Moderate Gingivitis Research Articles

Evaluation of Oral Health Status among Children of Halba Tribe in Bastar Division of Chhattisgarh, India.

The Halba tribe owes its nomenclature term "Hal" which locally means plowing or farming. Bastariya Halba is Dravidian tribe from Warangal. They speak Indo-European language Halbi. There are no population-based studies till date evaluating the oral health status among Halba children in Chhattisgarh. To evaluate the oral health status of Halba tribe children in the Bastar division of Chhattisgarh by assessing the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal conditions. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the dental caries and periodontal status in Halba tribe children. Children aged between 6 and 12 years (N = 1,050) were randomly selected from Halba community of Chhattisgarh. Dental caries status was recorded by using the decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) index and papillary marginal attached (PMA) index for periodontal status. The statistical software namely Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for the analysis of the data. The study population was 1,050 children from the Halba tribal community. Among the subjects, 545 (51.9%) were boys and 505 (48.1%) were girls. The overall mean dmft/DMFT was found to be 2.25 ± 2.71. In this study, boys had significantly higher values for overall dmft/DMFT (2.55 ± 2.74) than girls. It was observed that mild, moderate, and severe gingivitis significantly increased with increasing age. The population examined was characterized by high prevalence of dental caries as well as unmet treatment needs. Factors like poverty, illiteracy, poor awareness, and lack of oral health services may be a reason for poor oral health in these children. Pathivada L, Prabhat SK, Garg N, et al. Evaluation of Oral Health Status among Children of Halba Tribe in Bastar Division of Chhattisgarh, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(10):1121-1123.

Results of the study on the baseline status of flight-associated periodontal pathology in civil aviation flight personnel

Aim. To assess the baseline condition of periodontal structures in civil aviation flight personnel in order to improve the algorithm for treatment and preventive dental care.Materials and Methods. A periodontal examination of the oral cavity was conducted for 120 flight personnel at the physician-sanitary unit of Dushanbe International Airport. The participants were divided into five groups: flight personnel with mild chronic gingivitis, moderate chronic gingivitis, mild chronic periodontitis, moderate chronic periodontitis, and a control group of flight personnel with healthy periodontium. The clinical course of chronic gingivitis and periodontitis was evaluated using oral hygiene and periodontal indices.Results and Discussion. Inflammatory periodontal diseases, such as chronic gingivitis and periodontitis of moderate severity (Groups II and IV), presented with more pronounced symptoms, including severe inflammatory reactions of the periodontal tissues and poor oral hygiene, compared to those in Groups I and III.Conclusion. The study demonstrated that papillary-marginal-alveolar (PMA) index, bleeding index, and oral hygiene scores were significantly elevated in flight personnel with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis, highlighting the need for targeted treatment and preventive care.

Efficacy of Pomegranate Peel Extract Mouthwash on Gingivitis and C-reactive protein

Background and objective: Gingivitis is characterized as the world’s most predominant inflammatory periodontal disease. Healthy mouth and teeth are obtained by brushing and uses mouthwash. And because of the side effects of chlorhexidine, pomegranate peel extract mouthwash used alternative which are thought to have anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to prepare a herbal mouthwash and to evaluate the efficacy of pomegranate peel extract mouthwash on plaque index, gingival index, and C-reactive protein on moderate gingivitis patients. Method: this study is a clinical crossover design study, which consists of 25 volunteers with moderate gingivitis, who visited Duhok Dental Training Center. This study started from December 2022 to March 2023. Plaque and gingival index with a sample of saliva for C-reactive protein measuring were taken as a baseline before each mouth wash and after that, the pomegranate peel extract mouthwash was used for two weeks, then three weeks wash out between them, then chlorhexidine mouth wash was used for two weeks (crossover method). All saliva samples were analyzed using (CRP ELISA Test). Results: Twenty-five patients who used pomegranate peel extract mouthwash showed a significant reduction after two weeks used (CRP=162.28, GI=0.54, PI=0.82) and p value (<0.0001) in mean C-reactive protein, gingival index, and plaque index from baseline which was (CRP=669.78, GI=1.88, PI=2.11). Conclusion: Pomegranate peel extract mouthwash had been shown effective against moderate gingivitis in adult patients with no systemic diseases through lowering in mean salivary C-reactive protein, gingival index, and plaque index.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Drynaria Herbal Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Herbal products are preferred widely to synthetic medications owing to their minimal adverse effects and cost effectiveness. Drynaria is a popular traditional medicine used for bone repair, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and osteoporosis. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Drynaria mouthwash in reduction of gingival inflammation in comparison with commercially available chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. Materials and Methods: This parallel arm, randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 30 participants with mild to moderate gingivitis who were divided into two groups. Scaling and root planning were done. Group A patients were given Chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX) and Group B patients were given Drynaria Herbal mouthwash for 21 days. The clinical parameters assessed were Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Plaque Index (PI), and Gingival Index (GI) at baseline, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks post use of the mouthwash. Result: Drynaria mouthwash provided results that were significantly effective in improving all the clinical parameters. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, Drynaria as a mouthwash is nearly effective as Chlorhexidine mouthwash for the treatment of gingivitis. Key words: Chlorhexidine gluconate, Drynaria, Herbal, Mouthwash, Gingivitis.

Efficacy of a water flosser compared to an interdental brush on gingival bleeding and gingival abrasion: A 4 week randomized controlled trial.

To determine the efficacy of a water flosser (WF) compared to an interdental brush (IDB) in reducing gingival inflammation. Additionally, the products were compared on the incidence of gingival abrasion. Young adults with moderate gingivitis and ≥4 accessible interdental spaces by IDB in each quadrant were selected for this study. Participants were randomly assigned a WF or an IDB as an adjunct to manual toothbrushing. Clinical signs of inflammation were measured in two randomly assigned contralateral quadrants by bleeding on pocket probing (BOPP) or bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP). Gingival Abrasion Score (GAS) was assessed per quadrant. Data was recorded at the baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Both groups WF (n = 40) and IDB (n = 38) showed a significant reduction (p = 0.000) in BOMP and BOPP from the baseline to 4 weeks for all sites and the interdental sites only. At 4 weeks the WF group compared to the IDB group showed significantly lower BOPP (p = 0.030) and BOMP scores (p = 0.003) for all sites. For the interdental sites WF showed compared to IDB for BOMP significant (p = 0.019) lower values but not for BOPP (p = 0.219). There were no differences between the groups for GAS at any time point. In patients with moderate gingivitis, after 4 weeks use the WF is more effective than the IDB in obtaining marginal gingival health.

Evaluation of Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life in Bleeding Disorders

Abstract Background Oral bleeding is a common symptom for many inherited and acquired bleeding disorders in children. Understanding oral health and treatment needs of patients with bleeding disorders is necessary for patients' primary oral health prevention. Aim of the Work To evaluate the oral health problems in children with bleeding disorders both clinically and with child oral health related quality of life questionnaire score. To assess the effect of intervention (education and any necessary dental procedure) on the child oral health related quality of life questionnaire score. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 patients aged from (2-18 years), males represent n = 47 (67.1%), females n = 23 (32.9%). Inherited bleeding disorders represent n = 37 (52.9%) and acquired bleeding disorders represent n = 33 (47.1%). ITP n = 33 (47.1%), hemophilia A n = 27 (38.6%), Von Willebrand’s disease n = 7 (10%) and Glanzmann n = 3 (4.3%) and all subjected to full history taking, examination, dental health estimation, oral health education, dental management and replacement therapy as needed at baseline and after 6 months of follow up from October 2021 to April 2022. ITP bleeding score (ISTH SSC bleeding assessment tool) used to assess severity of ITP patients. Child oral health related quality of life and child oral health impact profile questionnaires were filled by patients/parents at base line and after 6 months follow up. Results The current study revealed that (57.1%) of patients have dental caries. Regarding oral hygiene status, (10%) of patients have poor oral hygiene. Regarding gingival health, (50%) of patients have moderate gingivitis and (11.4%) have severe gingivitis. Oral symptomatology, Psychological domain for child, Psychological domain for family, Social domain for child and Total oral health score were significantly affected more with long duration of disease (p-value =0.0005, 0.0015, 0.010, 0.022 and 0.0045 respectively). There was statistically significant improvement in oral health related quality of life questionnaire score after 6 months of follow up with total oral health score (p-value = 0.000). Conclusion Oral health was significantly affected among patients with acquired and inherited bleeding disorders. Oral health education and management had significant impact on oral health related quality of life scores after 6 months of follow up.

Comparative clinical efficacy of Murraya koenigii gel and chlorhexidine gluconate gel for improvement of oral health

Comparative clinical efficacy of Murraya koenigii gel and Chlorhexidine gluconate gel for improvement of oral health Introduction: Gingivitis is a non-destructive, plaque induced disease that causes inflammation of the gums. Chlorhexidine is regarded as the gold standard agent due to its chemical substantivity and clinical efficacy in chemical plaque control. Nowadays, herbal products are widely substituting synthetic antimicrobials due to their minimal side effects and cost effectiveness. Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) is an easily available green leaf in the Indian subcontinent, known for its antimicrobial, antioxidative, and cytotoxic activity. Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of M. koenigii gel in reduction of plaque and gingivitis when compared with commercially available Chlorhexidine (Hexigel) gel. Materials and Method: This single center, randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out among 40 participants with moderate gingivitis. After scaling, they were divided into two groups: Group I (control) and Group II (Test) [n=20] and were instructed to use Chlorhexidine gel and M. koenigii gel respectively. Clinical parameters (PI & GI) were recorded on baseline and 15 days later. Student’s paired t‑test and independent t-test were used for intra and inter group comparison of clinical parameters. Results: On intra-group comparison, both the groups showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). Inter-group comparison, showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. (P > 0.05) Conclusion: M. koenigii gel is equally effective as Chlorhexidine gel, in treating plaque induced gingivitis.

Quantitative analysis of the effects of essential oil mouthrinses on clinical plaque microbiome: a parallel-group, randomized trial.

The rich diversity of microorganisms in the oral cavity plays an important role in the maintenance of oral health and development of detrimental oral health conditions. Beyond commonly used qualitative microbiome metrics, such as relative proportions or diversity, both the species-level identification and quantification of bacteria are key to understanding clinical disease associations. This study reports the first-time application of an absolute quantitative microbiome analysis using spiked DNA standards and shotgun metagenome sequencing to assess the efficacy and safety of product intervention on dental plaque microbiome. In this parallel-group, randomized clinical trial, essential oil mouthrinses, including LISTERINE® Cool Mint Antiseptic (LCM), an alcohol-containing prototype mouthrinse (ACPM), and an alcohol-free prototype mouthrinse (AFPM), were compared against a hydroalcohol control rinse on clinical parameters and the oral microbiome of subjects with moderate gingivitis. To enable a sensitive and clinically meaningful measure of bacterial abundances, species were categorized according to their associations with oral conditions based on published literature and quantified using known amounts of spiked DNA standards. Multivariate analysis showed that both LCM and ACPM shifted the dysbiotic microbiome composition of subjects with gingivitis to a healthier state after 4 weeks of twice-daily use, resembling the composition of subjects with clinically healthy oral conditions recruited for observational reference comparison at baseline. The essential oil-containing mouthrinses evaluated in this study showed statistically significant reductions in clinical gingivitis and plaque measurements when compared to the hydroalcohol control rinse after 6 weeks of use. By establishing a novel quantitative method for microbiome analysis, this study sheds light on the mechanisms of LCM mouthrinse efficacy on oral microbial ecology, demonstrating that repeated usage non-selectively resets a gingivitis-like oral microbiome toward that of a healthy oral cavity. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 10/06/2021. The registration number is NCT04921371.

Comparison of oral health status, oral hygiene management behaviours and satisfaction of patients with fixed orthodontic appliance and clear aligner: A quasi-experimental design.

This study aimed to determine the overall oral health statuses of patients with fixed orthodontic appliance and clear aligner, as well as their oral hygiene management behaviours and satisfaction. We selected 40 participants (20 each with fixed orthodontic devices and clear aligners) who visited a dental clinic. We conducted a survey to determine the oral hygiene management behaviours of the subjects and their satisfaction with their orthodontic treatment. Three measurements were also conducted at 4-week intervals to determine the oral health statuses of the subjects. The Löe and Silness gingival index of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances indicated moderate gingivitis (1.1 ± 0.3), and those with clear aligners had mild gingivitis (0.6 ± 0.4) (p < 0.001). The modified O'Leary index also indicated that the degree of dental plaque deposition in the oral cavity was lower in patients treated with a clear aligner (43.0 ± 18.2 points) than in those treated with a fixed orthodontic (28.1 ± 10.9 points) (p = 0.004). Regarding oral hygiene management, the fixed orthodontic group received scaling more frequently (p = 0.006), received more oral health education (p < 0.001) and had a longer brushing time (p = 0.008) than the clear aligner group. No significant difference was observed in satisfaction between the fixed orthodontic appliance and the clear aligner. Regarding the oral health status by orthodontic appliance type, the clear aligner group had the advantages of reduction in dental plaque attachment and gingival health. The fixed orthodontic group exhibited better oral hygiene management behaviours. Satisfaction with orthodontic treatment was found to be similar for the two device types.

Tendencies Of Gingivitis In Users Of False Teeth Made By The Dentalone In The Community Of Sungai Alang Village, Banjar District

Dental health in Indonesia, a developing country, is still a serious challenge, with the prevalence of dental and oral diseases reaching 60% of the population. The public's low dental hygiene knowledge is the main factor causing this problem. This research aims to increase public understanding and awareness of dental health as a first step towards improving dental health.&#x0D; Using analytical methods with a cross-sectional approach, the study evaluated the condition of gingivitis in denture users, both made by dentists and dentists/dental technicians in Sungai Alang Village, Banjar Regency. The results of the study showed that the highest level of severe gingivitis was among users of dentures made by dentists, followed by mild gingivitis, while moderate gingivitis was rarely found.&#x0D; Among users of dentures made by dentists/dental technicians, the most common group is mild gingivitis, followed by moderate and severe gingivitis. Interestingly, individuals who wore dentures for more than ten years had a 5.1 times higher risk of developing severe gingivitis than those who wore them for 1-5 years or 6-10 years. Furthermore, the risk of gingivitis was higher in those who made dentures at a dentist, with a gingival score difference of 0.121 compared to those who made dentures at a dentist/dental technician. These findings provide important insights regarding factors that can influence the level of gingivitis in denture users in the Sungai Alang Village community and Banjar Regency and emphasize the need for more intensive dental health education to increase public awareness and understanding of dental hygiene.

Use of over-the-counter mouthwashes as an additional measure in individual oral prophylaxis on adults with plaque-induced gingivitis: a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPlaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been disorganised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available mouthwashes (MWs) versus a chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% MW in reducing gingival bleeding (GB) in adults with plaque-induced gingivitis.MethodsThe present study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial involving 6492 gingival sites (i.e. 39 subjects × 28 teeth × 6 sites/tooth) aged 18–75 years. During a 2-week period, subjects were randomized to receive MWs: a control CHX 0.12% MW (group C, 1818 sites); a MW test containing CHX 0.09% + Citrox®/P complex (group CX, 2628 sites); a MW test based on natural compounds (group P, 2016 sites). GB was assessed at the inclusion visit (T0) and after 2 weeks of MW use (T1). Analyses of GB were compared between groups and then restricted to subjects with bleeding sites between 10 and 30% (moderate gingivitis) or ≥ 30% (severe gingivitis) at T0. Pairwise comparisons were made between groups and logistic regression was used to identify correlates of GB (T1).ResultsFor total bleeding site analysis, GB reduction between T0 and T1 ranged from 23% (C), 26% (CX) and 36% (P), respectively (all p < 0.05). Multiple comparison between groups showed that group C was significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than groups CX and P. Splitting the analysis, in patients with severe gingivitis (≥ 30% bleeding sites at T0), all MWs had a positive effect on GB with a reduction at T1 of 36% (C), 33% (CX) and 42% (P), respectively. While GB reduction between T0 and T1, was significant for all groups, the comparison among groups showed no significant difference between group C and CX, whereas the improvement was significant for group P. On the other hand, in adults with moderate gingivitis (< 30% bleeding sites at T0), only CX and P had a positive effect on GB reduction at T1(9% in CX and 2% in P, respectively), although the differences between the three groups were not significant.ConclusionThe daily use of MWs with natural components (groups P and CX) for 2 weeks should be considered positively as an adjunct to individual oral prophylaxis to reduce GB compared to the control MW containing CHX 0.12% (group C) in healthy adults with plaque-induced gingivitis. For subjects with severe gingivitis, it is advisable to first use natural MW (P) and then MW based on CHX 0.09% with natural components (CX), compared to MW with CHX 0.12% (C). For adults with moderate gingivitis, P and CX can be advisable, even if no definitive recommendations can be drawn.Trial RegistrationACTRN12622000215729, 07/02/2022.

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

Introduction. Significant prevalence of periodontal diseases, tendency to progress with the subsequent loss of teeth, onset at a young age, decrease in the quality of life of patients and significant financial costs determine the relevance of this medical and social problem. The problem of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is being increasingly paid attention by researchers and doctors due to the high prevalence and variety of its clinical manifestations. One of the atypical (extraordinary) syndromes of gastroesophageal reflux disease is dental. The purpose of the research was to assess the condition of periodontal tissues in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Materials and methods. For the study, 65 patients with GERD were selected who had been hospitalized to the gastroenterology department of Ternopil City Hospital No. 2. In total, the sample included 34 (52.31 %) men and 31 (47.69 %) women. To identify inflammatory changes in the gum mucosa, the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) and the complex periodontal index (CPI) according to P.O. Leus (1989) were used. Statistical processing of the data obtained during the study was carried out using the licensed Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statsoft Statistica 12 statistical analysis packages. Results. As a result of our study, we found that only 18.5 % of patients suffering from GERD had clinically healthy gums. 9.2 % of patients showed signs of mild gingivitis (PMA index values were within 20 %). According to the RMA index, 33.8 % of patients in the main group were diagnosed with moderate gingivitis (values ranged from 25–50 %). In 38.5 %, manifestations of severe gingivitis were visualized (the PMA index value was more than 51 %). We have found that in patients with GERD, the manifestations of inflammatory phenomena in periodontal tissues increase with age and their severity increases. According to the data obtained when determining the CPI index, 11.2 % of patients with erosive lesions of the esophagus were diagnosed with moderate periodontal tissue damage (CPI value was (2.9 ± 0.1)). In 44.4 % of patients with the erosive form of GERD, mild periodontal tissue damage was visualized (CPI = (1.6 ± 0.1)). All patients with periodontitis secondary to erosive GERD were elderly (45–59 years, according to WHO). Only 44.4 % of patients with the erosive form of GERD and 100.0 % of patients with non-erosive GERD had no inflammation of periodontal tissue (the average CPI value did not exceed 1.0). Conclusions. Based on the studies described above, we can come to the conclusion that inflammatory processes in the tissues of the periodontal complex and oral mucosa in patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease are interconnected processes that aggravate each other.

ETIOLOGY AND DENTAL STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH DENTITION DEFECTS IN THE RESIDENTS OF THE TRANSCARPATHIA

The aim of the study. To evaluate the dental status of patients with dentition defects, residents of the Transcarpathia, and to establish the causes of their occurrence. Materials and methods. The dental status was determined in 450 middle-aged people, residents of the Transcarpathia. The etiology of dentition defects was established, and an index assessment of hygiene, inflammatory and destructive changes in the periodontium, resorption of alveolar processes, and bone type was performed. The mathematical analysis and verification of the results, as well as the calculation of the arithmetic mean and standard errors were performed using the Statistica 6.0 software. Results and discussion. In the case of bounded edentulous spaces of 1–2 adjacent teeth, complicated caries prevailed in the etiology in 57.0 %; in the case of bounded edentulous spaces of 3 or more adjacent teeth, periodontal tissue diseases prevailed in 58.0 % (25.8 % – 16 in the upper jaw, 32.2 % – 20 in the lower jaw). In free-end edentulous spaces, periodontal tissue diseases prevailed among the etiologic factors: unilateral – in 75.0 %, bilateral – in 79.4 %. The hygiene was not satisfactory, the presence of moderate and severe gingivitis and periodontitis was observed with the prevalence of D2 bone type in 53.3 % of patients with bounded edentulous spaces, and 54.5 % of patients with free-end edentulous spaces. Conclusions. In the middle-aged adult population of the Transcarpathia, bounded edentulous spaces account for 26.6 %, and free-end edentulous spaces account for 73.4 %.

The Prevalence of Gingivitis in School Student Age 9-12 Years at Biting 01 Elementary School, Arjasa Agroindustrial Region, Jember District

Elementary school-age children experience gingivitis due to minimal knowledge and awareness about dental and oral hygiene, which can cause plaque formation. Gingivitis in children can also be influenced by bad habits that usually occur in children, such as chewing on one side and breathing through the mouth. Based on basic health research in Indonesia in 2013, gingivitis in children under 12 years old was found to be 80%. This research was an observational study with descriptive research using a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional study). Data is calculated using the prevalence formula, and gingivitis examination uses the gingival index. The plaque index is used to determine the appearance of plaque as one of the etiologies of gingivitis and the questionnaire is used to determine other causes of gingivitis in children. The results showed that the prevalence of gingivitis based on severity was the highest, which were mild gingivitis at 36.3%, and moderate gingivitis at 40.9%. The prevalence of gingivitis based on age is highest among 12-year-olds with 30.3%. The prevalence of gingivitis based on gender is mostly experienced by men at 43.9%. The etiology of gingivitis in this study was most influenced by plaque which was measured by the plaque index. Keywords: Gingivitis, agroindustry, elementary school children

Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Oral Hygiene Aids in Maintaining Periodontal Health in Patients With Gingivitis.

Background Gingivitis is a common oral health condition characterized by inflammation of the gingiva, which, if left untreated, can progress to more severe forms of periodontal disease. Effective oral hygiene practices play a crucial role in managing gingivitis, but the comparative efficacy of different oral hygiene aids remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various oral hygiene aids in maintaining periodontal health in patients with gingivitis, considering gender and the degree of gingivitis as potential influencing factors. Methods A total of 120 participants with gingivitis were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, each utilizing a different oral hygiene aid: Group A (toothbrush), Group B (electric toothbrush), Group C (brushing along with the use of an interdental brush), and Group D (brushing along with the use of a water flosser). All participants received toothpaste for use with their respective oral hygiene aids. Periodontal health parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) score, were assessed at baseline and after a specified duration of oral hygiene intervention. Also, the microbial count for Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella species was evaluated. Results No significant differences in periodontal health outcomes were observed between males and females in any of the oral hygiene aid groups. Similarly, no significant differences were found among the mild, moderate, and severe gingivitis groups within each oral hygiene aid group. The microbial count also has no statistical significance except for streptococcus species. These findings indicate that the efficacy of the tested oral hygiene aids was comparable across genders and different degrees of gingivitis. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the tested oral hygiene aids were effective in maintaining periodontal health in patients with gingivitis, irrespective of gender and the degree of gingivitis. These results have implications for oral healthcare professionals in their recommendations to patients regarding oral hygiene practices. However, it is important to consider the limitations of this study, including the relatively small sample size and the specific oral hygiene aids tested.

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among patients with periodontal disease attending Dental Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan.

Periodontal disease is often caused by bacterial plaque. However, there are indications that some infective agents, including parasites, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis, as well as the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, in the oral biofilm of individuals with periodontal diseases using polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and six respondents with periodontal disease participated in the study. All study participants had a full-mouth examination, and dental plaque samples were collected with a sterile curette. Samples were transported to the laboratory in a cold chain and stored frozen till analyzed. DNA was extracted from the samples and amplified using EGO and ENTAM primers for Entamoeba and TGBK primers for T. tenax. The mean age of respondents was 45 ± 16.3 years, with none using tobacco. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis obtained from this study was 84.9% and 15.1%. The prevalence obtained for Entamoeba and T. tenax was 0.9% each; however, no participant had both parasites. The positive samples were from male participants with moderate gingivitis. Gingivitis was more prevalent than periodontitis, though with a high preponderance in females. E. gingivalis and T. tenax may not be of etiologic importance in periodontal disease as they occurred sparsely in the studied population.

DYNAMIC CHANGES IN PARACLINICAL INDICES FOLLOWING THE COMPLETION OF TREATMENT FOR GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME

The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamic changes in paraclinical indices following the completion of the treatment for generalized periodontitis in patients with metabolic syndrome. 80 patients with metabolic syndrome assigned to receive the integrated treatment for generalized periodontitis (GP) were divided into 2 groups. The main group (40 people) included 15 patients (37.5%) with primary I degree GP, 15 patients (37.5 %) with II degree GP and 10 people (25%) with III degree GP who received the treatment according to the elaborated therapeutic and preventive algorithm. The control group (40 people) received the treatment according to the protocol of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (dental care provision in the specialty "Therapeutic Dentistry). The number of patients with primary I degree, II and III degrees of GP was identical to that in the main group.&#x0D; Results. Based on the results obtained, the subjects of the main group, who received pathogenetically based treatment, demonstrated a pronounced tendency to improve index values over all time intervals. Before the treatment, the mean values of the paraclicical index in the both groups did not differ and indicated severe GP. In the main group, in 1 month after the beginning of GP treatment, a significant decrease in index scores for periodontitis of moderate severity was observed. After 12 months, the PI index in the patients of the main group continued to show the average GP severity and was 1.5 times lower than before the treatment, p&lt;0.01.&#x0D; Before the GP treatment, the values of the PMA index in patients of the main and control groups showed the upper margin of moderate gingivitis trenching upon severe gingivitis. 1 month after the pathogenetic treatment, there was a significant decrease in the PMA index in the patients of the main group reaching the upper limit of mild gingivitis. 12 months after the receiving treatment-prophylactic algorithm, the patients of the main group showed the digital indicator of the PMA index was 39.87 ± 5.46%, i.e. 1.4-fold lower than the values before the treatment, p&lt;0.01. In the patients of the control group, the PMA index scores of 54.89 ± 8.69% approached the initial level. The effectiveness of the elaborated treatment-prophylactic algorithm was also confirmed by the positive dynamics of the Green-Vermillion hygienic index in the patients of the main group over all observation periods.&#x0D; Conclusion. The subjects of the main group, who received pathogenetically based treatment, demonstrated a pronounced tendency towards the improvement of index values over all treatment intervals. Across all stages of observation, there has been observed the cessation of exudation and suppuration from periodontal pockets, the reduction of granulations and hyperaemia, thus, the elimination of the inflammatory-dystrophic process has been clinically proved. It can be suggested that the proposed therapeutic and preventive algorithm enables to reduce the preparatory period before the surgical stages of periodontal treatment and ensure a favourable post-operative course. The treatment according to the traditional protocol has been found as less ineffective and leads to the deterioration of periodontal tissues in the control group.

Oral hygiene status in individuals with hearing difficulties: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Most studies focusing on oral hygiene status in hearing impaired individuals are cross-sectional and focus on specific populations. A comprehensive literature search and evidence-based analysis was carried out to assess the oral hygiene status in this special group of population. Searches were conducted in four databases with no restriction on publication date. Cross-sectional and comparative cross-sectional studies assessing the oral hygiene status and periodontal status of hearing impaired individuals using standardized evaluation criteria were included. Study selection, data extraction, and assessment of bias were carried out by four reviewers and oral hygiene, plaque, and gingival status were assessed. The risk of bias assessment was carried out by New Castle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. 29 relevant publications that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included in the systematic review whereas six studies each assessing oral hygiene and plaque status and five studies evaluating the gingival status were included in the Meta-analysis. Eight thousand eight hundred and ninety (8890) potentially relevant references were identified in the systematic literature search. The overall analysis of the included studies revealed a mean oral hygiene index score of 1.60 (95% CI 0.91-2.30), Gingival Index scores 1.27 (95% CI 1.02-1.51), and Plaque Index score 0.99 (95% CI 0.75-2.30) among the hearing impaired individuals. The present study reported fair oral hygiene, fair plaque status, and moderate gingivitis among the hearing impaired individuals.

Effectiveness of Probiotic Yogurt in Moderate Gingivitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Probiotics are microbes that positively influence health an individual when ingested in appropriate quantities. This study is done to assess the variation in salivary buffering capacity and salivary pH in moderate gingivitis patients before and after probiotic intake. Aim and Objective: To assess the role of probiotics on buffering capacity and salivary pH. To study the effect of probiotics in controlling gingivitis. Methodology: A study group of 10 subjects between the age group of 25 - 35 years with moderate gingivitis. Gingival Index was recorded. pH and buffering capacity of the saliva is determined using GC saliva buffer kit before and after probiotic intake. Results: There was significant improvement in gingival health after 14 days consumption of probiotic yogurt. However, there is no significant difference between gingival index, buffering capacity and pH before and after probiotic consumption. Conclusion: There was significant improvement in gingival health after 14 days consumption of probiotic yogurt. Long term research and clinical trials are required to reveal whether the probiotics can be used for preventing or treating oral diseases.

Pacientų informuotumas apie dantų implantų priežiūrą ir sąsajas su burnos priežiūros įpročiais ir burnos sveikata

Many patients do not perform adequate individual oral hygiene after dental implantation due to the formation of inappropriate habits or a lack of knowledge about implant care (Abbasi Begum Meer Rownaq Ali et al., 2023). For these reasons, soft and hard plaques accumulate, gingivitis forms, and alveolar bone dissolves. Complications of the dental implant, perimucositis and periimplantitis, may begin, resulting in the loss of the dental implant (Rudeejaraswan et al., 2023). Informing the patient and changing bad habits are very important factors for preserving the dental implant. General dentists claim that they play an important role in the oral health care of patients with dental implants, but their clinical practice does not always bear this out (Cheung et al., 2021). Studies show that patients who only use a toothbrush for oral care have a higher risk of developing dental implant complications than those who use additional oral care products (Hopcraft et al., 2021). To reach the research aim, a qualitative research method was chosen, a written survey by filling in a questionnaire. An examination using simplified OHI-s and GI indices was also applied, with the help of which the informant’s oral hygiene and gingivitis conditions were determined. 10 participants took part in the research. After analysing the awareness of the research participants about the care of dental implants and the connections with oral health, it was found that the knowledge of four informants about the care of dental implants is good or average. Still, the state of oral hygiene is satisfactory, and they have moderate gingivitis. Five informants have satisfactory knowledge of dental implant care, of which three participants have poor oral hygiene and moderate or severe gingivitis. The rest have satisfactory oral hygiene and moderate gingivitis. Analysing the relationship between informants’ oral hygiene habits and oral health, the habits of six study participants are satisfactory, resulting in satisfactory oral hygiene and moderate gingivitis. The study results show that people with dental implants lack information about individual and professional oral hygiene. Oral care professionals should pay more attention to instructing patients. Based on scientific research, it can be stated that the oral hygiene of informants with dental implants is different. Some informants use additional oral care products and regularly visit oral care specialists, so their oral hygiene is good, while others do not have enough motivation to pay more attention to oral hygiene.