Glass Model Research Articles

Fragmented perspective of self-organized criticality and disorder in log gravity

We use a statistical model to discuss nonequilibrium fragmentation phenomena taking place in the stochastic dynamics of the log sector in log gravity. From the canonical Gibbs model, a combinatorial analysis reveals an important aspect of the n-particle evolution previously shown to generate a collection of random partitions according to the Ewens distribution realized in a disconnected double Hurwitz number in genus zero. By treating each possible partition as a member of an ensemble of fragmentations, and ensemble averaging over all partitions with the Hurwitz number as a special case of the Gibbs distribution, a resulting distribution of cluster sizes appears to fall as a power of the size of the cluster. Dynamical systems that exhibit a distribution of sizes giving rise to a scale-invariant power-law behavior at a critical point possess an important property called self-organized criticality. As a corollary, the log sector of log gravity is a self-organized critical system at the critical point μl = 1. A similarity between self-organized critical systems, spin glass models and the dynamics of the log sector which exhibits aging behavior reminiscent of glassy systems is pointed out by means of the Pòlya distribution, also known to classify various models of (randomly fragmented) disordered systems, and by presenting the cluster distribution in the log sector of log gravity as a distinguished member of this probability distribution. We bring arguments from a probabilistic perspective to discuss the disorder in log gravity, largely anticipated through the conjectured AdS3/LCFT2 correspondence.

NEW TRANSLITERATION PROGRAM “COTOGWA” DEVELOPMENT

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to develop a program for transliteration and refactoring of mechanically typed text “CotoGwa”. A literary analysis of the research problem is presented. The choice of ways, technologies and means of solving the task is substantiated. The functional and structural scheme of the program is substantiated. The process of developing a software product is highlighted. Comparative characteristics of analogues are carried out and their shortcomings are described. The advantages of the developed product are defined too. The software development model and used scientific research methods are justified. The practical application of the created product is described step by step. Testing and debugging of the program is described. Considering the implementation of the software, the architectural solutions and technologies used in the project were analyzed. The program takes into account the needs of users and can be easily extended to provide additional functionality thanks to the flexibility and extensive functionality of the C# programming language. In the future, the development of the program will include additional options to create even greater convenience and speed of use by users. Taking into account feedback from users can contribute to the further development of this software in the field of text printing. In general, the development makes it possible to efficiently and conveniently enter and edit text, reducing time spent on additional printing principles and facilitating routine tasks for users.

Sulfur dioxide in white sugar: Source of income, reference values

Sulfur dioxide is one of the classic essential technological processing aids used in modern technology for the production of white beet sugar. The technological and safe use of sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite and sodium hydrosulfite) in the formation of the food system of the sugar production process flow has been substantiated, and their functional effect is shown. It has been established that the change in the content of sulfur dioxide in white sugar under the influence of an antifoam, antiscale agent and decolorant in the doses used in massecuite occurred in accordance with the principle of additivity. The presence of the additive property was confirmed by the maximum approximation of the algebraic sum of the effects of each agent, amounting to 5.6%, to the range of variation in the values of the sulfur dioxide content (5.9) at a significance level of p=0.05. The dependence of the sulfur dioxide content in white sugar in a range of 0 to 6.5 mg/kg on the influence of the decolorant and defoamer in a dose range of 100 to 200 and of 4 to 6 g/t of massecuite was established. It has been revealed that increasing the minimum optimal dose of the decolorant to the maximum leads to an increase in the content of sulfur dioxide in white sugar by 1.7 times. Confidence intervals for the general mean were calculated based on the assumption of normal data distribution and a significance level of p=0.05. The reference values for the sulfur dioxide content in white sugar of the four categories were 1.28–2.69 mg/kg, and the upper limit level with consideration for the confidence interval was 1.39–3.01 mg/kg. The established reference values can be used at sugar factories in the production control system, and also provide an evidence base for comparison and assessment of this indicator of the white sugar safety for industrial consumers.

Designing Hand Orthoses: Advances and Challenges in Material Extrusion

The intricate structure of human hands requires personalized orthotic treatments, especially with the growing aging population’s demand for accessible care. While traditional orthoses are effective, they face challenges of cost, customization time, and accessibility. Additive manufacturing, particularly material extrusion (MEX) techniques, can effectively address challenges in orthotic device production by enabling automated, complex, and cost-effective solutions. This work aims to provide engineers with a comprehensive set of design considerations for developing hand orthoses using MEX technology, focusing on applying design for additive manufacturing principles, to enhance rehabilitation outcomes. This objective is achieved by establishing design requirements for hand orthoses, reviewing design choices and methodologies across conventional and state-of-the-art MEX-based devices, and proposing an innovative approach to orthotic design. Hand orthosis design requirements were gathered through workshops with occupational therapists and categorized into engineer-, medical-, and patient-specific needs. A review of 3D-printed hand orthoses using MEX analyzes various design approaches, providing insights into existing solutions. The study introduces a modular design concept aimed at improving rehabilitation by enhancing customizability and functionality. It highlights the potential of MEX for creating personalized, cost-effective orthoses and offers recommendations for future research, to optimize designs and improve patient outcomes.

Effect of three-body interaction on structural features of phosphate glasses from molecular dynamics simulations.

Understanding the structures of phosphate glasses is important to many of their technological applications. Molecular dynamics simulations are commonly used to generate structure models of sodium phosphate glasses, and those with partial charge pairwise potentials have been successfully applied for modeling other network glasses, such as silicate and aluminosilicate glasses. In this work, we show that the addition of a three-body term is essential in regulating the intertetrahedral bond angles, as well as Qn speciation in comparison to experiments. Simulation results with and without three-body terms were compared and validated with experimental results, including neutron structure factors. Further comparison with glass structures fully relaxed with first-principles density functional theory was performed to evaluate the simulation results. The results show that the addition of three-body terms is vital for the modeling of phosphate glasses, and it can significantly improve the description of short- and medium-range structures and properties.

Equatons of State for Regolith and Chondrite at High Pressure

Using the principle of additivity under shock compression, wide-range equations of state of regolith and ordinary chondrite for the high-pressure region are constructed.

Application of crystallization additivity principle in continuous casting mould flux

Application of crystallization additivity principle in continuous casting mould flux

Introduction to Nonlocal Field Theory Including Gravity

We give minireview of nonlocal field theory (infinite derivative field theory). We start with the discussion of the main peculiarities of nonlocal field theory on the example of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$d = 4$$\\end{document} scalar \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\phi }^{4}}$$\\end{document}-model. The nonlocal \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\phi }^{4}}$$\\end{document}-model is ultraviolet finite, unitary, and macrocausal. One of the problems of nonlocal field theory is that the formfactor is an arbitrary entire function that makes the predictions extremely weak. We propose some additional principle that allows to fix the formfactor. Also we review the main results obtained in nonlocal quantum gravity, namely the nonlocal generalization of Einstein gravity leads to the superrenormalizable theory.

Li diffusion in oxygen-chlorine mixed anion borosilicate glasses using a machine-learning simulation.

Lithium-ion conducting borate glasses are suitable for solid-state batteries as an interfacial material between a crystalline electrolyte and an electrode, thanks to their superior formability. Chlorine has been known to improve the electron conductivity of borate glasses as a secondary anion. To examine the impact of chlorine on lithium dynamics, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed with a machine-learning interatomic potential (MLIP). The accuracy of the MLIP in modeling chlorine-doped lithium borate (LBCl) and borosilicate (LBSCl) glasses was verified by comparing with available experimental data on density, neutron diffraction S(q), and glass transition temperatures (Tg). While the MLIP-MD simulations underestimated the density when an isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble was used, the glass models relaxed using the NPT ensemble after a melt-quench simulation employing a canonical (NVT) ensemble possessed reasonable density. The LBCl and LBSCl glass models exhibited increased lithium ion diffusion, and the ions were found to travel longer distances with an increase in the chlorine content. According to the structural analyses, it was observed that chlorine ions primarily interacted with lithium ions rather than the network formers. Consequently, lithium ions that interacted with a higher amount of chlorine showed a moderate increase in mobility. In summary, the MLIP demonstrated reasonable accuracy in modeling chlorine-containing borate glasses and enabled the investigation of the effect of chlorine on electron conductivity. In contrast, the first sharp diffraction peaks in S(q) deviated from the experimental diffractions, suggesting that additional efforts are required to accurately model the middle-range structure of the glasses.

Central limit theorem of overlap for the mean field Ghatak–Sherrington model

The Ghatak–Sherrington spin glass model is a random probability measure defined on the configuration space {0,±1,±2,…,±S}N with system size N and S⩾1 finite. This generalizes the classical Sherrington–Kirkpatrick (SK) model on the boolean cube {−1, +1}N to capture more complex behaviors, including the spontaneous inverse freezing phenomenon. We give a quantitative joint central limit theorem for the overlap and self-overlap array at sufficiently high temperature under arbitrary crystal and external fields. Our proof uses the moment method combined with the cavity approach. Compared to the SK model, the main challenge comes from the non-trivial self-overlap terms that correlate with the standard overlap terms.

Topological models of yttrium aluminosilicate glass based on molecular dynamics and structure characterization analysis

AbstractTopological constraint theory (TCT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are utilized to study the effect of Y2O3/SiO2 substitution on the short‐ and medium‐range structures and properties in aluminosilicate glasses containing Y2O3. Experimental methods have been applied to characterize the structures of the as‐prepared glasses to verify the accuracy of MD simulations. It was found that the Y–O bond distance is around 2.38 Å and the Y average coordination number is around 5.78. The introduction of Y2O3 disrupts the Si–O and Al–O bonds in the network structure and elevates the proportion of non‐bridging oxygen. Meanwhile, the calculation results of Si–O and Al–O bond distances show Y shortens the distance between Si, Al cations and oxygen ions, improving the network structure tightness. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg), Vickers hardness (HV), and elastic modulus (E) of glass increase with the increase of Y2O3 content, while the viscosity decreases. TCT was used to analyze the relationship among glass compositions, structures, and properties, and the properties prediction models for Tg, HV, and E were established. The effectiveness of TCT prediction models was proved by the comparison between the results predicted by the models and the data reported in the literature.

Applying a trauma‐informed care framework to courtroom practice: An analysis of judges' perspectives

AbstractAnalysis of in‐depth interviews with eight district court judges in North Carolina revealed over 40 practices that judges can adopt to become more trauma‐informed in their work. These practices map onto SAMHSA's framework for a trauma‐informed approach, demonstrating that abstract principles can translate into concrete actions in the courtroom setting. Analysis revealed an additional core principle of trauma‐informed judicial practice—Rehabilitation and Healing—and several areas where judges can deepen their commitment to trauma‐informed care—engagement with peer support programming; greater attention to cultural, historical, and gender issues; and application of trauma‐informed practice in adult criminal court.

Research on weathering recognition model of ancient glass based on three-layer neural network

In this paper, a three-layer neural network-based weathering recognition model for ancient glass is proposed to cope with the limitations of traditional weathering analysis methods in dealing with complexity and large-scale data. By constructing a multi-layer feed-forward neural network model containing input, hidden and output layers, this paper achieves high-precision classification of the weathering state of ancient glass. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the model reaches 98.0% and 100% on the training set and test set, respectively, which proves the effectiveness and efficiency of the method in the recognition of ancient glass weathering. This study demonstrates the potential of neural network application in cultural relics conservation and provides a theoretical basis for further optimisation of cultural relics identification techniques.

Quantitative Disorder Effects in Low-Dimensional Spin Systems

The Imry–Ma phenomenon, predicted in 1975 by Imry and Ma and rigorously established in 1989 by Aizenman and Wehr, states that first-order phase transitions of low-dimensional spin systems are ‘rounded’ by the addition of a quenched random field coupled to the quantity undergoing the transition. The phenomenon applies to a wide class of spin systems in dimensions d≤2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$d\\le 2$$\\end{document} and to spin systems possessing a continuous symmetry in dimensions d≤4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$d\\le 4$$\\end{document}. This work provides quantitative estimates for the Imry–Ma phenomenon: in a cubic domain of side length L, we study the effect of the boundary conditions on the spatial and thermal average of the quantity coupled to the random field. We show that the boundary effect diminishes at least as fast as an inverse power of loglogL\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\log \\log L$$\\end{document} in general two-dimensional spin systems. For systems possessing a continuous symmetry, we show that the boundary effect diminishes at least as fast as an inverse power of L in two and three dimensions and at least as fast as an inverse power of loglogL\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\log \\log L$$\\end{document} in four dimensions. Finally, we establish a partial uniqueness results for translation-covariant Gibbs states, and prove that, for almost every realization of the random field, all such states must agree on the thermally-averaged value of the quantity coupled to the random field. Specific models of interest for the obtained results include the random-field q-state Potts model, the Edwards-Anderson spin glass model, and the random-field spin O(n) models.

A failure model for bulk metallic glass based on strain rate-correlated softening mechanism

Due to the amorphous nature of the bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), catastrophic fractures occur once the nucleation and propagation of shear bands occur, which is quite different from crystal materials. So far, the underlying mechanism of BMG failure behavior and its strain rate effect are still controversial. In this work, the quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments of Vit-1 BMG were carried out in a wide range of strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 5000 s−1. The results show that the variation tendency of failure stress with strain rate can be divided into three stages. The quasi-static failure stress is insensitive to the change of strain rate with only almost constant free volume softening effect inside the material during the failure process. When entering dynamic loading stage, the failure stress decreases significantly, which is caused by a combination of increasing thermal softening and free volume softening effects. When the strain rate increases to the third stage, that is, over 2000 s−1, the failure stress and the softening effects basically remain unchanged. The transformation of failure mechanism is well confirmed by the micromorphology of fracture surfaces. Based on the experimental results, a concise empirical failure model is established, in which the failure stress is decomposed into softening and non-softening parts. The verification experiments show that the model can effectively predict the compression failure stress of BMG under different strain rates.

A novel reinforced PLA locking compression plate to eliminate stress shielding using design for additive manufacturing

Orthopaedic trauma is a predominant cause of patient mortality and prompt surgical interventions. The locking compression plate (LCP) is widely regarded as a gold standard in treating bone fractures. However, current fixation materials, such as 316 L stainless steel (316 L SS) and titanium (Ti) alloys induce stress shielding. A novel design approach is considered to design the next generation of bone plates to minimize stress shielding through design for additive manufacturing principles. Embedding of 316 L SS sheets within the bone plate structure has improved the mechanical properties by 200% compared with PLA-only plate, resulting in a flexural modulus of 9.3 GPa, which is closer to the cortical bone range of 10–25 GPa. In contrast, commercial plates measured 51 GPa for Ti and 112 GPa for 316 L SS. The novel plates showed to have a lower economic and environmental impact than commercial ones. Additively manufactured bone plates are more sustainable and cost-effective than current commercial ones.

Computational Modeling and Machine Learning Approaches for Accelerated Materials Design

A substantial part of research in energy storage and conversion systems concerns the discovery and characterization of novel materials with improved performance, but most advancements are still generally attributed to costly and time-consuming trial-and-error experimentation. Computational chemistry methods combined with machine learning techniques offer paradigm shift in how materials are fundamentally understood and designed. Namely, high-throughput calculations combined with machine learning can help evaluate different properties of complex materials and efficiently screen millions of candidates to identify the ones with improved targeted properties, such as higher activity and selectivity and/or enhanced durability.In this talk we will first illustrate the use of density functional theory (DFT) in the design of fuel cell and electrolyzer ionomers. More specifically, we will discuss how simple descriptors such as DFT-calculated adsorption energies and adsorption modes of polymer fragments can be used to guide the rational design of ionomers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells and alkaline membrane water electrolyzers. Our design principle has led to the synthesis of new polymers, e.g., poly(fluorene) and polynorbornene-based ionomers, with weak adsorption on the electrocatalyst surface and improved hydrogen oxidation reaction activity. We will further introduce the computational workflow that integrates high-throughput DFT calculations with machine learning with a goal of designing new amine-based CO2 adsorbents, as well as platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts for conversion of CO2 to value added products. In our workflow we use descriptors together with DFT-calculated binding energetics to train artificial neural networks for activity prediction. Our trained machine learning models are then used to screen millions of candidate chemistries and identify the ones with optimal activity. Descriptor importance evaluation provides additional design principles based on the structure to property relationships for the synthesis of targeted materials for CO2 capture and electro-conversion.

On the analyzing of bifurcation properties of the one‐dimensional Mackey–Glass model by using a generalized approach

The goal of this work is to look at how a nonlinear model describes hematopoiesis and its complexities utilizing commonly used techniques with historical and material links. Based on time delay, the Mackey–Glass model is explored in two instances. To offer a range, the relevance of the parameter impacting stability (bifurcation) is recorded. The power spectrum of the considered model is collected in order to analyze the periodic behavior of a solution in a differential equation. The complex nature of the system is relayed on a parameter which is illustrated in the bifurcation plot. Due to the fact that the considered model is associated with blood‐related diseases, the effect coefficients are effectively captured. The corresponding parameters‐based consequences of the generalized model in different order are deduced. The parametric charts for both examples reveal intriguing results. The current work enables investigations into complex real‐world problems as well as forecasts of essential techniques.

Large deviations in the symmetric simple exclusion process with slow boundaries: A hydrodynamic perspective

We revisit the one-dimensional model of the symmetric simple exclusion process slowly coupled with two unequal reservoirs at the boundaries. In its non-equilibrium stationary state, the large deviations functions of density and current have been recently derived using exact microscopic analysis by Derrida, Hirschberg and Sadhu in [J. Stat. Phys. 182, 15 (2021)]. We present an independent derivation using the hydrodynamic approach of the macroscopic fluctuation theory (MFT). The slow coupling introduces additional boundary terms in the MFT-Action, which modifies the spatial boundary conditions for the associated variational problem. For the density large deviations, we explicitly solve the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations using a simple local transformation of the optimal fields. For the current large deviations, our solution is obtained using the additivity principle. In addition to recovering the expression of the large deviations functions, our solution describes the most probable path for these rare fluctuations.

Application of advances in the development and production of optical fiber in the development and design of fiber optic devices.

The dimensions of devices based on optical fiber are limited by the sensitivity of the optical fiber to macrobending, which leads to an increase in optical losses at small bending radii. New types of fibers with low macrobending losses make it possible to significantly tighten the dimensions. However, there may be a risk of fiber failure at bending points during the life of the product due to mechanical fatigue. In the article, based on the use of a static fatigue model of silica glass, a simple expression is obtained to estimate the probability of fiber failure under long-term bending stress depending on the length of the bent section, bend radius and humidity, taking into account the result of a proof-test carried out by the fiber manufacturer. The possibility of increasing the mechanical reliability of silica fiber by applying a hermetical carbon coating is discussed. The use of the obtained expressions in design makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of fiber optic products without the risk of reducing their reliability.