Moderate Alcohol Drinking Research Articles

Bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depressive symptom scores among US older adults

BackgroundThis study examines the bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depression in which low to moderate alcohol drinking may reduce the risk of depression, while the occurrence of depression may increase the amount of alcohol drinking as a coping strategy. MethodData for the community-dwelling older adults from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) 2016 to 2019 were analyzed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models to explore the within-individual causal associations for males and females separately. Socioeconomic status (SES), smoking and comorbidities were adjusted in the models. ResultsAmong 3388 older adults with three measures for the number of alcohol drinks and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) depression scores, a prior increase in the number of drinks was related to a moderate non-significant decrease in PHQ scores in the follow-up, but a previous increase in the PHQ scores was significantly associated with a decrease in the number of drinks at the follow-up visit in the adjusted models (regression coefficient = −0.144, p = 0.017 for males; and coefficient = −0.11, p < 0.001 for females). ConclusionPrior depression may lead to reduced drinking in the follow up visits, but no bidirectional association was found among US older adults.

Behavior-related risk factors and time to death among persons with alcohol consumption versus persons without: A general population study with mortality follow-up after 20 years

BackgroundEvidence shows that low to moderate alcohol consumers seem to live longer than abstainers. Insufficient consideration of subgroups among abstainers and of further behavior-related risk factors for death might be reasons. The aim of this study was to compare alcohol lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, and current consumers with regard to mortality considering tobacco smoking, body overweight, and physical inactivity. MethodsA general adult population sample of residents aged 18 to 64 had been drawn at random in northern Germany. Among eligible persons, 4093 (70.2%) participated. Assessments included alcohol consumption by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption in addition to lifetime alcohol abstinence and former drinking. A score of behavior-related risk factors was built from tobacco smoking, body overweight, and physical inactivity. Twenty years later, a mortality follow-up was conducted. Data of 4028 study participants were analyzed. ResultsAt baseline, former alcohol consumers but not current low to moderate alcohol drinkers had more behavior-related risk factors than lifetime abstainers. At follow-up, former alcohol drinkers with two or more behavior-related risk factors had a shorter time to death than lifetime abstainers with 0 or one behavior-related risk factor (hazard ratio 3.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.63–7.20). Low to moderate alcohol drinkers did not survive longer than lifetime alcohol abstainers with 0 or one behavior-related risk factor. ConclusionThe results provide evidence against the assumption that alcohol consumption has a beneficial effect on health and longevity.

Association between Sleep Duration and Metabolic Disorders among Filipino Immigrant Women: The Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL).

Sleep plays a complex role in metabolic regulation, and the underlying linkage has not been clearly defined. We investigated the association between sleep duration and metabolic disorders in Filipino immigrants in Korea. We analyzed 410 participants from the 2014 to 2016 baseline population of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study. Usual sleep duration was self-reported, and anthropometric parameters were measured directly. Blood glucose, lipid, and insulin levels were examined from fasting serum samples. We used general linear models to acquire least squares (LS) means and logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios to test the cross-sectional association between sleep duration and metabolic markers with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We found a statistically significant linear association between increased sleep duration and elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). LS means (95% CI) of <5, 5-6, 7-8, and >8 hours of sleep were 81.74 (71.43 to 93.54), 85.15 (76.65 to 94.59), 86.33 (77.84 to 95.75), and 105.22 (88.07 to 125.71), respectively, for triglycerides (P trend=0.049) and 174.52 (165.02 to 184.57), 180.50 (172.79 to 188.55), 182.51 (174.83 to 190.53), and 190.16 (176.61 to 204.74), respectively, for total cholesterol (P trend= 0.042). For LDL-C, the LS means (95% CI) were 97.34 (88.80 to 106.71), 100.69 (93.73 to 108.18), 104.47 (97.35 to 112.10), and 109.43 (96.94 to 123.54), respectively (P trend=0.047). Statistical significance persisted after additional adjustment for body mass index. The association with triglycerides was limited to current alcohol drinkers (P interaction=0.048). Longer sleep duration was associated with increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels. The association with triglycerides was more pronounced among moderate alcohol drinkers.

Frequencies of blood donation and types of blood donors on storage lesions as assessed by antioxidants and lipid peroxidation levels

Introduction: Influence of Blood storage lesions on Red Blood Cells transfusion recovery and therapeutic efficacies have been well documented. Several stabilizing additives to counteract or minimize these untoward changes have been formulated. Despite these stabilizers, detectable hemolysis occurs in the blood stored in the blood bank hence, need for search on other contributing factors. Assessment of the effects of Blood Donation Frequencies and Types of Blood Donors on Storage Lesions as Assessed by the Level of Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation. Materials and Methods: Ethically approved cross sectional experimental research on a total numbers of 120 recruited male of family replacement donors (n=30) and Remunerated donors (n=90). Remunerated donors were grouped into three (3) based on the frequency of donation per year as mild (n=30), moderate (n=30) and high frequency (n=30) donors. Four hundred and fifty milliliters (450 ml) of blood drawn from each donor into double blood bag containing CPDA-1 anticoagulant. 100 ml of well mixed blood was transferred into the satellite bag, detached and stored in the blood bank at 2-6 C for 35 days. The blood samples analyzed for MDA, TAP, URIC, and GSH at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of storage. Results: In the recruited donors, majority were above 40 years of age where family donors had secondary education, government employed; feed majorly on carbohydrate, none alcohol drinkers, none cigarette smokers with history of donating more than four years before the study and less than four times donation frequency per year. Remunerated blood donors had primary education, self-employed, moderate alcohol drinkers and moderate cigarette smokers donating more than four times a year and more than four years donation experience. In this study, the GPX, TAP and Uric acids for family were higher than remunerated at baseline and the values decrease across the week for both categories. MDA value for family was lower than remunerated donors at baseline and the values increase across the week for both categories. Conclusion: This study established variation in oxidant and antioxidants levels in whole blood stored up to 5 weeks influenced by Blood Donation Frequencies and Types of Blood Donors on Storage Lesions.

Contribution of alcohol use in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection to all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A collaboration of cohort studies.

Among persons with HIV (PWH), higher alcohol use and having hepatitis C virus (HCV) are separately associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether the association between alcohol use and mortality among PWH is modified by HCV. Data were combined from European and North American cohorts of adult PWH who started antiretroviral therapy (ART). Self-reported alcohol use data, collected in diverse ways between cohorts, were converted to grams/day. Eligible PWH started ART during 2001-2017 and were followed from ART initiation for mortality. Interactions between the associations of baseline alcohol use (0, 0.1-20.0, >20.0 g/day) and HCV status were assessed using multivariable Cox models. Of 58,769 PWH, 29,711 (51%), 23,974 (41%) and 5084 (9%) self-reported alcohol use of 0 g/day, 0.1-20.0 g/day, and > 20.0 g/day, respectively, and 4799 (8%) had HCV at baseline. There were 844 deaths in 37,729 person-years and 2755 deaths in 443,121 person-years among those with and without HCV, respectively. Among PWH without HCV, adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for mortality were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.08-1.29) for 0.0 g/day and 1.84 (1.62-2.09) for >20.0 g/day compared with 0.1-20.0 g/day. This J-shaped pattern was absent among those with HCV: aHRs were 1.00 (0.86-1.17) for 0.0 g/day and 1.64 (1.33-2.02) for >20.0 g/day compared with 0.1-20.0 g/day (interaction p < .001). Among PWH without HCV, mortality was higher in both non-drinkers and heavy drinkers compared with moderate alcohol drinkers. Among those with HCV, mortality was higher in heavy drinkers but not non-drinkers, potentially due to differing reasons for not drinking (e.g. illness) between those with and without HCV.

Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle in Association With Microvascular Complications Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

The association between an overall healthy lifestyle and the subsequent risk of microvascular complications among patients with diabetes remains unclear. To examine the association between adherence to a healthy lifestyle before and after diabetes diagnosis and the risk of subsequent microvascular complications among adults with diabetes. This prospective cohort study included incident patients with type 2 diabetes who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at the time of diabetes diagnosis and completed the diabetes supplementary questionnaires in the Nurses' Health Study (in 2000 and 2005) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (in 2000, 2004, and 2008) in the US. Data were analyzed from April to August 2021. Diet and lifestyle factors before and after diabetes diagnosis were assessed by validated questionnaires. A healthy lifestyle consisted of nonsmoking, having a healthy body weight (a body mass index of ≥18.5 or <25), engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥150 minutes per week), consuming a high-quality diet (top 40th percentile of the Alternative Healthy Eating Index), and moderate alcohol drinking (5-15 g/d for women and 5-30 g/d for men). Physician-diagnosed microvascular complications including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and foot disorders were self-reported at questionnaire surveys. A total of 7077 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in the cohort (4982 women in NHS and 2095 men in HPFS, mean [SD] age 61 [8.8], 94.2% White). During follow-up, 2878 patients developed microvascular complications. After multivariable adjustment, adherence to a healthy lifestyle before and after diabetes diagnosis were both associated with a lower risk of developing microvascular complications. The relative risk (RR) for participants with 4 or more low-risk lifestyle factors before diabetes diagnosis compared with zero was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60-0.91) for any microvascular complications, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.54-0.93) for diabetic neuropathy, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.57-1.01) for diabetic retinopathy, 0.42 (95% CI, 0.23-0.79) for diabetic nephropathy, and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.35-1.00) for diabetic foot disorders. Similar results were observed for adherence to a healthy lifestyle after diabetes diagnosis, with an RR of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.55-0.83) for any microvascular complications, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.51-0.88) for diabetic neuropathy, 0.65 (95% CI, 0.48-0.86) for diabetic retinopathy, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.34-0.98) for diabetic nephropathy, and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.37-1.05) for diabetic foot disorders. In addition, greater improvement in lifestyle factors from before to after diabetes diagnosis was also significantly associated with a lower risk of neuropathy or total microvascular complications. Each increment in number of low-risk lifestyle factors was associated with a 6% (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.98) lower risk for any microvascular complications and a 9% (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) lower risk for diabetic neuropathy. Consistent results were observed when analyses were stratified by age at diabetes diagnosis, sex/cohort, or lifestyle factors before diabetes diagnosis. In this cohort study, adhering to an overall healthy lifestyle was associated with a significantly lower risk of microvascular complications among individuals with diabetes. These findings suggest substantial reduction in the burden of microvascular complications associated with adopting a healthy lifestyle among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Healthy lifestyle behaviors, mediating biomarkers, and risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A cohort study.

The influence of overall lifestyle behaviors on diabetic microvascular complications remains unknown. In addition, the potential mediating biomarkers underlying the association is unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations of the combined lifestyle factors with risks of total and individual microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to explore the potential mediation effects of metabolic biomarkers. This retrospective cohort study included 15,104 patients with T2D free of macro- and microvascular complications at baseline (2006 to 2010) from the UK Biobank. Healthy lifestyle behaviors included noncurrent smoking, recommended waist circumference, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and moderate alcohol drinking. Outcomes were ascertained using electronic health records. Over a median of 8.1 years of follow-up, 1,296 cases of the composite microvascular complications occurred, including 558 diabetic retinopathy, 625 diabetic kidney disease, and 315 diabetic neuropathy, with some patients having 2 or 3 microvascular complications simultaneously. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, history of hypertension, glycemic control, and medication histories, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for the participants adhering 4 to 5 low-risk lifestyle behaviors versus 0 to 1 were 0.65 (0.46, 0.91) for diabetic retinopathy, 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) for diabetic kidney disease, 0.46 (0.29, 0.74) for diabetic neuropathy, and 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) for the composite outcome (all Ps-trend ≤0.01). Further, the population-attributable fraction (95% CIs) of diabetic microvascular complications for poor adherence to the overall healthy lifestyle (<4 low-risk factors) ranged from 25.3% (10.0%, 39.4%) to 39.0% (17.7%, 56.8%). In addition, albumin, HDL-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A, C-reactive protein, and HbA1c collectively explained 23.20% (12.70%, 38.50%) of the associations between overall lifestyle behaviors and total diabetic microvascular complications. The key limitation of the current analysis was the potential underreporting of microvascular complications because the cases were identified via electronic health records. Adherence to overall healthy lifestyle behaviors was associated with a significantly lower risk of microvascular complications in patients with T2D, and the favorable associations were partially mediated through improving biomarkers of glycemic control, systemic inflammation, liver function, and lipid profile.

Association of Combined Healthy Lifestyles With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality of Patients With Diabetes: An International Multicohort Study

ObjectiveTo prospectively examine the associations of combined lifestyle factors with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in patients with diabetes. Patients and MethodsPatients with prevalent diabetes were included from 5 prospective, population-based cohorts in China (Dongfeng-Tongji cohort and Kailuan study), the United Kingdom (UK Biobank study), and the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study). Healthy lifestyle scores were constructed according to non–current smoking, low to moderate alcohol drinking, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and optimal body weight; the healthy level of each lifestyle factor was assigned 1 point, or 0 for otherwise, and the range of the score was 0 to 5. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for incident CVD, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality adjusting for sociodemographic, medical, and diabetes-related factors, and outcomes were obtained by linkage to medical records and death registries. Data were collected from October 18, 1988, to September 30, 2020. ResultsA total of 6945 incident CVD cases were documented in 41,350 participants without CVD at baseline from the 2 Chinese cohorts and the UK Biobank during 389,330 person-years of follow-up, and 40,353 deaths were documented in 101,219 participants from all 5 cohorts during 1,238,391 person-years of follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) comparing patients with 4 or 5 vs 0 or 1 healthy lifestyle factors were 0.67 (0.60 to 0.74) for incident CVD, 0.58 (0.50 to 0.68) for CVD mortality, and 0.60 (0.53 to 0.68) for all-cause mortality. Findings remained consistent across different cohorts, subgroups, and sensitivity analyses. ConclusionThe international analyses document that adherence to multicomponent healthy lifestyles is associated with lower risk of CVD and premature death of patients with diabetes.

Moderate alcohol drinking with meals is related to lower incidence of type 2 diabetes

Previous studies on alcohol drinking and health largely have ignored the potential impact of the timing of drinking. We aimed to investigate the joint associations of the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals (i.e., with meals or outside of meals) and the amount of alcohol consumed with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 312,388 current drinkers from the UK Biobank without T2D at baseline were included. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals and the risk of T2D. During a median of 10.9 y of follow-up, 8598 incident cases of T2D were documented. After adjustment for covariates and the amount of alcohol consumed, consuming alcohol with meals was significantly associated with a 12% lower risk of T2D (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.93) than was consuming alcohol outside of meals. In addition, we found that the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals significantly modified the relations between the amount of alcohol consumed and risk of T2D (P-interaction=0.017); the beneficial association of moderate drinking with T2D risk was only observed in participants who consumed alcohol with meals, but not in others. Further analyses on various types of alcoholic beverages indicated that the beneficial associations between alcohol drinking with meals and T2D were mainly driven by wine consumption. Moreover, we found that when consumed together with meals, drinking more wine, rather than other alcoholic beverages, was related to lower concentrations of C-reactive protein. In current drinkers, moderate drinking of alcohol, especially wine, with meals is associated with a lower risk of T2D.

Abstract 10284: Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation; a RE-LY AF Registry Analysis

Introduction: The role of alcohol intake in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been long debated. We aim to assess the association between different alcohol intake levels and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the RE-LY AF registry, which included 15,400 AF patients who visited emergency departments across 46 countries and were followed for one year after the baseline visit. Alcohol intake level was retrospectively ascertained and categorized into abstainers, light (&lt;7 standard drinks [SD]/week), moderate (7-13 SD/week), and heavy drinkers (≥14 SD/week) based on self-reported intake levels. The outcomes of interest were stroke/systemic embolism, heart failure (HF) hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and major bleeding events. Logistic mixed-effects regression models adjusted for baseline covariates were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 14,058 AF patients (mean age: 65.9 years; 48% women) with available data on alcohol intake level were included. The odds of stroke/systemic embolism were not significantly increased in light (aOR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.60-1.26), moderate (aOR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.54-1.58), nor heavy drinkers (aOR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.39-1.49) compared to abstainers. Light and moderate drinking, compared to alcohol abstinence, were associated with reduced odds of HF hospitalization (light: aOR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95; moderate: aOR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.38-0.85) and all-cause mortality (light: aOR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.30-0.58; moderate: aOR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26-0.68; heavy: aOR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35-0.97). Alcohol consumption was not associated with an excess risk of major bleeding events. Conclusion: As compared to non-drinkers, light and moderate alcohol drinking in patients with AF are associated with a lower risk of mortality and HF hospitalization, with no difference in thromboembolic and bleeding risk.

Patient compliance, comorbidities, and challenges in the management of hypertension in India

Background and Objectives: As of now, only one-third of those with hypertension in India are unaware of the existence of this condition, and only a negligible share of those diagnosed can control it through medication. There is a need to understand the characteristics and behaviors of patients treated for hypertension for generating evidence for better management of this condition. In this context, the study examines the key factors associated with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) levels in patients under medication for hypertension. Subject and Methods: Data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Ageing Study of India survey, 2017–18, are used for the analysis. This study is restricted to 12,353 respondents aged 45 years and above who were already diagnosed with hypertension before the survey and are under medication. BP level at the point of the survey was used to classify the respondents as hypertension under control (systolic &lt;140 mm and diastolic &lt;90 mm), Grade-1 Hypertension (systolic 14–159 mm or diastolic 90–99 mm), Grade-2 Hypertension (systolic160–179 mm or diastolic 100–109 mm), and Grade-3 Hypertension (systolic 180 or above mm or diastolic 110 or above mm). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis is performed to study the association between hypertension control in these patients and their demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioural characteristics. Results: A critical proportion of respondents have uncontrolled hypertension of Grade 1 (31%), Grade 2 (15%), and Grade 3 (2%), despite taking medication for the same. As compared to their remaining counterparts, the risk of uncontrolled hypertension is high in rural areas (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], P &lt; 0.01), old-adults living alone (OR = 1.63, 95% CI, P &lt; 0.05), patients having no schooling (OR = 1.18, 95% CI, P &lt; 0.05), patients with obesity (OR = 1.2, 95% CI, P &lt; 0.05), moderate alcohol drinkers (OR = 2.1, 95%CI, P &lt; 0.01), abusive alcohol drinkers (OR = 1.6, 95% CI, P &lt; 0.01). Interpretation and Conclusions: Poor control over BP levels among patients from rural areas, the poorest and most vulnerable sections, supports the governmental efforts initiated since 2018 to expand community-level screening and provisioning of noncommunicable diseases, including that for hypertension. In addition, concrete efforts for health promotion within patients under medication for hypertension too are essential for better management of this condition.

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY, AND SLEEP BEHAVIORS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

PURPOSE: Excessive alcohol intake has been associated with negative health outcomes, but it is unclear if alcohol consumption is related to the different behaviors (moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SED), and total sleep duration) that make up a 24-hour day in university students. The purpose of the study was to examine the associations between alcohol consumption and self-reported MVPA, SED, and sleep in university students. METHODS: University students (n=660, 20.3±1.6 yr, 80% female) completed an online survey to assess demographics, total alcohol consumption per week, Greek Life membership, sleep duration (min/day) via Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SED (min/day) via Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire, and MVPA (min/day) via Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between different alcohol consumption categories (Moderate = Females 1-7 drinks per week, Males 1-14 drinks per week; Heavy = Females > 7 drinks per week, Males > 14 drinks per week) with MVPA, SED, and sleep behaviors adjusting for possible confounding factors (sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and Greek Life membership). RESULTS: Moderate (β=6.9, p=0.10) and heavy alcohol drinkers (β=6.4, p=0.21) self-reported higher MVPA compared to university students that do not consume alcohol (trend p =0.02). Moderate (β=20.5, p=0.29) and heavy (β=41.5, p=0.27) alcohol drinkers self-reported higher SED compared non-drinkers, although these differences were not statistically significant (trend p=0.17). Moderate (β=0.5, p=0.94) and heavy (β=-5.8 p=0.61) alcohol drinkers had sleep times that were similar to those who reported not consuming alcohol (trend p=0.78). CONCLUSIONS: In this university student sample, alcohol drinkers reported participating in 6-7 additional minutes of MVPA per day than students that reportedly do not drink alcohol. However, only moderate drinkers had statistically significant higher values. While this analysis controlled for several potential confounders, other unmeasured differences between drinkers and non-drinkers may account for the higher MVPA observed among drinkers. Alternatively, alcohol drinking among university students may be a marker for greater engagement in social activities that incorporate MVPA.

Alcohol intake and the risk of glioma: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational study.

The association between alcohol intake and the risk of glioma has been widely studied, but these results have yielded conflicting findings. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and updated meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the association between alcohol intake and the risk of glioma. A systematic literature search of relevant articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wan fang databases up to December 2021 was conducted. Pooled estimated of relative risk (RR) and 95 % CI were calculated using fixed-effects models. A total of eight articles with three case-control studies involving 2706 glioma cases and 2189927 participants were included in this meta-analysis. A reduced risk of glioma was shown for the low-moderate alcohol drinking v. non-drinking (RR = 0·87; 95 % CI (0·78, 0·97); P = 0·014). In addition, there was no evidence of an increased risk of glioma in the heavy alcohol drinking compared with non-drinking (RR = 0·89; 95 % CI (0·67, 1·18); P = 0·404). The findings suggest an inverse association between low-moderate alcohol drinking and the risk of glioma, in the absence, however, of a dose-response relationship. More prospective studies are needed to provide further insight into the association between alcohol drinking and glioma risk.

Use of heated tobacco products, moderate alcohol drinking, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers after BNT162b2 vaccination among Japanese healthcare workers

The effect of heated tobacco products (HTPs) use and moderate alcohol drinking on immunogenicity to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines remain elusive. This study aimed to examine the association of tobacco product use and alcohol consumption with anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody titers after the BNT162b2 vaccine. Participants were 3433 healthcare workers receiving two vaccine doses in the 4 national centers for advanced medical and research in Japan. Smoking status and alcohol consumption were assessed via a questionnaire, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers were measured with chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay using serum collected on the median of 64 days after the second vaccination. Multilevel linear regression models were used to estimate the geometric mean titers (GMT) and the ratios of means (RoM) between groups with adjustment for covariates. Compared with never-smokers (GMT = 118), IgG antibody titers were significantly lower among HTPs users (including those who also smoked cigarettes) (GMT = 105; RoM = 0.89 [95%CI: 0.78–0.99]) and exclusive cigarettes smokers (GMT = 98; RoM = 0.81 [95%CI: 0.71–0.92]). Compared with non-drinkers of alcohol (GMT = 123), alcohol drinkers consuming <1 go/day (GMT = 113; RoM = 0.93 [95%CI: 0.88–0.98]), 1–1.9 go/day (GMT = 104; RoM = 0.85 [95%CI: 0.78–0.93]), and ≥ 2 go/day (GMT = 103; RoM = 0.84 [95%CI: 0.74–0.96]) had significantly lower antibody titers (P for trend<0.01). Spline analysis showed a large reduction of antibody until around 1 go/day of alcohol consumption, and then they gradually decreased. Results suggest that in addition to conventional cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol drinking, HTPs use and moderate alcohol drinking may be predictors of lower immunological response to COVID-19 vaccine.

Association of alcohol drinking with incident type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.

We examined associations of baseline alcohol drinking with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and explore whether the associations were modified by genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B). All participants were aged 50+ (mean=60.45; standard deviation=6.88) years. Information of alcohol consumption was collected at baseline from 2003 to 2008. Incident T2D was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0mmol/L or post-load glucose ≥11.1mmol/L at follow-up examination (2008-2012), self-reported T2D and/or initiation of hypoglycaemia medication or insulin during follow-up. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose ≥5.6mmol/L and <7mmol/L. Of 15,716 participants without diabetes and 11,232 participants without diabetes and IFG at baseline, 1624 (10.33%) developed incident T2D and 1004 (8.94%) developed incident IFG during an average 4years of follow-up. After multivariable adjustments, compared with never drinking, occasional or moderate alcohol drinking was not associated with risk of incident hyperglycaemia (T2D+IFG) (odds ratio (OR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-1.27, and 0.90 (0.69-1.18), respectively), whereas heavy alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of incident hyperglycaemia (T2D+IFG) (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.24-2.68). No interactions of sex, overweight/obesity and genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B/ALDH2 genes with alcohol drinking on incident T2D and/or IFG were found (P for interaction from 0.12 to 0.85). Our results support a detrimental effect of heavy alcohol use on IFG and T2D. No protective effect was found for those carrying lower risk alleles for ADH1B/ALDH2 genes.

Moderate Alcohol Use Is Associated with Reduced Cardiovascular Risk in Middle-Aged Men Independent of Health, Behavior, Psychosocial, and Earlier Life Factors.

We examined whether the often-reported protective association of alcohol with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk could arise from confounding. Our sample comprised 908 men (56–67 years), free of prevalent CVD. Participants were categorized into 6 groups: never drinkers, former drinkers, and very light (1–4 drinks in past 14 days), light (5–14 drinks), moderate (15–28 drinks), and at-risk (>28 drinks) drinkers. Generalized linear mixed effect models examined the associations of alcohol use with three established CVD risk scores: The Framingham Risk Score (FRS); the atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score; and the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Severity score, adjusting for group differences in demographics, body size, and health-related behaviors. In separate models we additionally adjusted for several groups of potentially explanatory factors including socioeconomic status, social support, physical and mental health status, childhood factors, and prior history of alcohol misuse. Results showed lower CVD risk among light and moderate alcohol drinkers, relative to very light drinkers, for all CVD risk scores, independent of demographics, body size, and health-related behaviors. Alcohol-CVD risk associations were robust to further adjustment for several groups of potential explanatory factors. Study limitations include the all-male sample with limited racial and ethnic diversity, and the inability to adjust for sugar consumption and for patterns of alcohol consumption. Although this observational study does not address causation, results show that middle-aged men who consume alcohol in moderation have lower CVD risk and better cardiometabolic health than men who consume little or no alcohol, independent of a variety of health, behavioral, psychosocial, and earlier life factors.

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Risk of Depression in Offspring: a Meta-Analysis.

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been related to poor consequences of mental health in offspring. However, it remains unknown whether maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy is associated with depression in the offspring. Methods A meta-analysis was performed accordingly. Relevant observational studies were identified from Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. A fixed-effect or a random-effect model was selected dependending on the between-study heterogeneity. Results Eight cohort studies were included. The heterogeneity was not significant (I2 = 14%). A meta-analysis with a fixed-effect model showed that PAE was associated with a higher risk of depression in offspring (odds ratio (OR): 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.61 to 3.25, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that moderate (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.49, p=0.002, I2 = 0%) or heavy (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.55 to 3.73, p < 0.001, I2 = 0%) maternal alcohol drinking in pregnancy was associated with depression in offspring, but not for those with low maternal alcohol drinking (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.44, p=0.10, I2 = 0%). Further subgroup analyses according to study design, timing of PAE evaluation, age at depression diagnosis, and quality scores showed consistent results. Univariate metaregression showed a dose-response association between PAE and offspring depression (coefficient: 0.073, 95% CI: 0.019 to 0.127, p=0.014). Conclusions Current evidence suggests that PAE may be a risk factor of depression in offspring.

Impact and potential mechanism of effects of chronic moderate alcohol consumption on cardiac function in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene heterozygous mice.

BackgroundMitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a key enzyme in alcohol metabolism. The ALDH2*2 mutations are found in approximately 45% of East Asians, with 40% being heterozygous (HE) ALDH2*1/*2 and 5% homozygous (HO) ALDH2*2/*2. Studies have shown that HO mice lack cardioprotective effects induced by moderate alcohol consumption. However, the impact of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiac function in HE mice is unknown.MethodsIn this study, HO, HE, and wild‐type (WT) mice were subjected to a 6‐week moderate alcohol drinking protocol, following which myocardial tissue and cardiomyocytes of the mice were extracted.ResultsWe found that moderate alcohol exposure did not increase mortality, myocardial fibrosis, apoptosis, or inflammation in HE mice, which differs from the effects observed in HO mice. After exposure to the 6‐week alcohol drinking protocol, there was impaired cardiac function, cardiomyocyte contractility, and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial function in both HE and HO mice as compared to WT mice. Moreover, these animals showed overt oxidative stress production and increased levels of the activated forms of calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and ryanodine receptor type 2 (RYR2) phosphorylation protein.ConclusionWe found that moderate alcohol exposure impaired cardiac function in HE mice, possibly by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS)/CaMKII/RYR2‐mediated Ca2+ handling abnormalities. Hence, we advocate that people with ALDH2*1/*2 genotypes rigorously avoid alcohol consumption to prevent potential cardiovascular harm induced by moderate alcohol consumption.

Racial Disparities in Associations of Alcohol Consumption With Liver Disease Mortality in a Predominantly Low-Income Population: A Report From the Southern Community Cohort Study.

Consistent with previous cross-sectional studies, in the Southern Community Cohort Study, the largest cohort for Black Americans conducted in a predominantly low-income population with 81,694 participants, we found that moderate alcohol drinking was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality due to liver disease in Black Americans (hazard ratio = 2.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-3.94) but not in White Americans (hazard ratio = 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.52-1.44). We found that heavy drinking was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality due to liver disease in both Black and White Americans. Future studies are warranted to understand the mechanism involving such racial disparity.

Abstract 044: Moderate Alcohol Drinking With Meals Is Related To Lower Incidence Of Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: Alcohol drinking has both adverse and beneficial effects on health. The benefits of moderate drinking on glucose metabolism have been documented in several well-designed clinical trials. However, it is still unclear whether such benefits on glucose metabolism will translate into a reduction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inconsistent results on the relationship between moderate drinking and T2D were observed in previous studies. Intriguingly, we noted that, the alcoholic beverages were usually served with meals in those clinical trials that have detected the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake on glucose metabolism. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the association between alcohol intake and risk of T2D might differ by the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals. Methods: A total of 312,388 healthy current drinkers from UK biobank without T2D at baseline were included. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals and risk of T2D. Results: During a median of 10.9 years of follow-up, 8,598 incident cases of T2D were documented. After adjustment for covariates and the amount of alcohol consumed, consuming alcohol with meals was significantly associated with a 14% lower risk of T2D (HR, 95 % CI, 0.86, 0.81-0.91), as compared with consuming alcohol outside of meals. In addition, we found that the timing of alcohol intake with respect to meals significantly modified the relations between the amount of alcohol consumed and risk of T2D ( P -interaction=0.010), the beneficial association of moderate drinking with T2D risk was only observed in participants who consumed alcohol with meals, but not in others. Further analyses on various types of alcoholic beverages indicated that the beneficial associations between alcohol drinking with meals and T2D were mainly driven by the wine consumption. Conclusions: In the current drinkers, moderate drinking of alcohol, especially wine, with meals is associated a lower risk of T2D.