Moderate Field Research Articles

Superior Energy-Storage Performances under a Moderate Electric Field Achieved in Antiferroelectric-like Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics by a Synergistic Optimization Strategy.

The progress of power systems and electronic devices promotes the development of lead-free dielectric energy-storage material. Particularly, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based ferroelectric ceramics featuring large spontaneous polarization as well as wide dielectric adjustability and stability are highly recognized as promising candidates. However, their large remanent polarization (Pr) and low electric breakdown strength (Eb) result in unsatisfactory recoverable energy density (Wrec) and/or energy conversion efficiency (η), severely restricting their energy-storage applications. Herein, an effective synergistic optimization strategy has been proposed to gain superior energy-storage performances. Interestingly, the antiferroelectric-like (AFE-like) (1 - x)(Na0.3Bi0.38Sr0.28TiO3)-xBi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) ceramics were constructed via the phase structure, the polar structure, and the defect dipole modulations. With Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 increasing, the slim and pinched polarization-electric field hysteresis (P-E) loops become remarkably similar to the double-like P-E loops characterized by AFEs. Meanwhile, the strengthened Eb and delayed polarization saturation were also realized due to the enlarged band gap, refined grain size, and reduced free energy barrier. Consequently, superior energy-storage performances were achieved in this work. Noticeably, a large Wrec of 5.00 J/cm3 and a high η of 90.09% were realized in 0.85(Na0.3Bi0.38Sr0.28TiO3)-0.15Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 RFE ceramics at a moderate electric field of 340 kV/cm. Additionally, excellent energy-storage and/or charge-discharge reliabilities in frequency (1-500 Hz), temperature (20-140 °C), and fatigue cycle (1-50,000) were confirmed. These satisfactory results not only indicate the promising prospects of 0.85(Na0.3Bi0.38Sr0.28TiO3)-0.15Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 RFE ceramics in the dielectric energy-storage field but also verify the effectiveness of the synergistic optimization strategy proposed in this work.

Low-temperature electron transport in [110] and [100] silicon nanowires: a DFT-Monte Carlo study

The effects of very low temperature on the electron transport in a [110] and [100] axially aligned unstrained silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are investigated. A combination of semi-empirical 10-orbital tight-binding method, density functional theory and Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) methods are used. Both acoustic and optical phonons are included in the electron-phonon scattering rate calculations covering both intra-subband and inter-subband events. A comparison with room temperature (300 K) characteristics shows that for both nanowires, the average electron steady-state drift velocity increases at least 2 times at relatively moderate electric fields and lower temperatures. Furthermore, the average drift velocity in [110] nanowires is 50 percent more than that of [100] nanowires, explained by the difference in their conduction subband effective mass. Transient average electron velocity suggests that there is a pronounced streaming electron motion at low temperature which is attributed to the reduced electron-phonon scattering rates.

Simultaneous achievement of high energy storage density and ultrahigh efficiency in BCZT-based relaxor ceramics at moderate electric field

The development of high-performance energy storage dielectric materials is the key to the development of large capacity ceramic capacitor. How to obtain the high energy storage density and efficiency of dielectric materials is the basis. Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT) has high energy storage potential as a typical piezoelectric material, but it shows poor energy storage properties due to low breakdown electric field and large remnant polarization. In this work, we propose a combined optimization strategy aimed at enhancing the comprehensive energy storage performance of BCZT-based ceramics through doping with bismuth-based oxides. The diverse phase morphology offers substantial potential for modifying the electrical properties of BCZT-based ceramics. Electrical homogeneity is markedly improved with the incorporation of Bi2/3(Al1/2Nb1/2)O3 (BAN), which is accompanied by a reduction in long-range ferroelectric phases and the emergence of polar nanoregions. Ultimately, optimal BCZT-xBAN ceramics with x = 0.09 exhibit superior energy storage performances (Wrec ∼ 3.71 J/cm3, η ∼ 94.54 %) under moderate electric fields. Furthermore, BCZT-0.09BAN ceramics demonstrate commendable fatigue endurance, frequency stability, and temperature stability characteristics; notably achieving an ultrafast discharge rate of t0.9–14.6 ns alongside excellent discharge properties (CD ∼ 1278.66 A/cm2, PD ∼ 191.80 MW/cm3, WD ∼ 1.57 J/cm3).

Temperature-Dependent Characterization of Long-Range Conduction in Conductive Protein Fibers of Cable Bacteria.

Multicellular cable bacteria display an exceptional form of biological conduction, channeling electric currents across centimeter distances through a regular network of protein fibers embedded in the cell envelope. The fiber conductivity is among the highest recorded for biomaterials, but the underlying mechanism of electron transport remains elusive. Here, we performed detailed characterization of the conductance from room temperature down to liquid helium temperature to attain insight into the mechanism of long-range conduction. A consistent behavior is seen within and across individual filaments. The conductance near room temperature reveals thermally activated behavior, yet with a low activation energy. At cryogenic temperatures, the conductance at moderate electric fields becomes virtually independent of temperature, suggesting that quantum vibrations couple to the charge transport through nuclear tunneling. Our data support an incoherent multistep hopping model within parallel conduction channels with a low activation energy and high transfer efficiency between hopping sites. This model explains the capacity of cable bacteria to transport electrons across centimeter-scale distances, thus illustrating how electric currents can be guided through extremely long supramolecular protein structures.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Predict Electrical Conductivity and Moisture Content of Milk During Non-Thermal Pasteurization: New Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Food Processing

This study proposed applying artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the actual electrical conductivity (EC) of raw and pasteurized milk using moderate electric field (MEF) based on the electric field strength (EFS) and mass flow rate (MFR) along with modeling moisture content (MC) based on the EC. To this end, an artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented for conventionally (CP) and non-thermally (NP) pasteurized milk. The findings indicated no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the experimental and predicted data for EC and MC. The MFR and EFS affected the actual EC. The raw milk samples had an EC of 0.468812–0.46913 S/m and MC of 87.3218–87.35941%, while these values in NP pasteurized milk were 0.457441–0.638224 S/m and 87.33986–87.40851%. With correlation coefficients (R) of 0.736478106–0.951840323 and mean square errors (MSE) of 0.005539–0.0064, the ANN accurately predicted the raw and pasteurized milk MC based on the EC using the sixth-order polynomial model and the EC based on the EFS and MFR using a quadratic model. The EC of pasteurized milk by NP was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of CP and raw dairy by 15.44% and 11.30%, respectively. The results show that the EFS and MFR might be used for the online assessment of milk’s physical attributes (e.g., EC), followed by using the assessed parameter to determine other properties (e.g., MC) by developing AI approaches based on optimized models. These observations showcase the innovative use of ANN-based AI to predict milk’s EC and MC accurately. Integrating such AI platforms into non-thermal food processing could eventually develop more sustainable food production and enhance food security and quality through process innovation and sustainable manufacturing, contributing to the industrial revolution and sustainable development goals.

Dynamics of spin oscillation in double barrier synthetic antiferromagnet based magnetic tunnel junction in presence of spin-transfer torque

In this work, we have studied the spin dynamics of a synthetic antiferromagnet (AFM)/heavy metal/ferromagnet double barrier magnetic tunnel junction in the presence of Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction, interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (iDM) interaction, Néel field, and Spin–Orbit Coupling (SOC) with different Spin-Transfer Torque (STT). We employ the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation to investigate the AFM dynamics of the proposed system. We found that the system exhibits a transition from regular to damped oscillations with the increase in strength of STT for systems with a weaker strength of iDM interaction than RKKY interaction while displaying sustained oscillations for systems having the same order of RKKY and iDM interactions. On the other hand, the systems with sufficiently strong iDM interaction strength exhibit self-similar but aperiodic patterns in the absence of the Néel field. In the presence of the Néel field, the RKKY interaction dominating systems exhibit chaotic oscillations for low STT but display sustained oscillations under moderate STT. Our results suggest that the decay time of oscillations can be controlled via SOC. The system can work as an oscillator for low SOC but displays non-linear characteristics with the rise in SOC for systems having weaker iDM interaction than RKKY interactions. In contrast, opposite characteristics are noticed for iDM interaction dominating systems. We found periodic oscillations under low external magnetic fields in RKKY interaction dominating systems. However, moderate fields are necessary for sustained oscillation in iDM interaction dominating systems. Moreover, the system exhibits saddle-node bifurcations and chaos under moderate Néel field and SOC with suitable RKKY and iDM interactions. In addition, our results indicate that the magnon lifetime can be enhanced by increasing the strength of iDM interaction for both optical and acoustic modes.

Characterization and kinetics of whey protein isolate amyloid fibril aggregates under moderate electric fields

Food proteins solutions enable the controlled flow of electrical current when subjected to a Moderate electric field (MEF). This application results in internal heat generation, known as ohmic heating, accompanied by electrochemical reactions. These effects play a significant role in influencing the formation of protein amyloid fibril aggregates (AFA), which have broad applications in food and biomedical fields, ranging from improving food texture to biomedical applications such as drug delivery and disease treatment. This study focused on investigating the formation of β-Lactoglobulin (β-lg) AFA under MEF conditions using WPI as protein source and various characterization techniques (e.g., Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism, and electron microscopy). The results indicated that MEF prolonged the lag phase of AFA formation. Furthermore, nucleation and fibril growth showed higher activation coefficients and cooperativity level (n > 2) compared to conventional heating method. MEF treatment resulted in unique fibril clustering and the presence of unexpected higher-order AFA networks confirmed by electron microscopy. These findings highlight the significant role of MEF in influencing the aggregation kinetics of β-lg AFA. Exploring further into the electrochemical and thermal effects during protein aggregation processes holds the key to unlocking deeper insights fibril formation process.

Life cycle assessment and cost analysis of innovative agar extraction technologies from red seaweeds

Developing efficient and sustainable extraction technologies for valuable biocompounds from seaweed is crucial to overcome the limitations of conventional technologies. This study aims to compare three innovative technologies for agar extraction from two red seaweed species, G. sesquipedale and G. vermiculophylla: subcritical water extraction (performed at 125 °C, 2.5 atm, 1 min, and at 140 °C, 3.8 atm, 1 s), moderate electric fields (applied at 85 °C for 120 min and 95 °C for 180 min), and a combination of both methods. The comparison used life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methodologies, considering a gate-to-gate approach. The combined technology demonstrated the lowest energy consumption, with 67 MJ/kgagar for G. vermiculophylla and 100 MJ/kgagar for G. sesquipedale. A carbon footprint reduction of up to 94 % was obtained when compared to the control, with 15.9 kgCO2 eq. /kgagar for G. vermiculophylla and 20.4 kgCO2 eq. /kgagar for G. sesquipedale. Using photovoltaic panels as alternative energy further cut carbon emissions by 50 %. The cost analysis showed that the combined technology was the most cost-effective extraction method.

Large reversible magnetocaloric effect in rare-earth molybdate RE2(MoO4)3 (RE: Gd and Tb) compounds

We report on the synthesis, structural, DC magnetic susceptibility studies on Gd2(MoO4)3 and Tb2(MoO4)3 polycrystals, prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method. Temperature and magnetic field (H) dependent magnetization and heat capacity measurements have been carried out to estimate the isothermal magnetic-entropy change (−ΔSm) and adiabatic temperature change (ΔTadi) in both rare-earth molybdates. No obvious long-range magnetic ordering can be found down to 2 K in both studied compounds. The estimated maximum value of –ΔSm at 3.5 K for 70 kOe is 31.1 J kg−1 K−1 and 16.7 J kg−1 K−1 in Gd2(MoO4)3 and Tb2(MoO4)3, respectively. Further, the calculated total-adiabatic temperature change for Gd2(MoO4)3 was 12.8 K, and Tb2(MoO4)3 has shown 9.8 K. The difference in the observed magnetocaloric and adiabatic temperature responses of Tb2(MoO4)3 compared to Gd2(MoO4)3 could be attributed to the presence of orbital angular moment of Tb3+ ions and relatively low-value of magnetization. Both the systems show a large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) (−ΔSm ∼ 12 J kg−1 K−1) even in low applied H (<20 kOe) attainable by a permanent magnet. Large magnetocaloric behaviour of Gd2(MoO4)3 and Tb2(MoO4)3 systems at a moderate field change along with very low electrical conductivity and the absence of thermal and magnetic field hysteresis in magnetization make them conducive to their use as promising magnetic refrigerants in the vicinity of liquid-helium temperatures.

An Intragranular Segregation Structure Enables an Excellent Energy Storage Performance in Composite Dielectrics through Delayed Saturation Polarization.

An electrostatic capacitor for energy storage is an important basic component of pulse power electronics. The electrical breakdown strength (Eb) of normal ferroelectrics is low, which limits their application in dielectric energy storage. Constructing a 0-3-type composite dielectric, that is, introducing an insulating metallic oxide into the ferroelectric matrix, can greatly enhance Eb. Unfortunately, an intergranular secondary phase typically forms that causes large attenuation of the dielectric constant, which leads to limited improvement of energy storage performance. In this work, a composite ceramic with an intragranular segregation structure was intentionally designed using the BaTiO3-BaZrO3-CaTiO3 (BCZT) system as an example. Compared with those of a BCZT solid solution without a secondary phase and a BCZT composite with a grain-boundary secondary phase, the rationally designed BCZT composite with an intragranular secondary phase delivered a large recoverable energy density of 5.86 J/cm3 and high efficiency of 86.7% at a moderate electric field of 550 kV/cm. Such performance was achieved because the intragranular segregation structure displayed delayed saturation polarization with a high Eb. This microstructural engineering strategy is generally applicable to optimize composite dielectrics to meet the demands of high-performance energy storage capacitors.

Magnetic reduction of gas back-mixing in bubbling fluidized beds with Geldart-B magnetizable particles

This study investigated the performance of magnetic fields in reducing gas back-mixing in bubbling fluidized beds with Geldart-B magnetizable particles. The Peclet number (Pe) and axial dispersion coefficient (Da,g) were determined using the one-dimensional dispersion model. A weak magnetic field reduced gas back-mixing to a certain extent, while a moderate field resulted in minimal decrease. The performance of a strong magnetic field varied significantly depending on the operation mode. Under the magnetization-FIRST operation mode, gas back-mixing was significantly reduced. The corresponding Pe and Da,g were calculated as ∼76 and ∼3.6 × 10−4 m2/s, indicating that the gas flow approached the ideal plug-flow manner. However, when the magnetization-LAST operation mode was used, the strong magnetic field failed to mitigate gas back-mixing. Therefore, the performance of magnetic fields in reducing gas back-mixing depended not only on their intensity but also on their application sequence to the gas flow field.

Analysis of factors affecting the progression of visual field defects in patients with myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma

Objective: To investigate the factors affecting the progression of visual field defects in patients with myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to clarify whether the factors vary in patients with different degrees of myopia. Method: An ambispective cohort study was conducted among patients diagnosed with myopia and POAG from the glaucoma outpatient department at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2006 and January 2024. Based on the criteria of functional visual field progression, patients were divided into the progression group and non-progression group, and further divided into the low to moderate myopia subgroup and high myopia subgroup according to the degree of myopia. The patient age, gender, type of glaucoma (high tension glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma), spherical equivalent refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA, recorded as the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness, baseline visual field, history of ophthalmic surgery (corneal refractive surgery and glaucoma surgery), and number of anti-glaucoma medications were summarized. The generalized estimation equation was used for comparison between groups, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the factors affecting the progression of visual field defects. Results: A total of 182 eyes from 106 patients were included in this study. There were 57 eyes in the progression group and 125 eyes in the non-progression group. Compared with the non-progression group, the progression group had the older age [43 (29, 53) years old], worse BCVA [0.05 (0.00, 0.17)], greater IOP fluctuation [1.8 (1.3, 2.9)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)], more common baseline central defects [52.6%(30/57)], higher visual field pattern standard deviations [8.92 (5.32, 12.00)dB], lower visual field index [77% (67%, 88%)], and more anti-glaucoma medications [35.1% (20/57) patients used three medications] (all P<0.05). The Cox proportional hazards models showed that the baseline moderate visual field defects [hazard ratio (HR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25 to 4.36, P=0.008], baseline central defects (HR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.11 to 3.93, P=0.022), older age (Model A, HR=1.03, 95%CI: 1.00 to 1.05, P=0.017; Model B, HR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.00 to 1.05, P=0.019), and greater IOP fluctuation (Model A, HR=1.54, 95%CI: 1.32 to 1.81, P<0.001; Model B, HR=1.49, 95%CI: 1.26 to 1.75, P<0.001) were risk factors for visual field progression. In the low to moderate myopia subgroup, the increased risk of progression was associated with baseline central defects (HR=5.74, 95%CI: 1.72 to 19.20, P=0.005), worse BCVA (Model A, HR=15.80, 95%CI: 2.07 to 121.00, P=0.008; Model B, HR=12.50, 95%CI: 2.65 to 58.70, P=0.001), and older age (Model A, HR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.08, P=0.002; Model B, HR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.03 to 1.11, P<0.001). In the high myopia subgroup, the increased risk of progression was associated with baseline moderate visual field defects (HR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.12 to 4.92, P=0.024) and greater IOP fluctuation (Model A, HR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.24 to 1.82, P<0.001; Model B, HR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.26 to 1.83, P<0.001). Conclusions: Age, IOP fluctuation, baseline moderate visual field defects, and baseline central defects were the factors affecting the progression of visual field defects in patients with myopia and POAG. There were differences in the influencing factors of visual field progression in patients with different degrees of myopia.

Enhanced Energy Storage Properties of Highly Polarized BMT-Based Thin Films through the Multiscale Structure Synergistic Regulation Strategy.

For solving the trade-off relationship of the polarization and breakdown electric field, ferroelectric films with high polarization are playing a critical role in energy storage capacitor applications, especially at moderate/low electric fields. In this work, we propose a multiscale structure (including defect, domain, and grain structures) synergetic optimization strategy to optimize the polarization behavior and energy storage performances of BiMg0.5Ti0.5O3 (BMT) ferroelectric films by introducing Sr0.7La0.2TiO3 (SLT) without compromising the breakdown strength. At a moderate electric field of 2917 kV/cm, a high discharge density of 72.2 J/cm3 has been achieved in 0.9BMT-0.1SLT films, together with good frequency, thermal, and cycle stabilities for energy storage. Importantly, the phase difference Δφ is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the polarization switching mobility of the ferroelectric domain/PNRs at an external electric field stimulation. This research demonstrates that a multiscale structure optimization strategy could effectively regulate the energy storage performance, and ecofriendly BMT-based materials are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage capacitors, especially at moderate/low electric fields.

Effect of ohmic heating on the extraction of biocompounds from aqueous and ethanolic suspensions of Pavlova gyrans

Electric field technology has been highlighted as a promising strategy in the permeabilization of cell membranes and the corresponding bioactive release. In this work, aqueous and ethanolic suspensions of Pavlova gyrans were subjected to moderate electric fields (MEF) to promote rapid heating due to Ohmic Heating (OH) effect. Two approaches were tested: i) OH assisted extraction in a temperature range between 25 ºC and 85 ºC, and ii) OH pretreatment at 25 ºC and 55 ºC followed by solvent extraction. OH treatment at 55 ºC (performed in less than 10 s) in aqueous suspensions promoted a marked increase in the release of organic matter (2.1-fold), chlorophyll a (41.1-fold) and total carotenoids (56.6-fold) when compared to the freeze-thaw cycles (FTC ≈ 3 hours). OH-pretreated biomass subjected to a two-step passive extraction improved the release of proteins and chlorophylls over incubation (p < 0.05) when compared to untreated biomass. This procedure increased 2.2-, 3.9- and 31.9-fold the content of organic matter, protein and chlorophyll a, respectively, in comparison to the FTC procedure. This work presented the OH effect as a promising strategy for enhanced disruption and release of intracellular microalgae compounds.

Protein Gels Influence of Moderate Electric Field on Its Structure, Aggregation, and Gelation Properties─A Recent Update

Protein Gels Influence of Moderate Electric Field on Its Structure, Aggregation, and Gelation Properties─A Recent Update

High‐Entropy Design Toward Ultrahigh Energy Storage Density Under Moderate Electric Field in Bulk Lead‐Free Ceramics

AbstractElectrostatic capacitors with ultrahigh energy‐storage density are crucial for the miniaturization of pulsed power devices. A long‐standing challenge is developing dielectric materials that achieve ultrahigh recoverable energy density Wrec ≥ 10 J cm−3 under moderate electric fields (30 ≤ E ≤ 50 kV mm−1). Herein, a specific high‐entropy strategy is proposed to modulate the phase structure and interfacial polarization of medium‐entropy base materials using linear dielectrics. This strategy ensures a sufficient polar phase and a high enough electric field for complete polarization, thereby achieving ultrahigh Wrec by enhancing polarization strength. The validity of this strategy is demonstrated in the (Na0.282Bi0.282Ba0.036Sr0.28Nd0.08)TiO3‐xCa0.7Bi0.2TiO3 (NBBSNT‐xCBT) (x = 0–0.15) system. The CBT‐modulated samples exhibit a polyphase structure of R3c, P4bm, and Pm‐3m with reduced remnant polarization (Pr). Additionally, the addition of CBT effectively suppresses interfacial polarization, enhancing the maximum polarization (Pmax). These factors significantly improve the value of ∆P = Pmax − Pr. As a result, an ultrahigh Wrec of 10.5 J cm−3 with a high‐efficiency η of 80.3% is obtained in the x = 0.1 sample under a moderate electric field of 45 kV mm−1 for the first time. This work paves the way for achieving superior energy‐storage performance under moderate electric fields.

High energy storage performance in BTO-based ferroelectric films

Dielectric capacitors play an increasingly important role in modern electronic power systems due to their ultrahigh charging and discharging speeds and power density. Much research has focused on enhancing dielectric breakdown strength to achieve better energy storage performance; however, this increases the potential for heat generation and unexpected insulation failures, thereby affecting the stability and lifespan of devices. This study introduces a small amount of Na+ dopants at the A-site of BaTiO3, inducing lattice distortions and enhancing local polarization to increase energy storage density rather than through enhancing breakdown strength. The introduction of Na+ enhances the ferroelectric properties, with polar nano-regions (PNRs) gradually evolving into long-range ordered large domains. In the Ba0.985Na0.015TiO3 films, the coexistence and coupling of abundant PNRs with a few long-range ordered ferroelectric domains result in high saturation polarization and low residual polarization. At a moderate electric field of 2.3 MV cm−1, an ultrahigh energy density of 44.3 J cm−3 and a high energy storage efficiency of 78.6 % were obtained. Additionally, the film exhibits excellent frequency stability (100 Hz-20 kHz), temperature stability (30–180 °C), fatigue resistance (107 cycles), and high pulsed discharge energy density, along with great thermal stability. This work provides new insights into achieving exceptional energy storage performance in single-phase films.

Outstanding energy storage properties under moderate electric field in BiMg2/3Nb1/3O3-modified NaNbO3-based relaxor ceramics

NaNbO3 (NN)-based ceramics have received a great deal of attention for the potential application in dielectric energy storage capacitors. However, the energy storage properties (ESP) remain low, particularly under moderate electric field. Herein, a Bi-rich doping unit of BiMg2/3Nb1/3O3 (BMN) was introduced into a 0.85NaNbO3-0.15Bi0.1Sr0.85TiO3 (NN-SBT) matrix, aiming to improve polarization along ESP. As a result, a large recoverable energy density (Wrec) of ∼6.1 J/cm3 and an efficiency (η) of ∼81 % were achieved in NN-SBT-0.08BMN ceramics under a moderate electric field of 337 kV/cm. The improved ESP can be attributed to the introduction of BMN, which delays the polarization saturation of NN-SBT ceramics, while maintaining the maximum polarization (∼43.6 μC/cm2), and generating polar nanoregions (PNRs). Moreover, the optimal ceramics exhibited good thermal (25–130 °C) and frequency (1–300 Hz) stabilities, and fatigue endurance (>105 cycles). These results illustrate that the designed NN-SBT-0.08BMN ceramics are promising for application in dielectric energy storage capacitors with high ESP under a moderate electric field.

Iron-Enriched Kale Treated With Moderate Electric Field Processing Better Delivers Digested Iron to Caco-2 Cells as Compared to Iron Sulfate

Iron-Enriched Kale Treated With Moderate Electric Field Processing Better Delivers Digested Iron to Caco-2 Cells as Compared to Iron Sulfate

Enhanced comprehensive energy storage properties in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics under a moderate electric field

Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3)-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics have received ever-increasing interest for their potential application in dielectric capacitors owing to their sterling energy storage capability. Herein, the perovskite end-member Ba(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 (BFN) was incorporated into 0.7Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.3SrTiO3 (0.7BNT-0.3ST) ceramics to improve the relaxor characteristics and refine the grain, leading to slim polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis loops and enhanced electric breakdown strength. Particularly, the 0.85(0.7BNT-0.3ST)-0.15BFN ceramics achieved a high recoverable energy density of 5.7 J/cm3 and a high energy storage efficiency of 86.4% under a moderate electric field of 390 kV/cm. Additionally, remarkable stability in frequency, cycling, and temperature and excellent charge/discharge behavior were achieved at the same time. The above findings reveal that BFN-modified BNT-ST ceramics display greatly improved comprehensive energy storage properties, making them promising candidates in the field of electrostatic energy storage.