Moderate HI Research Articles

Multicenter evaluation of patient safety incidents in lung surgery: The EPSI study

Determine the incidence of PSI occurring during perioperative care for lung surgery and their impact on postoperative outcomes at 90 days. A multicenter study was conducted in three French thoracic surgery departments. Consecutive patients aged more than 18 years, who had lung surgery (open, video-assisted or robotic) for benign or malignant diseases were included. PSI occurring during lung surgery were reported in Epithor, the French national thoracic database. The primary outcome was the incidence of perioperative PSI. Secondary outcomes were the rates of complications, readmission and mortality at 90 days. All data were prospectively entered in the Epithor database. From January 1st, 2021, to December 31st, 2021, 1919 surgical procedures were screened and finally, 953 procedures were included. PSI were observed in 305/953 procedures (32%) cumulating a total number of 369 PSI. PSI were related to: human factors in 179/369 (48.5%), organization in 101/369 (27.4%) and technology in 85/369 (23%). PSI were categorized as near-miss events in 97 (26%), no-harm incidents (HI) in 125 (34%), mild HI in 83 (22%), moderate HI in 39 (11%), severe HI in 21 (6%), and mortality in 4 (1%). The relative risk of outcome at 90 days was significantly increased according to PSI severity: no PSI/near-miss vs no-HI/HI: RR 2.02 (95% CI 1.70-2.40) for complications, 2.51 (95% CI 1.57-8.30) for readmission and 3.09 (95% CI 1.15-8.30) for mortality. Incidence of PSI in thoracic surgery may concern approximately one-third of procedures. Human factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of these PSI.

PhaseKinetics for assessing the compositional evolution of petroleum generated from the early to Late Miocene source rock, Belait Formation, Brunei-Muara district, Brunei Darussalam

The Early to Late Miocene Belait Formation in Brunei-Muara district has been investigated using the PhaseKinetic approach for compositional petroleum generation kinetics. The source rock characteristics of the selected coal and coaly shale samples indicate kerogen type III-II and type III with moderate HI recorded in the range of 156–258 mg HC/g TOC. The Rock Eval pyrolysis data also show immature organic matter with maximum recorded Tmax values of 415 °C. Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PyGC) reflects that the source rocks generated petroleum grading from paraffinic-naphthenic-aromatic (P–N-A) high wax to gas and condensate, which can be interpreted as heterogeneous kerogen derived from terrigenous higher land plant material. The main activation energies range of two selected coal samples (S24 and S27) are located at 49–52 kcal/mol accounting each for only 15% of the total bulk reaction. Assuming a 3 °C/My geologic heating rate, calculated onset temperatures for the generated hydrocarbon at transformation ration, TR = 10% were 105–120 °C for the two samples. The end of hydrocarbon generation at approximately TR = 95% is expected to occur at temperatures around 170 °C and above. MSSV pyrolysis gas chromatography affirms the existence of high wax paraffinic kerogen type–III–II with some marine input for one end member sample (S24). The 4-component compositional kinetic model indicates that the maximum generation of different petroleum components of sample S24 is predicted at lower values of temperature and vitrinite reflectance if compared with sample S27. The other end member of sample (S27) is more typically humic coal-like with type-III kerogen generating mostly gas and condensate.

Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy: A Radiological Review.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating condition that may result in death or severe neurologic deficits in children. Neuroimaging with cranial ultrasound (US), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are valuable tools in the workup of patients with HIE. The pattern of brain injury depends on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation. Mild to moderate HI injury results in periventricular leukomalacia and germinal matrix bleed in preterm neonates, and parasagittal watershed infarcts in full-term neonates. Severe HI injury involves deep gray matter in both term and preterm infants. Treatment of HIE is largely supportive. The current article reviews the etiopathophysiology and clinical manifestations of HIE, role of imaging in the evaluation of the condition, patterns of brain injury in term and preterm neonates, the treatment and the prognosis.

Sestrin2 induced by hypoxia inducible factor1 alpha protects the blood-brain barrier via inhibiting VEGF after severe hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats

ObjectiveHypoxic ischemic (HI) encephalopathy remains the leading cause of perinatal brain injury resulting in long term disabilities. Stabilization of blood brain barrier (BBB) after HI is an important target, therefore, in this study we aim to determine the role of sestrin2, a stress inducible protein which is elevated after various insults, on BBB stabilization after moderate and severe HI injuries. MethodsRat pups underwent common carotid artery ligation followed by either 150min (severe model) or 100min (moderate model) of hypoxia. 1h post HI, rats were intranasally administered with recombinant human sestrin2 (rh-sestrin2) and sacrificed for infarct area, brain water content, righting reflex and geotaxis reflex. Sestrin2 was silenced using siRNA and an activator/inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor1α (HIF1α) was used to examine their roles on BBB permeability. ResultsRats subjected to severe HI exhibited larger infarct area and higher sestrin2 expression compared to rats in the moderate HI group. rh-sestrin2 attenuated brain infarct and edema, while silencing sestrin2 reversed these protective effects after severe HI. HIF1α induced sestrin2 activation in severe HI but not in moderate HI groups. A HIF1a agonist was shown to increase permeability of the BBB via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after moderate HI. However, after severe HI, HIF1α activated both VEGF and sestrin2. But HIF1α dependent sestrin2 activation was the predominant pathway after severe HI which inhibited VEGF and attenuated BBB permeability. Conclusionsrh-sestrin2 attenuated BBB permeability via upregulation of endogenous sestrin2 which was induced by HIF1α after severe HI. However, HIF1α's effects as a prodeath or prosurvival signal were influenced by the severity of HI injury.

ASSOCIATION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT AND SUBSEQUENT DRIVING MOBILITY IN OLDER ADULTS

- Purpose of the study Hearing impairment (HI) is associated with driving safety (e.g., increased crashes and poor on-road driving performance). However, little is known about HI and driving mobility. This study examined the longitudinal association of audiometric hearing with older adults’ driving mobility over three years. - Design and Methods Secondary data analyses were conducted of 500 individuals (63-90 years) from the Staying Keen in Later Life (SKILL) study. Hearing (pure tone average of 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) was assessed in the better hearing ear and categorized into normal hearing 41 dB HL. The Useful Field of View Test (UFOV) was used to estimate the risk for adverse driving events. MANCOVA compared driving mobility between HI levels across time, adjusting for age, sex, race, hypertension, and stroke. Adjusting for these same covariates, Cox regression analyses examined incidence of driving cessation by HI across three years. - Results Individuals with moderate or greater HI performed poorly on the UFOV, indicating increased risk for adverse driving events (p .05), including driving cessation rates (p=.38), across time. - Implications Although prior research indicates older adults with HI may be at higher risk for crashes, they may not modify driving over time. Further exploration of this issue is required to optimize efforts to improve driving safety and mobility among older adults.

THE GALEX ARECIBO SDSS SURVEY. VII. THE BIVARIATE NEUTRAL HYDROGEN-STELLAR MASS FUNCTION FOR MASSIVE GALAXIES

We present the bivariate neutral atomic hydrogen (HI)---stellar mass function (HISMF) (phi(M_HI, M_*)) for massive (log M_*/M_sun > 10) galaxies derived from a sample of 480 local (0.025 < z < 0.050) galaxies observed in HI at Arecibo as part of the GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (GASS). We fit six different models to the HISMF and find that a Schechter function that extends down to a 1% HI gas fraction, with an additional fractional contribution below that limit, is the best parametrization of the HISMF. We calculate Omega_{HI, M_* >10^10} and find that massive galaxies contribute 41% of the HI density in the local universe. In addition to the binned HISMF we derive a continuous bivariate fit, which reveals that the Schechter parameters only vary weakly with stellar mass: M_HI^*, the characteristic HI mass, scales as M_*^0.39, alpha, the slope of the HISMF at moderate HI masses, scales as M_*^0.07, and f, the fraction of galaxies with HI gas fraction greater than 1%, scales as M_*^-0.24. The variation of f with stellar mass should be a strong constraint for numerical simulations. To understand the physical mechanisms that produce the shape of the HISMF we redefine the parameters of the Schechter function as explicit functions of stellar mass and star formation rate to produce a trivariate fit. This analysis reveals strong trends with SFR. While M_HI^* varies weakly with stellar mass and SFR, alpha is a stronger function of both stellar mass and especially star formation rate. The HISMF is a crucial tool that can be used to constrain cosmological galaxy simulations, test observational predictions of the HI content of populations of galaxies, and identify galaxies whose properties deviate from average trends.

The manner of the inflammation-boosting effect caused by acute hyperglycemia secondary to overfeeding and the effects of insulin therapy in a rat model of sepsis

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to investigate both the inflammation-boosting effect and the metabolic stress induced by acute hyperglycemia secondary to overfeeding with excessive glucose infusion and the effects of insulin therapy on those events in a rat model of sepsis. Materials and methodsSprague–Dawley rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation. Preestablished continuous intravenous glucose infusion was initiated immediately after surgery. First, rats with CLP-inducing sepsis were divided into three groups on the basis of the target blood glucose (BG) levels: high glucose (HG) group (overfed, >300 mg/dL), moderate glucose group (moderate hyperglycemia, 200–300 mg/dL), and no glucose group (100–150 mg/dL). The sham group received the same glucose infusion as that of the HG group. BG and plasma interleukin (IL) 6 levels were monitored over time. All rats were sacrificed 9 h after surgery to evaluate lung histology and measure hepatic total glutathione and malondialdehyde contents. Based on the results, the high glucose and insulin (HI) group was added to septic groups as a model of insulin therapy, in which insulin with the same HG dose as that in the HG group was administered to maintain moderate hyperglycemia. ResultsBG level in all groups remained in the preestablished target range throughout the experiment. Plasma IL-6 level in all septic groups increased in a time-dependent manner, whereas that in the sham group with moderate hyperglycemia hardly increased. Nine hours after CLP, plasma IL-6 level in the HG group rose to 7407.5 ± 1987.3 pg/mL, which was three times higher than that in the other septic groups. There was no significant difference among moderate glucose, no glucose, and HI groups, in which BG level remained constant at <300 mg/dL. The HG group showed the worst consequences of lung injury and oxidative stress in the liver, which were completely stable in HI group. ConclusionsAcute severe hyperglycemia in critical illness might excessively boost the existing systemic inflammatory response in a threshold-based manner. Insulin therapy under overfeeding could strongly inhibit such a boosting effect and oxidative stress in the liver.

HOT AND COLD GALACTIC GAS IN THE NGC 2563 GALAXY GROUP

The role of environmentally induced gas stripping in driving galaxy evolution in groups remains poorly understood. Here we present extensive Chandra and Very Large Array mosaic observations of the hot and cold interstellar medium within the members of the nearby, X-ray bright NGC 2563 group, a prime target for studies of the role of gas stripping and interactions in relatively small host halos. Our observations cover nearly all group members within a projected radius of 1.15 Mpc (~1.4 R_vir) of the group center, down to a limiting X-ray luminosity and HI mass of 3e39 erg/s and 2e8 M_sun, respectively. The X-ray data are consistent with efficient ram pressure stripping of the hot gas halos of early-type galaxies near the group core, but no X-ray tails are seen and the limited statistics preclude strong conclusions. The HI results suggest moderate HI mass loss from the group members when compared to similar field galaxies. Six of the 20 HI-detected group members show HI evidence of ongoing interactions with other galaxies or with the intragroup medium. Suggestive evidence is further seen for galaxies with close neighbors in position-velocity space to show relatively low HI content, consistent with tidal removal of HI. The results thus indicate removal of both hot and cold gas from the group members via a combination of ram pressure stripping and tidal interactions. We also find that 16 of the 20 HI detections occur on one side of the group, reflecting an unusual morphological segregation whose origin remains unclear.

Hydrogen gas is ineffective in moderate and severe neonatal hypoxia–ischemia rat models

Hydrogen gas (H 2) has been shown to ameliorate brain injury in experimental adult rat focal ischemia and in a mild neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI, 90 min hypoxia) rat model. In this study we tested H 2 in moderate (120 min hypoxia) and severe (150 min hypoxia) neonatal HI rat models. We hypothesized that H 2 would improve outcomes after neonatal HI by scavenging free radicals. Two hundred (200) unsexed Sprague–Dawley rats at day 10 of life (p10) underwent neonatal HI with the Rice–Vannucci model. Multiple treatment protocols were studied, including pre-ischemic treatment, intra-ischemic treatment, and post-ischemic treatment (Sham n = 32, HI n = 82, HI + H 2 n = 86). We also tested H 2 in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult rats (MCAO n = 9, MCAO + H 2 n = 7) for comparison. Analysis at 24 h included infarction volume, measurement of brain concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) (an end-product of lipid peroxidation), daily weight, Nissl histology, and mortality. In moderate and severe neonatal HI models, hydrogen gas therapy (2.9% concentration H 2) was not associated with decreased volume of infarction or decreased concentration of MDA. H 2 gas pretreatment (2.9%) was associated with increased infarction volume in neonatal HI. In MCAO in adult rats, H 2 gas therapy demonstrated a trend of beneficial effect. Exposure of H 2 gas to non-ischemic neonates resulted in a significant increase in brain concentration of MDA. We conclude that 2.9% H 2 gas therapy does not ameliorate moderate to severe ischemic damage in neonatal hypoxia–ischemia.

The relationship between gas content and star formation rate in spiral galaxies. Comparing the local field with the Virgo cluster

Despite many studies of the star formation in spiral galaxies, a complete and coherent understanding of the physical processes that regulate the birth of stars has not yet been achieved, nor a unanimous consent was reached, despite the many attempts, on the effects of the environment on the star formation in galaxies member of rich clusters. We focus on the local and global Schmidt law and we investigate how cluster galaxies have their star formation activity perturbed. We collect multifrequency imaging for a sample of spiral galaxies, member of the Virgo cluster and of the local field; we compute the surface density profiles for the young and for the bulk of the stellar components, for the molecular and for the atomic gas. Our analysis shows that the bulk of the star formation correlates with the molecular gas, but the atomic gas is important or even crucial in supporting the star formation activity in the outer part of the disks. Moreover, we show that cluster members which suffer from a moderate HI removal have their molecular component and their SFR quenched, while highly perturbed galaxies show an additional truncation in their star forming disks. Our results are consistent with a model in which the atomic hydrogen is the fundamental fuel for the star formation, either directly or indirectly through the molecular phase; therefore galaxies whose HI reservoirs have been depleted suffer from starvation or even from truncation of their star formation activity.

Role of invasive ICP monitoring in patients with traumatic brain injury: An experience of 98 cases

The outcome of patients with head injury depends upon several factors, and most important among them is the raised intracranial pressure. ICP monitoring using subdural Richmond bolt system was used in 98 cases of TBI. The age range was 9–75 years; there were 78 adults and 20 children. This included 52 cases of severe HI and 46 cases with moderate HI.The GCS range was 4–10(mean: 5.6). Mortality was 64% in severe HI (34/52) and 9.5% in moderate HI patients (4/42). ICP ranged from 6–28mm Hg in moderate HI (mean 11.6 mm) and 8–42mm Hg in severe HI (mean 19.6 mmHg). Of 98 cases of HI, 41(41.8%) patients were operated (26 had moderate HI and 15 cases had severe HI. Seventy-three (74.5%) cases had single/multiple contusions in frontal/temporal regions while 25/73(25.5%) patients had diffuse axonal injury (10 cases) and thin subdural hematoma (15 cases). Fifty-seven patients were managed conservatively with decongestants, elective ventilation and continuous ICP monitoring for 3 days. Of these, 16(43%) had moderate HI and 41(71%) cases had severe HI. In the absence of intracranial hypertension (ICP <10 mm Hg), good recovery (Glasgow outcome scale: 4–5) was noted in 8/57(14%) cases in conservative group and in 4/41(9.7%)cases in operative group. In patients with ICP in 11–20 mm range, good recovery was noted in 6/41(14.6%) patients in operative group and in 9/ 57(15.8%) patients managed conservatively. When the ICP was >20 mm Hg, 10/41(24.3%) operated patients expired while only 6/57(10.5%) patients in conservative group expired. ICP malfunction after day 1 was noted in 27 cases ((27.5%) while ICP site infection/CSF leak was noted in 8 cases (8.2%). Outcome was related to severity of head injury and intracranial hypertension. Outcome was better in patients of moderate HI after surgery than in severe HI patients. Mortality was higher in patients operated in the presence of intracranial hypertension than in those managed conservatively. ICP monitoring was associated with a high blockage (27.5%) and infection rate (8.2%). ICP monitoring improved overall outcome in moderate head injury patients.

Hippocampal neurodegeneration, spontaneous seizures, and mossy fiber sprouting in the F344 rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy

The links among the extent of hippocampal neurodegeneration, the frequency of spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS), and the degree of aberrant mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are a subject of contention because of variable findings in different animal models and human studies. To understand these issues further, we quantified these parameters at 3-5 months after graded injections of low doses of kainic acid (KA) in adult F344 rats. KA was administered every 1 hr for 4 hr, for a cumulative dose of 10.5 mg/kg bw, to induce continuous stages III-V motor seizures for >3 hr. At 4 days post-KA, the majority of rats (77%) exhibited moderate bilateral neurodegeneration in different regions of the hippocampus; however, 23% of rats exhibited massive neurodegeneration in all hippocampal regions. All KA-treated rats displayed robust SRMS at 3 months post-KA, and the severity of SRMS increased over time. Analyses of surviving neurons at 5 months post-KA revealed two subgroups of rats, one with moderate hippocampal injury (HI; 55% of rats) and another with widespread HI (45%). Rats with widespread HI exhibited greater loss of CA3 pyramidal neurons and robust aberrant MFS than rats with moderate HI. However, the frequency of SRMS (approximately 3/hr) was comparable between rats with moderate and widespread HI. Thus, in comparison with TLE model using Sprague-Dawley rats (Hellier et al. [1998] Epilepsy Res. 31:73-84), a much lower cumulative dose of KA leads to robust chronic epilepsy in F344 rats. Furthermore, the occurrence of SRMS in this model is always associated with considerable bilateral hippocampal neurodegeneration and aberrant MFS. However, more extensive hippocampal CA3 cell loss and aberrant MFS do not appear to increase the frequency of SRMS. Because most of the features are consistent with mesial TLE in humans, the F344 model appears ideal for testing the efficacy of potential treatment strategies for mesial TLE.

Uncommon modes of presentation of head injury

Uncommon mode of presentation of head injury [UPHI] in children needs to be highlighted to create awareness amongst the treating surgeons and parents to prevent injuries to the growing brain. Records of 21 children aged between 6 months and 7 years admitted with UPHI between 2001 and 2003 were analyzed. Out of 21 children, 5 were ejected from their cars following head on collision, 4 children were hit by falling television sets, 3 were injured while reversing cars, 3 were hit by running ceiling fans, 2 were hit by siblings out of jealousy, 2 fell from laps of their teenaged mothers, 1 fell from camel back and 1 was victim of abuse. Nine children (42.8%) sustained severe head injury [SHI] presenting as diffuse brain injury, brain edema, acute subdural hematomas, or multiple contusions. Five (23.8%) children had moderate head injury [HI presenting with depressed fractures with associated contusions (2 cases) epidural hematomas, calavarial fractures, seizures and patient of child abuse had depressed with small epidural hematoma with subdural effusion. Seven children (33.3%) with mild HI showed depressed fractures associated with small epidural hematomas. Five out of 9 SHI patients died (55.6%) and four had moderate outcome (44.4%). Of the five patients with moderate HI two had moderate outcome (40%) and the remaining 60% had good outcome. Patients with minor injury became normal. If care is taken against above highlighted factors then mortality and morbidity can be reduced.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury: early and late imaging related to outcome.

Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) studies were performed in mild to moderate head injury to evaluate whether early and late imaging have additional value in predicting outcome in this category of patients. During 1-year follow-up of a series of 67 patients, a CT scan on admission was performed together with MRI studies within 1 to 3 months and 6 to 12 months after injury. With CT, intracranial lesions were seen in 62% of patients compared with 44% with early and 19% with late MRI, located predominantly in the frontal and temporal regions. More than half of the lesions revealed with CT resulted in focal atrophy on MRI. Outcome was found to be worse in patients with edema and lesions on CT. Likewise, abnormalities detected with MRI were associated with poor outcome scores. In multiple regression analysis, only lesions in the frontal regions detected with early MRI were found to be predictive of outcome. With late MRI, only focal atrophy in the frontotemporal regions was found to be predictive of outcome. The findings in this study suggests that MRI studies may be valuable for predicting long-term outcome in patients with mild to moderate HI.

Predicting recovery from head injury in young children: A prospective analysis

It has been argued that young children's brains are "plastic," and may sustain substantial brain insult with little loss of function. Recent research suggests that this notion may not apply for generalized cerebral pathology. The present study aimed to evaluate this proposition using a sample of 73 young children, divided into 3 groups: severe head injury (HI; N = 17); mild-moderate HI (N = 32); and noninjured controls (N = 24). Preinjury screening established equivalence across groups for age, sex, preinjury ability, behavioral adjustment, socioeconomic status, and family functioning. Children were evaluated as soon as possible postinjury, and again 12 months postinjury, in three domains: intellectual ability, language, and memory. Results indicated that severe HI was associated with substantial, persisting difficulties in all areas. In contrast, children with mild-moderate HI experienced fewer difficulties, and often performed similarly to controls, both acutely and 12 months postinjury. There was no evidence of differential recovery of function associated with injury severity, with performance increments consistent across groups and probably due to either age-appropriate developmental gains, or test-related practice effects. Poorer outcome at 12 months postinjury was predicted by injury severity primarily, with earlier age at injury, and premorbid ability associated with outcome in specific domains.

HI Observations of Southern Extreme Late-Type Galaxies.III.Objects Between 8h and 17h

view Abstract Citations (20) References (27) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS HI Observations of Southern Extreme Late-Type Galaxies.III.Objects Between 8h and 17h Matthews, Lynn D. ; Gallagher, John S., III Abstract We present new single-dish HI observations of 39 southern, extreme late- type spiral and irregular galaxies. These data are part of our continuing program aimed at obtaining a more complete census of the neutral gas content of optically identified, Local Supercluster galaxies for which no redshifts or HI data were previously available. We show that H I surveys concentrated on optically selected targets continue to be an effective means of surveying the gas in the local universe and furthering our knowledge of the properties of nearby galaxies. By focusing on galaxies with small angular sizes, low surface brightnesses, and very late-type morphologies, we find that we detect moderately low-M_HI_ galaxies within 10 Mpc, as well as a range of more distant, H I-rich systems. In spite of our limited detection sensitivity, we detected over 50% of our targets, implying that the majority of the objects in the faintest optically selected samples of late-type galaxies have at least moderate HI masses (detectable by our survey) and are not very low-M_HI_ dwarfs. Therefore, if large populations of very low-M_HI_, galaxies exist, they are not commonly found in optically selected, extreme late-type field samples. We find that most of our detected objects lie in previously defined groups or clouds, and we detect no objects in the direction of a nearby void. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: March 1996 DOI: 10.1086/117855 Bibcode: 1996AJ....111.1098M Keywords: GALAXIES: SPIRAL; GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES; GALAXIES: IRREGULAR full text sources ADS | data products NED (46) SIMBAD (42) Related Materials (2) Part 1: 1995AJ....109.2003G Part 2: 1995AJ....110..581M