Moderate Budget Research Articles

Smart Surveillance System for Highways

Abstract: In today's world, everyone on the planet is concerned about security. Every citizen wishes to eliminate the possibility of a future threat to himself or his possessions. This tremendous increase in the need for security needs for individuals and organizations necessitates the installation of an appropriate and up-to-date surveillance system. Real-time video surveillance has become an essential component of the transportation system. It also prevents accidents and other difficult issues on highways for a transportation system. With numerous advancements, various machine learning and artificial intelligence-based techniques are progressing to handle such issues via smart surveillance systems. Various researchers have contributed various techniques for vehicle detection and tracking to the literature. These methods are both effective and time-consuming. For the safety and security of people and their resources, proper surveillance is critical. The innovation of an aerial surveillance system could be very efficient at addressing surveillance system challenges. Current systems are both costly and complex. A cost-effective and efficient solution that is easily accessible to anyone with a moderate budget is required. Highways are a critical component for transportation purpose, and it is necessary to make them as secure as possible.

Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia Memoderasi Determinan Senjangan Anggaran

The study aims to analyze budget participation and budget clarity on budgetary slack, are moderated by human resources quality at BLUD Puskesmas in Jombang Regency. The population of this study are 34 BLUD Puskesmas di Jombang Regency with the research subjects are administration coordinator, data planning and management coordinator, and financial coordinator from BLUD Puskesmas. The number of samples in this study is 25 BLUD Puskesmas that obtained by using slovin formula, resulting in a total of 75 employees as respondents. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling with lottery method. The type research is quantitive research with the Partial Least Square (PLS) The steps used in PLS analysis technique are outer model analysis, inner model analysis, and hypothesis test. The result show that budget participation has a positive effect on budgetary slack, budget clarity has a negative effect on budgetary slack, human resources quality is not able to moderate budget participation on budgetary slack, and human resources quality is able to moderate budget clarity on budgetary slack.

Influence of the Decision to Select Renovated Elements in a Heritage Building on Further Stages of the Aging Process of the Building—A Case Study

The successful use of buildings requires experience, interdisciplinary knowledge and skills. Wrong decisions made by building owners or managers to implement repair projects have a negative impact on the aging of buildings, which is closely related to sustainable development. Renovation projects in more degraded buildings must be carried out to a greater extent, which has a negative impact on the environment in the form of more building waste. This article presents the results of research on the impact of refurbishment decisions on the technical conditions of buildings. The development of an optimal building renovation strategy will result in a safe and comfortable building. A comparative analysis of the impact of the choice of repair building elements on further aging changes in the building was carried out. The reason for the subject is the frequent consideration by managers of the hierarchy of building elements that improve the technical condition of the building, the reason for which is the lack of financial resources to carry out overall renovation works. To date, two refurbishment strategies have been adopted, as well as assumptions about the building’s material and structural solutions and the building’s service life. Theoretical assumptions were applied to determine the repair needs of the Bialkow palace. The method shows the superiority of the impact of structural elements over non-structural elements in improving the technical condition of a building. Developing a renovation plan with the implementation of the presented strategy will significantly reduce the technical condition of the entire building with a moderate budget, limiting the occurrence of a building disaster and the serious carbon footprint associated with the demolition of the property.

Analysis of the Chinese government's subsidy programs to restore the pork supply chain: The case of African swine fever

Since African swine fever (ASF) was first detected in China in August 2018, it has killed more than one million pigs and caused pork prices to skyrocket. To address this, the Chinese government offers two farm subsidies: (i) the compulsory culling subsidy (CCS), which cushions losses from new outbreaks by compensating for pigs culled due to ASF, and (ii) the large-scale breeding subsidy (LBS), which maintains or increases farms’ breeding scales (BSs) by requiring a minimum BS. We develop a game-theoretic model to capture the underlying dynamics between the government and farms. In particular, farms have different production capacities and must decide their BSs under yield uncertainty due to possible new outbreaks. We analyze the optimal design of subsidy programs with an earmarked budget to maximize social welfare, and we examine the impacts on different stakeholders. Our analysis reveals several insights. First, the government should offer the CCS only if the budget is very constrained; otherwise, it should simultaneously offer the two subsidies and prioritize compensating farm losses by providing a good CCS. Second, the optimal subsidy programs can increase consumer surplus regardless of the budget, and programs with a small or large budget can make all farms better off. However, small- and moderate-scale farms (that do not enroll in the LBS) will be worse off under these programs with a moderate budget. Third, the optimal subsidy programs can create positive net social value that is nondecreasing in the budget; hence, a win-win-win situation can be achieved by establishing a sufficiently large budget for these programs. Finally, we calibrate our model using Chinese pig industry data and provide further insights into ASF subsidy programs.

Analisis Penyerapan Anggaran Belanja Daerah Studi Kasus pada Biro Umum Sekretariat Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

The purpose of this study was to find out the mechanisms, constraints in absorbing the budget and efforts to maximize the absorption of the regional budget at the General Bureau of the Regional Secretariat of North Sulawesi Province. This type of research is qualitative research with a case study method. To obtain the necessary data, the authors carried out data collection activities by means of participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation analysis. The results of the study show that the General Bureau has implemented a regional financial management mechanism based on regulations, although there are still some obstacles in its implementation. In addition, as the central unit, it has the function of managing the salaries of benefits for all civil servants who are included in the personnel expenditure category within the Regional Secretariat and has the functional duties of managing Regional Secretariat assets which are included in the capital expenditure category so that it has a fairly large portion of the total budget. However, the realization of the absorption of the budget for the General Bureau in the last 3 years has a sizeable difference between Semesters I and II. Although, the absorption rate is included in the category of moderate budget absorption realization above 90% up to 94.99%. Obstacles faced in absorbing the budget at the General Bureau, namely the urgency of activities and constraints from third parties, availability of budgets and leadership policies, organizational applications/systems and administrative files, human resources and organizational culture (slowback expenditure phenomenon). The efforts made in the absorption of the regional expenditure budget by the General Bureau, namely increasing HR competencies and core values, improving facilities/infrastructure, communication and coordination, supervision and leadership innovation.

Budget Gaming, Superior Trust and Budget Emphasis: The Moderating Effect of Personality (Evidence from Retail Company in Indonesia)

This research was conducted to obtain empirical evidence on the practice of budgetary gaming. Many researchers say that budgetary gaming is an unethical practice and often occurs in practice. This unethical practice is allegedly influenced by budget emphasis and trust. In this study, the personality factor used, namely greed, will be tested as a moderating factor in the relationship between trust and budget emphasis on budget gaming. This research was conducted on retail companies registered in APRINDO (Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association) with middle management respondents. The amount of data that has been collected and can be processed is 96 data. For data processing, SEM is used with the help of SmartPLS software. The results show that budget emphasis has a positive effect on budgetary gaming. Trust has a negative effect on budgetary gaming, and greed is proven to moderate budget emphasis and trust on budgetary gaming. The implications of this research can be a reference for the business world related to the design and use of a budget that can overcome gaming behaviour on a budget.Keywords: budgetary gaming, trust, budget emphasis, personality, greed

Incremental Pedestrian Attribute Recognition via Dual Uncertainty-Aware Pseudo-Labeling

Incremental pedestrian attribute recognition (IncPAR) aims to learn novel person attributes continuously and avoid the catastrophic forgetting, which is an essential problem for image forensic and security applications, e.g., suspect search. Different from the conventional continual learning for visual classification, we formulate the IncPAR as a problem of multi-label continual learning with incomplete labels (MCL-IL), where the training samples in a novel task are annotated with only a few categories of interest but may implicitly contain other attributes of previous tasks. The incomplete label assignments is a challenging and frequently-encountered issue in real-world multi-label classification applications due to a number of reasons, e.g., incomplete data collection, moderate budget for annotations, etc. To tackle the MCL-IL problem, we propose a self-training based approach via dual uncertainty-aware pseudo-labeling (DUAPL) to transfer the knowledge learned in previous tasks to novel tasks. Specially, both kinds of uncertainties, i.e., aleatoric uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty, are modeled to mitigate the negative influences of noisy pseudo labels induced by low quality samples and immature models learned by inadequate training in early tasks. Based on the DUAPL, more reliable supervision signals can be estimated to prevent the model evolution from forgetting attributes seen in previous tasks. For standard evaluations of MCL-IL methods, two benchmarks on IncPAR, termed RAP-CL and PETA-CL, are constructed by re-organizing public human attribute datasets. Extensive experiments have been performed on these benchmarks to compare the proposed method with multiple baselines. The superior performance in terms of both recognition accuracies and forgetting ratios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DUAPL for IncPAR.

Budget-Aware User Satisfaction Maximization on Service Provisioning in Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) promises to provide mobile users with delay-sensitive services at the edge of network, and each user service request usually is associated with a Service Function Chain (SFC) requirement that consists of Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) in order. The satisfaction of a user on his requested service is heavily impacted by the service reliability. In this paper, we study user satisfaction on services provided by an MEC network through introducing a submodular function based metric to measure user satisfaction. We first formulate a novel user satisfaction problem with the aim to maximize the accumulative user satisfaction, assuming that all available computing resource in the MEC network can be used for service reliability enhancement. We show that the problem is NP-hard, and devise an approximation algorithm with a provable approximation ratio for it. We then consider the problem under a given computing resource budget constraint, for which we devise an approximation algorithm with a provable approximation ratio, at the expense of moderate budget violations. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through experimental simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform the comparison baseline algorithms, improving the performance by more <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16.1\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> in comparison with the baseline algorithms.

How to Improve the Reproducibility, Replicability, and Extensibility of Remote Sensing Research

The field of remote sensing has undergone a remarkable shift where vast amounts of imagery are now readily available to researchers. New technologies, such as uncrewed aircraft systems, make it possible for anyone with a moderate budget to gather their own remotely sensed data, and methodological innovations have added flexibility for processing and analyzing data. These changes create both the opportunity and need to reproduce, replicate, and compare remote sensing methods and results across spatial contexts, measurement systems, and computational infrastructures. Reproducing and replicating research is key to understanding the credibility of studies and extending recent advances into new discoveries. However, reproducibility and replicability (R&amp;R) remain issues in remote sensing because many studies cannot be independently recreated and validated. Enhancing the R&amp;R of remote sensing research will require significant time and effort by the research community. However, making remote sensing research reproducible and replicable does not need to be a burden. In this paper, we discuss R&amp;R in the context of remote sensing and link the recent changes in the field to key barriers hindering R&amp;R while discussing how researchers can overcome those barriers. We argue for the development of two research streams in the field: (1) the coordinated execution of organized sequences of forward-looking replications, and (2) the introduction of benchmark datasets that can be used to test the replicability of results and methods.

The Effect of Budget Clarity, Human Resources Competence, Compliance with Laws and Regulations, Information Technology to Quality of Government Accountability Reports Performance with Leader Commitment as A Moderating Variable in Medan Regional Apparatus Organizations

This study aims to analyze the effect of budget clarity, human resource competence, Compliance with laws and regulations, and information technology on the quality of government accountability reports on performance with leader commitment as a moderating variable in regional apparatus organizations. This type of research is causality associative. This research uses a survey method with the population being all regional apparatus organizations within the Medan City Government, totalling 56 regional apparatus organizations, comprising 112 respondents, including the head of the finance subdivision and expenditure treasurer. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis and Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis. The Smart PLS 3.0 program assists the analysis. The results of this study indicate that budget clarity, human resource competence, Compliance with laws and regulations, and information technology significantly affect the quality of government accountability reports' performance. Leader commitment cannot moderate budget clarity, human resource competence, Compliance with laws and regulations, information technology on the quality of government accountability reports on performance at the Regional apparatus organizations of the Medan City Government. Keywords: budget clarity, human resources competence, compliance with laws and regulations, information technology, leadership commitment, quality of government accountability reports performance.

Real-Time Surveillance Using Deep Learning

It is crucial to ensure proper surveillance for the safety and security of people and their assets. The development of an aerial surveillance system might be very effective in catering to the challenges in surveillance systems. Current systems are expensive and complex. A cost-effective and efficient solution is required, which is easily accessible to anyone with a moderate budget. In aerial surveillance, quadcopters are equipped with state-of-the-art image processing technology that captures detailed photographs of every object underneath. A quadcopter-based solution is proposed to monitor desired premises for any unusual activities, like the movement of persons with weapons and face detection to achieve the desired surveillance. After detection of any unusual activity, the proposed system generates an alert for security personals. The proposed solution is based on quadcopter surveillance and video streaming for anomaly detection in the received video streams through deep learning models. A well-known FasterRCNN algorithm is modified for fast learning with feature reduction in the initial feature extraction step. Five different kinds of CNNs were evaluated for their ability to identify objects of interest in surveillance images. ResNet-50–based FasterRCNN with the highest average precision performed as an excellent solution for threat detection. The average precision of the system is 79% across all categories achieved.

PENGARUH PERENCANAAN ANGGARAN, KOMPETENSI SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA, PELAKSANAAN ANGGARAN DAN PEGAWASAN TERHADAP PENYERAPAN ANGGARAN MELALUI KOMITMEN ORGANISASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

This study conducts budget planning planning, budget competence and oversight of budget absorption through the moderating variable organization in the Jayapura district government. Examiners were carried out on a sample of 89 respondents. The sample method used was purposive sampling. Data is done by direct survey. Hypothesis testing is tested empirically using moderated regression. The results showed that budget planning had no effect on the regency budget of jayapura, human resource competence had an effect on budget absorption of the regency of jayapura, budget execution had no effect on the regency budget of jayapura, supervision had an effect on the budget of the regency of jayapura, organizational commitment did not moderate budget planning on budget provision the regency of jayapura, the organizational commitment to moderate the competence of human resources towards the absorption of the jayapura regency budget, the organizational commitment to moderate the implementation of the jayapura district budget and the organizational commitment did not moderate the supervision of the budget absorption of the jayapura regency

Free ticket, discount ticket or intermediate of the best of two worlds – Which subsidy policy is socially optimal to suppress the disease spreading?

With the aid of the evolutionary vaccination game on a scale-free network, we design a new subsidy policy, named degree dependent subsidy, where cooperative agents get incentives according to their connectivity or degree. That is, agents, having a greater degree, receive a higher incentive, and vice versa. Here we presume that vaccinators are cooperative agents. The new scheme can be said to an intermediate policy between two previously studies policies, namely free ticket and flat discount policies. The former policy distributes free tickets to cooperative hub agents as a priority, whereas the latter dispenses a fixed discount to every cooperator. We compare the efficiency of each policy in terms of having a less infectious state with a minimum social cost. While investigating the performance of the three policies in terms of average social payoff–which takes into account the cost of vaccination as well as infection–the free ticket scheme is found to be the most appealing policies among the three when the budget for subsidy is quite low. The degree dependent subsidy policy outperforms others for a moderate budget size, while the flat discount policy requires a higher budget to effectively suppress the disease. We further estimate threshold levels of the subsidy budget for each policy beyond which subsidizing results in excessive use of vaccination. As a whole, concerning vaccination coverage and final epidemic size, the degree-dependent subsidy scheme outperforms the flat discount scheme, but is dominated by the free ticket policy.

A Planning Tool for Optimizing Investment to Reduce Drinking Water Risk to Multiple Water Treatment Plants in Open Catchments

Supplying safe, secure, and reliable drinking water is a growing challenge particularly in regions where catchments have diverse land uses, rapidly growing populations, and are subject to increasing weather extremes such as in the subtropics. Catchments represent the first barrier in providing ecosystem services for water quality protection and bulkwater suppliers are therefore investing in mitigation measures to reduce risk to drinking water quality for consumers. This paper presents an approach to combine data on erosion processes, pathogenic bacteria and protozoa from several sources, determine the highest risks from these hazards and identify an optimum portfolio of intervention activities that provide maximum risk reduction at water treatment plants (WTP) for a given budget using a simulated annealing optimizer. The approach is demonstrated in a catchment with six WTPs servicing small rural to urban populations. The catchment is predominantly used for agriculture. Results show that drinking water risk from protozoa can be reduced for most WTPs for moderate investment budget, while bacteria risk reduction requires significantly larger budget due to the greater number of significant source sites relative to protozoa. Total suspended sediment loads remain a very high risk to most of the WTPs due to the large extent of channel and gully erosion and landslides. A map of priority areas and associated suite of interventions are produced to guide on groundwork.

Orientation of Target Audience to Selection of Engineering Specialization in Institutions of Supplemental Education

This article analyzes the issue of motivating parents upon making decision about selection of supplemental education in the light of importance of propaganda of engineering specialization as a factor of state competitiveness. This work is aimed at revealing promotional methods of motivating parents to select educational robotics as supplemental education for a child. The experimental methods are comprised of comparative analysis of approaches by child’s robotics studios to promotion of engineering specialization among target audience and sociological survey among parents interested in educational robotics as a kind of child’s engineering creativity. It has been revealed that most respondents are not aware of robotics as a program of supplemental education and of its global demand not at the game level. While searching for objects of comparative analysis, it has been revealed that numerous institutions of supplemental education are not inclined to implement robotics as an analog of engineering specialization into educational program not only due to expensive equipment but, first of all, due to unavailability of required specialists for arrangement of such child’s engineering creativity. As a consequence of the comparative analysis of approaches to attraction of target audience, it has been revealed that numerous studios of R&amp;D creativity pay insufficient attention to advertising of their companies due to moderate budget. On the basis of the experimental results, recommendations have been developed on organization of motivating communication campaign for studios of educational robotics with consideration for psychological and behavioral characteristics using available advertising tools.

Budget Impact of Intravenous Iron Therapy with Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency in Romania

Abstract Background: Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment in case of iron deficient (ID) patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) has shown great promise according to the findings of recent studies in improvement of symptoms and quality of life, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and exercise capacity. Aim of the study: The purpose of the current study is to assess the budget impact of treating CHF patients with FCM in a sample of Romanian hospitals. Material and methods: Calculations have been based on the budget impact model developed by Theidel et al. The assumptions and clinical outcomes of the current study were based on a multivariate statistical approach used in the same German study. The predicted outcomes were based on data pooled from four double-blind randomized controlled trials. The time horizon of the model was 1 year. Budget impact calculations were performed from the public payer perspective. Two scenarios have been handled: one without applying the Clawback tax and one with applying the tax to the cost of medication. Results: The yearly budget impact of FCM vs. no iron-replacement treatment without applying the tax ranged between €678,383 and €641,588 for 1,000 patients, resulting in €37 of additional costs per patient per year. The yearly budget impact of FCM vs. no iron-replacement treatment with applying the tax ranged between €616,934 and €641,588 for 1,000 patients, resulting in €9 of cost reduction per patient per year. Key cost drivers included the cost of outpatient visits and the cost of hospitalization due to HF worsening. Sensitivity analysis for both scenarios proved the robustness of the results. Conclusions: The FCM treatment of CHF patients has a moderate budget impact. Moreover, this budget impact/saving translates into a reduction of the rate and length of hospitalization stay and a better symptomatic profile of the patients.

PENGARUH PARTISIPASI PENYUSUNAN ANGGARAN, BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA APARAT PEMERINTAH DAERAH DENGAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL PEMODERASI Studi pada Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Temanggung

This research is aimed to examine the effect of budget arragement participation, organization culture and leadership style toward local goverment officials performance, with organization commitment as moderating variable on local government of Temanggung. Budget is an effective short tem arrangement, high scale of budget arragement participation,organization culture and leadership style toward local goverment officials performance, and organization commitmen can support budget run well. Populations in this research are local government officials in SKPD Temanggung. Object in this research are head of division, division head, sub-division head and section head, data collection methode in this research with survei and questionaire. Data analysis technique used in this research are double linier regression and moderated regression analysis. The results of this research show that budget arrangement participation and leadership style influence the local government performance, organization commitment can moderate organization culture effect and leadership style toward local government performance, but it can not moderate budget arrangement participation effect toward local government officials performance.

Broadening Participation in the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.

SynopsisThe goal of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology’s Broadening Participation Committee (SICB BPC) is to increase the number of underrepresented group (URG) members within the society and to expand their capabilities as future researchers and leaders within SICB. Our short-term 10-year goal was to increase the recruitment and retention of URG members in the society by 10%. Our long-term 25-year goal is to increase the membership of URG in the society through recruitment and retention until the membership demographic mirrors that of the US Census. Our plans to accomplish this included establishment of a formal standing committee, establishment of a moderate budget to support BPC activities, hosting professional development workshops, hosting diversity and mentor socials, and obtaining grant funds to supplement our budget. This paper documents broadening participation activities in the society, discusses the effectiveness of these activities, and evaluates BPC goals after 5 years of targeted funded activities. Over the past 5 years, the number of URG members rose by 5.2% to a total of 16.2%, members who report ethnicity and gender increased by 25.2% and 18%, respectively, and the number of members attending BPC activities has increased to 33% by 2016. SICB has made significant advances in broadening participation, not only through increased expenditures, but also with a commitment by its members and leadership to increase diversity. Most members realize that increasing diversity will both improve the Society’s ability to develop different approaches to tackling problems within integrative biology, and help solve larger global issues that are evident throughout science and technology fields. In addition, having URG members as part of the executive committee would provide other URG members role models within the society, as well as have a voice in the leadership that represents diversity and inclusion for all scientists.

Surrogate-Based Optimization for Solving a Mixed Integer Network Design Problem

This paper considers the bilevel mixed network design problem (MNDP) used in dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) and the simulation-based optimization solution. The upper level of the bilevel MNDP minimizes the network cost in terms of average travel time by the expansion of existing links and the addition of new candidate links. The lower level is a dynamic user-optimal condition that can be formulated as a variational inequality problem. The MNDP simultaneously finds optimal capacity expansions of existing links and new link additions. A surrogate-based optimization (SBO) framework is proposed for solving the MNDP that is characterized by expensive-to-evaluate objective functions. Because simulation was applied to evaluate those objective functions, additional complexity arose from the fine-grained representation of traffic dynamics in large-scale networks, which were not fully considered by the traditional static user equilibrium. SBO methods enjoy both the advantages of simulation in time-varying network performance evaluation and the efficiency of mathematical optimization. To be more specific, SBO produces computational time savings by exploring the input–output mapping surface in a more systematic and efficient way. For demonstrative purposes, a case study was conducted on the large-scale Montgomery County network in Maryland. In this example, a mesoscopic simulation-based DTA model, DTALite, was used to evaluate the system performance in response to various network design strategies. Results showed that the optimal investment with a moderate budget could reduce 17.73% of the network average travel time in the morning peak. The proposed framework is a general approach, which is ready for application to either continuous or discrete network design problems.

Optimal Allocation of Resources in Female Sex Worker Targeted HIV Prevention Interventions: Model Insights from Avahan in South India

BackgroundThe Avahan programme has provided HIV prevention activities, including condom promotion, to female sex workers (FSWs) in southern India since 2004. Evidence suggests Avahan averted 202,000 HIV infections over 4 years. For replicating this intervention elsewhere, it is essential to understand how the intervention’s impact could have been optimised for different budget levels.MethodsBehavioural data were used to determine how condom use varied for FSWs with different levels of intervention intensity. Cost data from 64 Avahan districts quantified how district-level costs related to intervention scale and intensity. A deterministic model for HIV transmission amongst FSWs and clients projected the impact and cost of intervention strategies for different scale and intensity, and identified the optimal strategies that maximise impact for different budget levels.ResultsAs budget levels increase, the optimal intervention strategy is to first increase intervention intensity which achieves little impact, then scale-up coverage to high levels for large increases in impact, and lastly increase intensity further for small additional gains. The cost-effectiveness of these optimal strategies generally improves with increasing resources, while straying from these strategies can triple costs for the same impact. Projections suggest Avahan was close to being optimal, and moderate budget reductions (≥20%) would have reduced impact considerably (>40%).DiscussionOur analysis suggests that tailoring the design of HIV prevention programmes for FSWs can improve impact, and that a certain level of resources are required to achieve demonstrable impact. These insights are critical for optimising the use of limited resources for preventing HIV.