per week for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 24 using one-way analysis of variance and by the Least Significant Difference post hoc test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The MDA and TAC in the exercise group were increased significantly compared to the control group (P&lt;0.05), indicating that moderate-intensity endurance exercise significantly increased the TAC and MDA of testicular tissue in Cd-induced infertility. Cd increased oxidative stress markers and reduced antioxidant enzymes. Moderate-intensity endurance exercise significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Given the effects of moderate-intensity endurance exercise in rats with Cd-induced infertility, it can be said that these exercises can make the body more resistant to oxidative stress products.

244-OR: Moderate Intensity Endurance Exercise Training Improves Late-Phase ß-Cell Function in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with β-cell dysfunction. Although exercise is considered beneficial in T2D, the effects of moderate intensity endurance exercise training on β-cell function in humans with T2D are not known. GWAS uncovered Ras-Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 (RREB1) as a risk factor for T2D and in vitro studies suggest RREB1 impairs β-cell function; no studies have investigated exercise effects on RREB1. Here, we determined the effects of moderate intensity exercise training on β-cell function, RREB1, insulin, glucagon, and amylin in humans with T2D (7F/3M, 49±5y, BMI 30±3kg/m2) . Subjects completed 10-weeks of supervised exercise (Wks 1-3: 20-30min/day; 3X/wk; ∼50% VO2peak and Wks 4-10: 45-60min/day; 4X/wk; ∼70% VO2peak) . Fasting blood samples for OGTT, HbA1c, and hormones were obtained pre- and post-training (48hr) . Serum RREB1 was measured pre- and post-training and also in response to a single bout of maximal exercise. Training decreased HbA1c (7.7% to 7.2%, P=0.01) , pro-insulin (-18%, P=0.03) , pro-insulin/c-peptide ratio (-8%, P=0.03) , and glucose (OGTT: 90min, -18%, P=0.01; 120min, -15%, P&amp;lt;0.001) . Both β-cell function (late-phase disposition index, +38%, P=0.01) and insulin sensitivity (Stumvoll Index, +25%, P=0.01) improved. Body weight and composition, VO2peak, glucagon, amylin, c-peptide, and insulin were unchanged. Baseline RREB1 negatively correlated with the exercise-induced increase in late-phase disposition index (R= -0.71, P=0.03) , consistent with an inhibitory role of RREB1. Training did not alter serum RREB1, but interestingly, acute exercise decreased RREB1 both before (-51%, P&amp;lt;0.01) and after training (-11%, P=0.04) . Thus, RREB1 is an exercise-regulated serum factor whose decrease may function to improve β-cell function with exercise. In conclusion, moderate intensity exercise training, in the absence of increased VO2peak, improves late phase β-cell function and glucose control in humans with T2D. Disclosure H.Zhang: None. R.Middelbeek: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. L.Simpson: None. N.P.Carbone: None. L.J.Goodyear: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (K23-DK114550, R01-DK112283, 5P30DK36836, 5P30DK057521-20)

Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells in Sickle Cell Disease Patients and Their Responses to a Moderate-intensity Endurance Exercise Training Program.

We previously demonstrated that 8 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training is safe and improves muscle function and characteristics of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Here, we investigated skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) in SCD patients and their responses to a training program. Fifteen patients followed the training program while 18 control patients maintained a normal lifestyle. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were performed before and after training. After training, the cross-sectional area and myonuclear content in type I fibers were slightly increased in the training patients compared to non-training patients. The SC pool was unchanged in type I fibers while it was slightly decreased in type II fibers in the training patients compared to non-training patients. No necrotic fibers were detected in patients before or after training. Therefore, the slight myonuclear accretion in type I fibers in trained SCD patients may highlight the contribution of SCs to training-induced slight type I fiber hypertrophy without expansion of the SC pool. The low training intensity and the short duration of training sessions could explain the low SC response to the training program. However, the lack of necrotic fibers suggests that the training program seemed to be safe for patients' muscle tissue.

Promotion of aging heart function and its redox balance following hind-limb blood flow restriction plus endurance exercise training in rats: klotho and PGC1-α as involving candidate molecules.

Mild to moderate-intensity endurance exercise training combined with hind-limb blood flow restriction (BFR) induces elderly heart rejuvenation and improves cardiac inotropy and resistance to ischemia. However, the mediators of these beneficial effects are still not well known. The present study investigated the possible role of some important molecules in the mediatory of this model of exercise training in the promotion of heart health in aged rats. Male old Wistar rats randomly were divided into control-sham (CTL), hind limbs blood flow restriction (BFR), sham-operated plus 10weeks' treadmill exercise training (Ex), and BFR plus exercise (BFR + Ex) groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), contractility, and Tau indices were measured. ELISA and western blot tests were used for measuring determined cardiac biochemical factors. BFR + Ex displayed significantly lower LVEDP (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 vs. Ex, and other groups, respectively), improved heart cardiac contractility (P < 0.01), and significantly reduced Tau index in comparison with other groups. BFR + Ex significantly reduced both BAX and BAX to BCL2 ratio (P < 0.05) and as well MDA to TAC ratio (P < 0.05, compared to the CTL group). Also, BFR + Ex significantly increased the level of klotho (P < 0.05) and PGC1-α (P < 0.001) proteins compared to the CTL group but had no significant effect on P-STAT3 expression. Exercise training alone increased Apelin protein (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that mild to moderate BFR endurance training improves heart performance in the aging rat partly through ameliorating apoptosis, recovering redox balance, improving the longevity factor klotho, and increasing the key energy metabolism regulator PGC1-α.

Response to Endurance Training Using Critical Speed: Influence of Genetic Background and Exercise Intensity

Exercise is used as a therapeutic option to improve an individual's quality of life or as a method to attenuate the severity of cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic‐related diseases. However, changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training are often heterogenous with individuals being more or less responsive to a similar exercise protocol. Heterogeneity in responses to exercise training is observed in humans and rodents. Low responses to training might be mitigated by modifying the standard exercise training protocol by altering the frequency, intensity, or duration of training. Threshold‐based exercise training prescription, e.g., critical speed, has also been proposed as a means to reduce the variability of training responses. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of different exercise training intensities on changes in exercise capacity in two inbred strains of mice, NZW/LacJ (NZW) and FVB/NJ (FVB). NZW mice were selected because they respond poorly to moderate intensity endurance exercise whereas, FVB mice respond well to endurance training. We hypothesized that increasing the intensity of the training would reduce the number of low or non‐responding NZW mice. To test this hypothesis, female mice from each strain were assigned to one of three treadmill training groups based on critical speed (CS): 80% of their critical speed (CS80%), 90% of their critical speed (CS90%), or sedentary controls (SED). Exercise groups within each strain were volume matched and thus ran the same distance over the 6‐week training period. Pre‐training exercise capacity differed between NZW (30.5 ± 3.5 min) and FVB (36.1 ± 2.8 min) mice (P &lt; 0.001). Critical speeds also differed between strains (NZW: 25.1 ± 2.4 m/min; FVB: 32.9 ± 1.6 m/min, P &lt; 0.001). After training, both FVB exercise groups, CS80% (10.0 ± 4.9 min, P = 0.004) and CS90% (14.0 ± 7.7 min, P = 0.007), improved their endurance capacity. In contrast, NZW CS80% did not significantly improve after training (0.4 ± 4.6 min), but NZW CS90% improved significantly (3.6 ± 2.7 min, P = 0.02). Collectively, these data indicate that the high‐responder FVB strain can adapt to moderate‐intensity and high‐intensity endurance training. The low‐responder NZW strain only showed significant improvement after sufficient homeostatic stress was induced through high‐intensity endurance training. These data suggest that increasing exercise intensity can improve responses to exercise training in low‐ or non‐responding mice.

Effect of 4 Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise and Lithium Administration on Blood Glucose Level in STZ-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term endurance exercise and lithium treatment on fasting blood glucose in rats with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).METHODS: Ten-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were induced with T1DM using streptozotocin (STZ) injection. They were then randomly assigned to five groups and treated for a total of 4 weeks. For lithium treatment, 10 mg/kg LiCl was orally administered once a day, 5 days a week, and endurance exercise was performed at 21 m/minutes for 60 minutes, 5 days a week. After four weeks of treatment, blood and the plantaris muscle were extracted under anesthesia, and blood glucose and biomolecular factors were analyzed.RESULTS: 4 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance exercise significantly reduced fasting blood glucose in T1DM mice, increased the expression of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle, and significantly decreased the expression of dynamin, a GLUT4 endocytosis-related factor. Endurance exercise significantly increased mitochondrial biosynthesis in the skeletal muscles and significantly reduced the expression of the MAPK family. However, no biochemical or physiological changes were associated with lithium alone or in combination.CONCLUSIONS: 4 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance exercise improves fasting blood sugar levels through positive changes in glycemic control factors in the skeletal muscle. However, lithium treatment has no resultant effect. These results are thought to have been influenced by the decrease in the expression of the MAPK family and the increase in mitochondrial biosynthesis by endurance exercise for 4 weeks. However, further research is required to establish a clear causal relationship.

Response of Growth Hormones and Cortisol to One Session of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Background: Therapeutic interventions for diabetes are one of the main components of treatment and having proper physical activity in these patients is important from different physical, psychological, and social aspects. The benefits of exercise in these people include improved cardiovascular health and increased self-confidence, contributing to maintaining proper weight, controlling blood pressure, lowering blood lipids, and lowering insulin levels. The objective of this study was to assess the baseline levels of growth hormones and cortisol and the response of these 2 hormones to 1 session of moderate-intensity exercise in type 2 diabetic patients and to compare them with healthy individuals. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental and applied study, with a pretest and posttest design and with 1 control group. Participants included 12 healthy people without diabetes and 12 patients with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 years who were referred to the Diabetes Clinic of Tohid hospital, Kurdistan, Iran. After describing the objectives and hypothesis of the study and the implementation method, informed consent was obtained from all participants. SPSS Version 22 software was used for data analysis and coding. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to assess data distribution. A paired t test, an independent t test, the Wilcoxon test, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare outcomes between the 2 groups before and after the intervention. Results: A total of 24 individuals were included: 5 men and 7 women were included in the diabetic group and 7 men and 5 women were included in the healthy group. The mean duration of diabetes in the diabetic group was 7.82 years. The results showed that there was no reason for rejecting a relationship between 1 session of moderate-intensity exercise and increased growth hormone secretion in healthy individuals (p=0.010), but the relationship between this factor and increased growth hormone secretion in the diabetic participants could be strongly rejected (p=0.900). Also, 1 session of the moderate-intensity exercise was not significantly correlated with cortisol secretion in healthy and diabetic participants (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that baseline growth hormone levels in healthy participants were higher than those of diabetic participants and 1 session of moderate-intensity exercise significantly increased the growth hormone secretion but did not significantly increase the cortisol secretion.

Acute Effects of Heart Rate-Controlled Exergaming on Vascular Function in Young Adults.

Objective: Acute and regular moderate-intensity endurance exercise (MIEE) is known to positively affect vascular function. The present study assessed if an exercise session in an innovative exergame called the ExerCube can induce similar vascular reactions as an MIEE session. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight healthy recreationally active participants (13 females and 15 males; aged 24.8 ± 3.9 years; with body mass index 23.2 ± 2.3 kg/m2) completed an exergaming session (EGS) in the ExerCube (25 minutes) and an MIEE session on a treadmill (35 minutes, 65%-70% of maximal heart rate [HR]) in a randomized order. Both before and throughout the 45 minutes after the training sessions, pulse wave velocity (PWV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), stroke volume (SV), and HR were recorded. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther-Universität 2019-177). Results: There were different hemodynamic responses to both types of exercises. PWV was significantly decreased 45 minutes after the EGS (P < 0.001). No significant changes were detected after MIEE (P = 0.109). TPR was significantly lower after both exercise sessions (P < 0.01). Only the EGS resulted in a significant decrease in SV 15 minutes after exercise (P < 0.001). The HR was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after both exercise sessions. After the EGS, the increase in HR was still significantly higher (P = 0.011) 45 minutes after the session. The interaction effects revealed significant differences in PWV (15 minutes, P = 0.035; 30 minutes, P = 0.004; and 45 minutes, P < 0.001), favoring the EGS. Conclusion: The EGS seems to induce a relevant exercise stimulus that can modulate vascular function. Therefore, this exergame may present an effective tool for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Effects of acute endurance exercise and exhaustive exercise on innate immune signals induced by mtDNA

Objective: Numerous studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can trigger innate immune signaling, and exercise can induce mitochondrial stress. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the influence of different types of acute exercise on the innate immune signaling triggered by mtDNA. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice ( n = 18) were randomly and equally divided into three groups. They were control group, acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise group (AMIE), and 3-day exhaustive exercise group (EE) respectively. Mice were sacrificed immediately after exercise. The spleen, liver, and blood were taken for analysis. Results: The amount of mtDNA in the liver cytoplasm and plasma was significantly decreased after AMIE ( p &lt; .05). However, the amount of mtDNA in plasma was increased after EE (p &lt; .05). The mRNA expression of TFAM, and most TLR9 and cGAS/STING signaling pathway-related genes in the liver and spleen was markedly elevated, whereas the expression of those genes in leukocytes was reduced after AMIE. Furthermore, AMIE significantly decreased the protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the liver ( p &lt; .05) and STING in spleen ( p &lt; .01). Also, AMIE and EE caused a drop in circulating IFN-β levels ( p &lt; .05). Conclusion: A single bout of moderate-intensity exercise reduces mtDNA-induced innate immune signaling and suppresses inflammatory responses by decreasing hepatic cytoplasmic and circulating mtDNA. However, repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise stimulate innate immune signaling by increasing levels of circulating mtDNA.

Moderate Intensity Endurance and Resistance Exercise Attenuates Cachexia in Tumor-bearing Mice.

Cancer cachexia encompasses several deleterious physiological alterations associated with functional impairments, poor quality of life, and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic moderate intensity exercise training on markers of cachexia. Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to sedentary (SED) or exercise (EX) groups and EX mice were further randomly assigned to one of three exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance, combined). Cachexia was induced in SED animals inoculated with C26 cells, as evidenced by significant changes in numerous markers. All cachexia-related perturbations were significantly attenuated in EX versus SED animals. Systemic inflammation was significantly decreased in all EX groups, as evident by a normalization of spleen mass and plasma IL-6. Multiple moderate intensity exercise modalities can provide significant benefits in cachectic mice, and this may be due, at least in part, to decreased systemic inflammation.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines in Leukocytes of Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a treadmill exercise on hematological and serum biochemical parameters and the expression of immune-related cytokine genes in leukocytes. For the experiment, six healthy adult dogs were divided into exercise and control groups. The exercise group performed an endurance exercise three times a week for four weeks. Blood samples were collected before exercise, two weeks after exercise, and post-exercise, and hematological and serum biochemical analysis and cytokine gene analysis were conducted. In the exercise group, white blood cell count (WBC), aspartate aminotransferase, serum alkaline phosphatase, and glucose levels were significantly decreased, but there was no change in the control group. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-4 was significantly decreased in the exercise group compared to the control group. There was no difference in IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression between groups. The results in the current study demonstrate that short-term moderate-intensity endurance exercise alters WBC levels and mRNA cytokine expression in leukocytes and may have a meaningful effect on immune health in dogs.

Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Skeletal Muscle Performance in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Statin Users

BackgroundThe combination of statin therapy and physical activity reduces cardiovascular disease risk in patients with hyperlipidemia more than either treatment alone. However, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with statin treatment could attenuate training adaptations. ObjectivesThis study determined whether moderate intensity exercise training improved muscle and exercise performance, muscle mitochondrial function, and fiber capillarization in symptomatic and asymptomatic statin users. MethodsSymptomatic (n = 16; age 64 ± 4 years) and asymptomatic statin users (n = 16; age 64 ± 4 years) and nonstatin using control subjects (n = 20; age 63 ± 5 years) completed a 12-week endurance and resistance exercise training program. Maximal exercise performance (peak oxygen consumption), muscle performance and muscle symptoms were determined before and after training. Muscle biopsies were collected to assess citrate synthase activity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production capacity, muscle fiber type distribution, fiber size, and capillarization. ResultsType I muscle fibers were less prevalent in symptomatic statin users than control subjects at baseline (P = 0.06). Exercise training improved muscle strength (P < 0.001), resistance to fatigue (P = 0.01), and muscle fiber capillarization (P < 0.01), with no differences between groups. Exercise training improved citrate synthase activity in the total group (P < 0.01), with asymptomatic statin users showing less improvement than control subjects (P = 0.02). Peak oxygen consumption, ATP production capacity, fiber size, and muscle symptoms remained unchanged in all groups following training. Quality-of-life scores improved only in symptomatic statin users following exercise training (P < 0.01). ConclusionsA moderate intensity endurance and resistance exercise training program improves muscle performance, capillarization, and mitochondrial content in both asymptomatic and symptomatic statin users without exacerbating muscle complaints. Exercise training may even increase quality of life in symptomatic statin users. (The Effects of Cholesterol-Lowering Medication on Exercise Performance [STATEX]; NL5972/NTR6346)