Model Of Intelligent System Research Articles

Using predictive analytics systems to resolve a legal dispute

Increasingly, in the mass media, we hear about examples of using predictive analytics systems to obtain solutions to legal disputes. However, from the viewpoint of legal regulation, the question arises: Can we consider a solution proposed by the system to be final and legally significant, or just one of a possible set of solutions? A parallel with legal principles is drawn in the scientific literature analyzing the prospects for such systems application. Researchers come to disappointing predictions about possible risks to human rights and freedoms if the solutions proposed by predictive systems are approved without human participation. In our study, we came to the following conclusions. Firstly, at the moment of technological development, intelligent systems cannot explain why they make certain decisions. Secondly, because the system’s decision-making is not transparent, it is incorrect to assume that programmers or developers replace the judge. The role of programmers and developers of an intelligent system model is very important but purely technical. Thirdly, the problem of inaccuracy in the system’s decisions refers only to the stage of system training. The higher the quality of the datasets and the more data sets there are, the more accurate the decision made by this technology will be. That is why forming correct datasets is an independent and challenging technological task.

LVD-YOLO: An efficient lightweight vehicle detection model for intelligent transportation systems

Vehicle detection is a fundamental component of intelligent transportation systems. However, current algorithms often encounter issues such as high computational complexity, long execution times, and significant resource demands, making them unsuitable for resource-limited environments. To overcome these challenges, we propose LVD-YOLO, a Lightweight Vehicle Detection Model based on YOLO. This model incorporates the EfficientNetv2 network structure as its backbone, which reduces parameters and enhances feature extraction capabilities. By utilizing a bidirectional feature pyramid structure along with a dual attention mechanism, we enable efficient information exchange across feature layers, thereby improving multiscale feature fusion. Additionally, we refine the model's loss function with SIoU loss to boost regression and prediction performance. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC and MS COCO datasets show that LVD-YOLO outperforms YOLOv5s, achieving a 0.5% increase in accuracy while reducing FLOPs by 64.6% and parameters by 48.6%. These improvements highlight its effectiveness for use in resource-constrained environments.

Principles of constructing mental models of a solution for external users in the task of generating explanations in an intelligent system

The subject of the research is the process of constructing user mental models in intelligent information systems. The aim is to improve the principles of building mental models of external users regarding the decisions of an intelligent information system to form explanations in accordance with both the needs of these users and the limitations on the use of solutions in a specific subject area. Objectives: improvement of existing principles of mental model construction based on structuring the description of the intelligent system's solution; development of a principle for constructing mental models of the intelligent system user, considering the limitations when using the obtained solution. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows. The existing principles of human mental model construction have been adapted, considering the differences in constructing explanations for a solution in an intelligent system represented as a «black box». The adapted principles consider the correspondence between the structure of the mental model and the solution, the multiplicity of mental models regarding the solution, and the incompleteness of input data for decision-making. The principle of input data supplementation is proposed, which consists in using the values of solution properties that are irrelevant from the user's point of view to limit the set of relevant solutions. The use of this principle in constructing an explanation makes it possible to consider the negative aspects of using the obtained result and thereby simplify the user's choice and application of this solution.

Formalization of Elements and Control Schemes in Intelligent System Models

The purpose of the work is to formalize the concepts and principles that form the basis of the mathematical model for controlling the life cycles of intelligent systems. The controlling elements formal description is part of a universal model of such systems. This model part is important for implementing complex intelligent systems with a large amount and diversity of knowledge flows and knowledge processing schemes performed simultaneously. The other two areas of this model are associated with a unified logical-algebraic description of the concept of knowledge representation formalism, as well as concepts related to the architecture of intelligent systems. Formalization of ideas about control in intelligent systems is carried out according to the principle of a hierarchy of controlling elements and processes. The elements of the mathematical model that implements this principle correspond to event-controlled automata with infinite memory and associated algorithms for the automata simulation in specific systems. The objectives of the research include the development of formats for describing the hierarchy of diagrams and assemblies of control elements in a universal model of an intelligent system, and diagrams of algorithms for the functioning of intelligent systems based on the processing of model descriptions. Models of intelligent system control elements hierarchy and execution algorithms for the sets of activated control elements for the implementation time of life cycles of intelligent systems are described by extending the special ontological structures. These structures implement customizations of universal control model

Research on the Intelligent System of English Teaching from the Perspective of Intercultural Education Based on Deep Learning

In today’s globalized world, cross-cultural communication skills are crucial for English learners. However, traditional English teaching often overlooks cultural differences among students, leading to difficulties in practical communication. The development of deep learning technology has provided new possibilities for English teaching, which can analyze students’ cultural background and learning needs through intelligent systems, and provide more personalized teaching plans. This study focuses on the application of intelligent system in English teaching from the perspective of intercultural education. By analyzing the characteristics of cross-cultural education and the advantages of deep learning technology, an intelligent system model of English teaching based on deep learning is proposed. The model can provide individualized English teaching programs according to students’ cultural backgrounds, learning needs and learning progress. A recommendation algorithm based on a cross-cultural education model comparison is proposed. For each student, retrieve similar teaching cases from the database based on their cultural background and learning needs. Compare the similarity between current students and cases in the database using similarity calculation algorithms. Based on the sustainable development teaching model of college English, the MAP algorithm is analyzed. The experimental results show that the intelligent English teaching system based on deep learning has a remarkable effect on improving students’ English achievement and intercultural communication ability. The model is trained and tested by the measured data. The error of the test results is less than 5%. The results of the experiment prove that the construction of a Chinese college English sustainable development education model can effectively enhance China’s cultural soft power.

EXTERNALIZATION OF TACIT KNOWLEDGE IN THE MENTAL MODEL OF A USER OF AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM

The subject of the study is the processes of forming the user's mental model in artificial intelligence systems. The construction of such a model is associated with solving the problem of opacity and incomprehensibility of the decision-making process in such systems for end users. To solve this problem, the system user needs to receive an explanation of the obtained decision. The explanation should take into account the user's perception of the decision and the decision-making process, which is formalized within the user's mental model. The mental model considers the user's use of explicit and implicit knowledge, the latter of which usually lacks formal representation. The externalization of such knowledge ensures its transformation into a formal form. The aim of the work is to develop an approach to the externalization of implicit knowledge based on identifying patterns and causal dependencies for the decision-making process in an intelligent system when constructing the user's mental model. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: developing a user's mental model of an artificial intelligence system that takes into account both explicit and implicit knowledge and developing an approach to the externalization of implicit knowledge of the user of the artificial intelligence system. A user's mental model of an artificial intelligence system that accounts for both explicit and implicit knowledge of the user is proposed. The model considers the connections between the user's explicit and implicit knowledge regarding the artificial intelligence system, the decision-making process, the method of using the decisions, and the general concept of the intelligent system. This creates conditions for the externalization of the user's implicit knowledge and the subsequent use of this knowledge in forming explanations regarding the decision-making process in the artificial intelligence system. An approach to the externalization of knowledge from the statistical and semantic layers of the user's mental model is proposed. In practical terms, the approach makes it possible to translate into explicit form the conditions and constraints regarding the formation and use of decisions in the artificial intelligence system.

Mechanistic indoor air quality model and data-driven calibration for intelligent HVAC AI control system through real-time data in underground buildings

Abstract Modeling the dynamics of indoor air quality (IAQ) in subway environments is challenging due to the complex interplay of variables like subway schedules, ventilation, and passenger numbers. This study developed a high-precision mechanistic model for IAQ management and intelligent HVAC control in underground buildings, focusing on Y-station. Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) highlighted the significance of the train piston factor during operational hours and the increased sensitivity of penetration and deposition factors when trains are not operational. The model, calibrated in real-time using a Genetic Algorithm (GA), exhibited remarkable accuracy in simulating PM2.5 levels, affirming its effectiveness in forecasting future air quality. The model adeptly captures the complexities of air quality dynamics, providing a comprehensive understanding of temporal IAQ variations. The result demonstrates the model’s efficacy as a tool offering a foundation for strategies to forecast IAQ and control the HVAC system in underground buildings.

MODEL FOR DATA OBJECTS SELECTION BY SEARCH IMAGE FOR INTELLIGENT RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS

The research is conducted to develop and analyze an object filtering model for intelligent recommender systems. The main objective is to solve the problem of orientation in the vast amounts of information accumulated by mankind. The aim of the research is to create an effective tool for systematization and knowledge management, which in turn contributes to the optimization of decision-making processes and interaction with data. The paper focuses on the research and development of an object filtering model for intelligent recommender systems. Within the methodology and research area, the developed model is described in detail and the theoretical and practical aspects of the methodology are analyzed. In this paper, a variant of the problem statement of the research and development of an object filtering model for intelligent recommender systems is presented. In addition, the paper deconstructs the second stage of this problem, emphasizing its importance in the context of achieving system performance. The results of the study are analyzed in detail, highlighting the key points and features of the proposed model. The scope of the study is reviewed, detailing the prospects of applying the results in scientific and practical applications, providing the reader with a deeper understanding of the potential of the proposed model. The object filtering model has a high potential of usefulness for business and manufacturing. This work will be useful for developers and researchers of recommender systems in which users rarely or never interact with the same object.

Foreign Practices of Intelligent Transport Systems Functioning: Experience of Japan and USA

The article examines the experience of managing the implementation of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in the USA and Japan, analyzes the main forms of interaction between the state, local government and private sector organizations in the implementation of relevant projects. The research used methods of comparative legal and secondary analysis of statistical data. The presented work shows that in the USA and Japan, public authorities played a key role in the process of creating intelligent transport systems, and the private sector acted as a secondary agent. At the same time, the Japanese and American models of ITS implementation management differ significantly from each other. In Japan, the main participants in this process are entities with different social and managerial status, in the United States, equal organizational structures take part in the creation process. The consequence of this is that the financing of projects to create intelligent transportation systems in the United States is carried out by the states, the federation and the private sector, and in Japan only by the state and the private sector. The presented difference leads to the fact that the Japanese model of intelligent transport systems is characterized by a vertically integrated model of various subsystems with subordination. In turn, in the USA, ITS is a network structure. It should be added to the above that both the United States of America and Japan have formed an effective communication system between the main participants in the process of implementing intelligent transport systems, which avoids various dysfunctions and contradictions in their actions. In particular, in these countries, many discussion platforms, interdepartmental commissions, as well as working groups have been organized, within which the positions of the departments involved in the process of creating ITS are coordinated, as well as contradictions that arise during the implementation of the project under consideration are resolved. The experience of advanced countries in implementing ITS can be useful, given that similar projects are actively being implemented in most regions of Russia.

Educational models for cognition: Methodology of modeling intellectual skills for intelligent tutoring systems

Automation of teaching people new skills requires modeling of human reasoning because human cognition involves active reasoning over the new subject domain to acquire skills that will later become automatic. The article presents Thought Process Trees — a language for modeling human reasoning that was created to facilitate the development of intelligent tutoring systems, which can perform the same reasoning that is expected of a student and find deficiencies in their line of thinking, providing explanatory messages and allowing them to learn from performance errors. The methodology of building trees which better reflect human learning is discussed, with examples of design choices during the modeling process and their consequences. The characteristics of educational modeling that impact building subject-domain models for intelligent tutoring systems are discussed. The trees were formalized and served as a basis for developing a framework for constructing intelligent tutoring systems. This significantly lowered the time required to build and debug a constraint-based subject-domain model. The framework has already been used to develop five intelligent tutoring systems and their prototypes and is being used to develop more of them.

A federated learning model for intelligent cattle health monitoring system using body area sensors and IoT

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize synchronizing technology and routine life for sustainability. Food and water shortage, and exponentially increasing environmental pollution are the biggest challenges for sustainability. Livestock plays a vital role in developing countries’ economies; the most profitable businesses are breeding dairy and non-dairy products. The productivity of cattle farms is dependent on the health conditions of cattle. Identifying unhealthy cattle and providing suitable treatment is critical. Hence, deploying the Internet of Things (IoT) along with AI systems is one of the potential solutions. This cattle health monitoring system provides monitoring of cattle health to ensure the minimum human intervention. A system has been designed and developed to aid the intelligent cattle health monitoring system by using machine learning techniques. The system includes multiple sensor nodes, each having a body area sensor that is connected to the IoT platform through a controller. As a novelty, the prototype has been trained and evaluated using a federated learning technique. The system warns the owner about specific diseases such as fever, mastitis, foot and mouth disease, and ketosis. The presented results validate the proposal as it diagnoses the prescribed viral diseases precisely. We have implemented the Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier for this multiclass problem. Considering the federated learning model, three different datasets are considered as three different clients with 70% train and 30% test data. Client 1, Client 2, and Client 3 represent the cattle farm, veterinary hospital, and veterinary respectively. The sensor nodes are placed on key points of the cattle body while each node collects physiological parameters that are further used to train the prediction system. Additionally, we have developed a user-friendly Android application for the owner to control cattle well-being. A comprehensive comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed system outperforms existing state-of-the-art systems by showing good accuracy.

Environmental Protection Control System Based on IoT and Deep Learning Intelligent Monitoring Sensors

In order to improve the multi-sensor intelligent control performance of environmental pollution detection, this paper proposes a design model of environmental pollution detection intelligent system based on Internet of Things technology. Firstly, this paper uses ZigBee’s Internet of Things networking technology to design the network of the pollution detection system. Secondly, in order to verify the effectiveness of the environmental pollution detection method, this paper carries out system debugging analysis and simulation test, and uses visual dsp++simulation system to debug the system. The network of ZigBee Internet of Things networking technology is adopted to realize the network design of pollution detection system, and VIX bus technology is adopted to carry out environmental pollution detection data communication and information processing, so as to realize the optimal design of intelligent system of environmental pollution detection system. Finally, the experimental test and analysis were performed. The collection period of environmental pollution data is 10 s and the monitoring time is 22 h. Finally, according to the environmental model and parameters, we determine that the system can accurately detect environmental pollution information, and the results are accurate and reliable.

ПІДХОДИ ДО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЗАГРОЗ ПРИ СТВОРЕННІ КОМПЛЕКСНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗАХИСТУ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ДЛЯ БАГАТОРІВНЕВИХ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ СИСТЕМ КЕРУВАННЯ

The problem of modeling threats in the creation of a comprehensive information security system in multi-level intelligent control systems is considered. Existing approaches to creating a threat model are described. It is proposed to consider a multi-level intelligent control system as a type of automated system according to the classification of Ukrainian normative documentation. The process of creating threat models for automated systems is analyzed. To select the optimal methodology for threat modeling the main criteria are determined which are taken into account when developing threat models. The proposed approach allows for the development of effective and reliable threat models for multi-level intelligent control systems providing a high level of information security. Keywords: threat modeling information security system intelligent control systems multi-level systems.

The analysis of aerobics intelligent fitness system for neurorobotics based on big data and machine learning

In modern society, people's pace of life is fast, and the pressure is enormous, leading to increasingly prominent issues such as obesity and sub-health. Traditional fitness methods cannot meet people's needs to a certain extent. Therefore, this work aims to use technology to change people's lifestyles and compensate for traditional fitness methods' shortcomings. Firstly, this work overviews neurorobotics, providing neural perception and control functions for aerobics intelligent fitness system. Secondly, the connection between big data and machine learning (ML), big data technology products, and the ML process are discussed. The Spark big data platform builds node data for calculation, and the decision tree algorithm is used for data preprocessing. These are important for future intelligent fitness analysis. This work proposes an aerobics intelligent fitness system based on neurorobotics technology and big data analysis and develops a recommendation system for the best fitness exercise. This system utilizes neural perception and control functions, combined with big data and ML technology, to solve the obesity and sub-health problems faced by people in fast-paced and high-pressure lifestyles. By harnessing the computational capabilities of the Spark big data platform and applying the decision tree algorithm for data preprocessing, the system can furnish users with personalized fitness plans and optimization recommendations. This work conducts a model performance study on 35 % aerobic fitness data on intelligent fitness Android v1.0.8 to evaluate the system's data processing ability and training effectiveness. Moreover, the aerobics intelligent fitness system models based on neurorobotics, big data, and ML are evaluated. The results indicate that normalizing the data using the Min-Max method leads to a decrease in the F1 value and a reduction in data set errors. Consequently, the dataset studied by the system model is beneficial to improving the work efficiency of the aerobics intelligent fitness system. After the comprehensive human quality of the system model is evaluated, the actual average score of the comprehensive human quality of the 13 users tested before the aerobics intelligent fitness system test is 91.44, and the average prediction score is 90.88. The results of the two tests are similar. Thus, using the intelligent fitness system can enable the user to obtain system feedback according to the actual training effect, thereby playing a guiding role in the intelligent fitness of aerobics for the user. This work designs and implements the aerobics intelligent fitness system close to the human body's training effect, further enhancing the specialization and individualization of sports and fitness.

Using ChatGPT to annotate a dataset: A case study in intelligent tutoring systems

Large language models like ChatGPT can learn in-context (ICL) from examples. Studies showed that, due to ICL, ChatGPT achieves impressive performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that assesses ChatGPT's effectiveness in annotating a dataset for training instructor models in intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). The task of an ITS instructor model is to automatically provide effective tutoring instruction given a student's state, mimicking human instructors. These models are typically implemented as hardcoded rules, requiring expertise, and limiting their ability to generalize and personalize instructions. These problems could be mitigated by utilizing machine learning (ML). However, developing ML models requires a large dataset of student states annotated by corresponding tutoring instructions. Using human experts to annotate such a dataset is expensive, time-consuming, and requires pedagogical expertise. Thus, this study explores ChatGPT's potential to act as a pedagogy expert annotator. Using prompt engineering, we created a list of instructions a tutor could recommend to a student. We manually filtered this list and instructed ChatGPT to select the appropriate instruction from the list for the given student's state. We manually analyzed ChatGPT's responses that could be considered incorrectly annotated. Our results indicate that using ChatGPT as an annotator is an effective alternative to human experts. The contributions of our work are (1) a novel dataset annotation methodology for the ITS, (2) a publicly available dataset of student states annotated with tutoring instructions, and (3) a list of possible tutoring instructions.

Conceptualization of Intelligent Control System for Humanitarian Demining Robotic Complexes Based on Verbal Methods

Introduction. Humanitarian demining is characterized by growing attention to the problems of creating and using robotic systems. The most important aspect of their use is the control method.Problem Statement. At present, the fi rst generation robotic complexes (controlled devices) have been the mostcommon, the second generation complexes (semi-autonomous devices) have been improving. To switch to the third generation complexes (autonomous devices), it is necessary to develop intelligent control systems based on artificial intelligence technologies. The most used for system development are quantitative methods, but such models are “black box models” that do not provide complete clarity about their behavior.Purpose. To develop conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes based on verbal methods.Materials and Methods. Formal logic methods, verbal analysis qualitative methods, and BPMN. Results. Conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes and sym bolic models of representing relevant declarative and procedural knowledge based on verbal methods have been developed.Conclusions. The conceptual model makes it possible to formulate Symbolic Models in the notations of selected verbal methods. At the decision-making level, the ordinary classifi cation method by denotation of the terms used by experts in the selected subject area has been chosen. At the executive level, the BPMN method has been chosen to create process diagrams in graphical notation. The verbal methods make it possible to create “white-box models” that unambiguously interpret the dependence of output and input variables and to explain the model behavior. Symbolic models in the notations of selected verbal methods allow the implementation of an intelligent control systems for a specifi c humanitarian demining robotic complex.

A spatially explicit framework for assessing ecosystem service supply risk under multiple land‐use scenarios in the Xi'an Metropolitan Area of China

AbstractRapid global urbanization has perturbed ecosystem structures and functions, resulting in ecological risk and threatening sustainable human well‐being and socioeconomic development. However, scientific indicators to analyze ecosystem service (ES) risk patterns need to be explored in detail. In addition, studies on ES supply risk are stagnating on historical or status explorations, especially from the view of disturbance from land‐use changes. This study seeks to develop a framework for modeling past‐future ES supply risk pattern evaluation and probing into ES risk patterns under different future land‐use scenarios. To achieve this objective, the framework integrates the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model, the Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System (IUEMS) model, and an established indicator system incorporating ES supply trend, hotspots and coldspots, and ES trade‐offs, and synergies. The results show that: (1) In 2050, the supply of climate regulation in the Xi'an Metropolitan Area (XMA) will increase, while that of carbon sequestration and recreation will decrease. In 2050, the supply of climate regulation is the highest under ecological protection (EP) scenario, while the supply of carbon sequestration and recreation are the highest under cropland protection (CP) scenario. (2) From 2000 to 2050, the hotspots and coldspots of climate regulation increase in both natural development (ND) scenario and CP scenario. Notably, CP scenario experiences the most significant reduction in extremely significant hotspots and coldspots of carbon sequestration. From 2000 to 2050, at the regional and pixel scales, climate regulation and carbon sequestration mainly show trade‐offs, and carbon sequestration and recreation show synergies. (3) ES supply risk in XMA is high in the center and low in the north and south. The ES supply risk from 2000 to 2050 is increasing, with expanding “extremely high risk”, “high risk”, and “extremely safe” areas. ES supply risk management should adhere to more strict land‐use policies and guidelines, management zoning for areas with different levels of ES risk, and an accurate understanding of ES trade‐offs and synergies for scientific risk management. This study could provide theoretical and technical references for ES risk assessment research and promote scientific ecological risk management.

An intelligent body frame structure modeling and optimization system based on conceptual design

The conceptual design stage is an indispensable and important stage in the development of the modern body. However, due to the lack of sufficient body structure parameter support, the design defects generated at this time are difficult to make up for in the subsequent design stage. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a conceptual design software for body structure that integrates design, analysis, and optimization. This paper proposes an intelligent body frame structure modeling and optimization system based on conceptual design, S-iVCD (Intelligent System for Conceptual Design of Vehicle Body Structure). Based on deep learning methods and body design sketches, a conceptual model of body structure is quickly established. Based on the data parameters stored in the Excel table, the system is seamlessly connected to the domestic independent finite element software SIPESC to calculate the simulated working conditions. The body structure optimization module is driven by the MMA (method of moving asymptotes), and takes the body structure performance and total mass as the optimization goals or constraints of the mathematical model to achieve body structure performance improvement and lightweight design.

Research on Ai Technology of Intelligent Information Visualization Based on Rtos System Service

In order to improve the visual interaction ability of intelligent information, an intelligent information visualization artificial intelligence technology based on RTOS system service is proposed in this paper. Based on embedded integrated control, this paper constructs the system design scheme, client and host system of intelligent information visualization artificial intelligence RTOS service system. The information monitoring module, artificial intelligence programmable logic control module, artificial intelligence processing module and human-computer interaction module of intelligent information visualization artificial intelligence RTOS service system are established to realize the label identification and identification in the process of intelligent information visualization artificial intelligence RTOS service system based on unified resource locator sipur, The communication system model of intelligent information visualization artificial intelligence RTOS service system under the transmission mode of multimedia communication channel is established to realize the automatic information processing of intelligent information visualization RTOS system. The test results show that the design has good stability, strong intelligent information visualization and interaction ability, low memory and time cost.

Optimising building heat load prediction using advanced control strategies and Artificial Intelligence for HVAC system

Amid the dynamic challenges posed by the COVID-19 era, this study offers a nuanced exploration, delving into the complexities of optimising building heat load prediction. This study addresses the imperative challenge of optimising building heat load prediction by implementing advanced control strategies and integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into air conditioning systems. The study emphasises the need to design HVAC devices for minimal energy consumption without compromising comfort conditions. The study introduces an intelligent predictive adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model that proves highly capable of accurately predicting HVAC performance outcomes while contributing to the development of a comprehensive dataset. The uncertainty percentage is evaluated across various membership functions, with the trapezoidal membership exhibiting the lowest error rate, followed by the Gaussian membership function. Weather parameters crucial to ventilation efficiency and heat load are examined, leading to the identification of an optimal combination involving 45 % relative humidity, 13 °C dry bulb temperature, and 5 km/h wind speed. The current system demonstrates significant efficiency improvements, with ventilation and heat load rates reaching 93 % and 97 %, respectively, compared to pre-COVID-19 conditions. The findings underscore the importance of considering these parameters in future HVAC designs, particularly in the context of COVID-19 guidelines (75 % and 79 %, respectively).