Transitional Model Research Articles

Contribution to Sustainable Development from the Indigenous Perspective: Existence through an Ethno-Educational Vision

Fifty-two years have passed since the first conference on "the Human Environment," convened by the United Nations, which referred to the human focus because anthropocentrism was still prevalent on the planet; such an observation is necessary in light of what the species' media intervention implies for the environment in the deterioration of environmental conditions, to the detriment of everyone's well-being, including, of course, other species and the mechanisms through which their life flows—this being a superior prerogative, at least from the perspective of legal rights, but ultimately also natural. In summary, this paper addresses the essential role of ethnoeducation in sustainable development, when it is feasible to achieve a consensus in the restoration from a broad dimension, also acknowledging that their ancestral constructs have much to contribute to a transitional social model that is conscious of the changes that must prevail in order to mitigate an environmental crisis in which human beings are deeply involved—as instigators but also as victims; the same crisis that has been analyzed since 1972, but with approaches in which the discourse has been restructured regarding the causes and the responsible actors, even acknowledging a perception of population sectors whose historical condition of marginalization has relegated them from an essential role in this process.

Semi-mechanistic population PK/PD model to aid clinical understanding of myelodysplastic syndromes following treatment with Venetoclax and Azacitidine.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a group of bone marrow disorders involving cytopenias, hypercellular bone marrow, and dysplastic hematopoietic progenitors. MDS remains a challenge to treat due to the complex interplay between disease-induced and treatment-related cytopenias. Venetoclax, a selective BCL-2 inhibitor, in combination with azacitidine, a hypomethylating agent, is currently being investigated in patients with previously untreated higher-risk MDS. We present an integrated semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model developed using preliminary clinical data from an ongoing Phase 1b study evaluating the safety and efficacy of venetoclax in combination with azacitidine in treatment-naïve patients with higher-risk MDS. Longitudinal data from 57 patients were used to develop the model, which accounted for venetoclax PK and azacitidine treatment to describe time dynamics of bone marrow blasts, neutrophils, red blood cells, and platelets. The proliferation and maturation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow to peripheral cells is described via three parallel connected transit models including feedback terms. The model also accounted for bone marrow crowding and its impact on hematopoiesis. Model validation demonstrated adequate goodness-of-fit, visual and numerical predictive checks. Model predicted complete remission (CR) rates and marrow complete remission (mCR) rates closely matched observed rates in the clinical study, and simulated efficacy (recovery of blast count, CR, and mCR rates) and safety (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) endpoints aligned with expected outcomes from various dosing regimens. Importantly, the semi-mechanistic model may aid understanding and discriminating between disease-driven and drug-induced cytopenias.

Efficient Risk Assessment of Time-to-Event Targets With Adaptive Information Transfer.

Using informative sources to enhance statistical analysis in target studies has become an increasingly popular research topic. However, cohorts with time-to-event outcomes have not received sufficient attention, and external studies often encounter issues of incomparability due to population heterogeneity and unmeasured risk factors. To improve individualized risk assessments, we propose a novel methodology that adaptively borrows information from multiple incomparable sources. By extracting aggregate statistics through transitional models applied to both the external sources and the target population, we incorporate this information efficiently using the control variate technique. This approach eliminates the need to load individual-level records from sources directly, resulting in low computational complexity and strong privacy protection. Asymptotically, our estimators of both relative and baseline risks are more efficient than traditional results, and the power of covariate effects testing is much enhanced. We demonstrate the practical performance of our method via extensive simulations and a real case study.

The nexus of intelligent transportation: A lightweight Bi-input fusion detection model for autonomous-rail rapid transit

Autonomous-rail Rapid Transit (ART) possesses various advantages in intelligent transportation, but it does not effectively recognize road conditions caused solely by deploying single-modal cameras. In this paper, a lightweight fusion-based object detection neural network was designed with multi-modal sensors for the ART. Firstly, the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) applied additional encoding and preprocessing to the point cloud. Secondly, a backbone and a detection head of the network structure were proposed through re-parameterization and pruning techniques. Furthermore, a fusion module was designed with a selective soft attention mechanism to fuse the extracted features. The proposed model was tested on the open autonomous driving dataset; it achieved a 7.38% improvement in mean average precision (mAP) compared to the original you only look once (YOLO) as well as other state-of-the-art (SOTA) models. Finally, practical experiments were conducted in the maintenance center of ART to simulate the operational scenarios and validate the feasibility of the proposed method in this study. By fully utilizing the information in different modalities and addressing the limitations of single-modal recognition, efforts were made to improve the robustness of road object detection for ART under different road conditions. Consequently, our method provides effective solutions which benefit intelligent transportation with advanced algorithms and strategies.

Sexual and Gender Diverse Healthcare Navigation Model: A Community-Participatory Delphi Adaptation of the Transitional Care Model for Sexual and Gender Diverse Individuals

ABSTRACT Health care transitions, movements between providers or settings, can lead to poor outcomes, higher resource utilization, and even higher costs. Health care transitions can be complex experiences for sexual and gender diverse (SGD) individuals, especially when there is a need for ongoing health care (e.g. gender-affirming therapy, depression). Engaging new providers can lead to setbacks in trust requiring self-disclosure SGD-identities all over again. The Transitional Care Model (TCM) supports improvement of outcomes associated with health care transitions; however, it has not been tailored to address the unique needs of SGD populations. A sample of adult SGD patients (n = 17) and SGD health experts (n = 11) from across the US completed a six cycle, electronic, modified Delphi process to adapt the TCM for the SGD population. The iterative process produced a TCM for SGD populations including eight refined and renamed components with SGD-specific descriptions and exemplars. The resulting model, the Sexual and Gender Diverse Healthcare Navigation Model, provides an eight-component adaptive model of transitional care that centers SGD patients and their support systems across complex health care systems. The consensus panel provided descriptions for each of the eight resulting components—identifying three foundational components—the right staffing, awareness of needs and risks, and engaging individuals and their support systems throughout transitions in care. This model stands to support improved health outcomes among SGD through a multi-component, patient centered approach to health care navigation.

CFD predictive simulations of miniature bioreactor mixing dynamics coupled with photo-bioreaction kinetics in transitional flow regime

High-throughput systems using miniaturised stirred bioreactors accelerate bioprocess development due to their simplicity and low cost. However, fluctuating hydrodynamics pose numerical challenges for coupling (bio)reaction kinetics, critical for optimisation and scale-up/down in chemical and bioprocess industries. To address this, hydrodynamic convergence was achieved by time-averaging instantaneous RANS solutions of the transitional SST model over a sufficiently long period to achieve statistical significance in step one. Subsequently, photo-bioreaction transport models, accounting for the photobioreactor’s directional illumination and curvature, were solved based on these converged fields, overcoming two-step coupling challenges in an approach not previously reported. Applied to a 0.7 L Schott bottle photobioreactor mechanically mixed by a magnetic stirrer (100–500 rpm), the model accurately predicted swirly vortex fields at 500 rpm, with a 7 % error margin for simulated tracer diffusion, and aligned biomass growth profiles with literature data on Rhodopseudomonas palustris. However, parallel computing efficiency did not scale linearly with processor count, making time-averaging computationally expensive. Also, improved bioreactor mixing enhanced biomass productivity, but rpms over 300 required increased incident light intensity (>100 Wm−2) due to observed light limitation. Hence, this model facilitates optimising stirring speeds and refining operational parameters for scale-up and scale-down processes.

Generating X-Ray Transit Profiles with Batman

We present an adaptation of the exoplanet transit model code batman, in order to permit the generation of X-ray transits. Our underlying extended coronal model assumes an isothermal plasma that is radially symmetric. While this ignores the effect of bright, active regions, observations of transits in X-rays will require averaging across multiple epochs of data for the foreseeable future, significantly reducing the importance of more complex modeling. Our publicly available code successfully generates the predicted W-shaped transit profile in X-rays due to the optically thin nature of the emission, which concentrates the expected observational emission around the limb of the photospheric stellar disk. We provide some examples based on the best known X-ray transit target, HD 189733 b, and examine the effect of varying the planet size, coronal temperature, and impact parameter on the resulting transit profile. We also derived scaling relationships for how the overall transit detectability is affected by changing these parameters. Over most of the parameter space, we find that the detectability scales linearly with the cross-sectional area of the planet in X-rays. The relationship with increasing coronal temperature is less fixed, but averages out to a power law with slope −1/4 except when the impact parameter is high. Indeed, varying impact parameter has little effect on detectability at all until it approaches unity.

AXIOMATIZATION AND FORCING IN SET THEORY WITH URELEMENTS

Abstract In the first part of this paper, we consider several natural axioms in urelement set theory, including the Collection Principle, the Reflection Principle, the Dependent Choice scheme and its generalizations, as well as other axioms specifically concerning urelements. We prove that these axioms form a hierarchy over $\text {ZFCU}_{\text {R}}$ (ZFC with urelements formulated with Replacement) in terms of direct implication. The second part of the paper studies forcing over countable transitive models of $\text {ZFU}_{\text {R}}$ . We propose a new definition of ${\mathbb P}$ -names to address an issue with the existing approach. We then prove the fundamental theorem of forcing with urelements regarding axiom preservation. Moreover, we show that forcing can destroy and recover certain axioms within the previously established hierarchy. Finally, we demonstrate how ground model definability may fail when the ground model contains a proper class of urelements.

Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of a nurse-led, transitional care model to improve care coordination for patients with cardiovascular diseases: results from the "Cardiolotse" study.

To assess the 12-month cost-effectiveness of the nurse-led transitional care program "Cardiolotse" (CL) for patients with cardiovascular diseases compared to usual care (UC). A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA) were conducted from the perspective of statutory health insurance (SHI), covering a time horizon of 12 months. Analyzed outcomes included the number of rehospitalizations and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Total costs comprised program costs and the utilization of healthcare resources. Point estimates are presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted to illustrate uncertainty and provide insights into the impact mechanisms of the CL program. The study population consisted of 2550 patients, with 1256 allocated to the intervention group and 1294 to the control group. Patients who received support from CLs experienced fewer rehospitalizations and lower inpatient costs from an SHI perspective, compared to the UC group. HRQoL assessments indicated higher utility values for CL patients at the 12-month follow-up. Total program costs amounted to €1454.65 per patient. The CEA and CUA demonstrate that the CL program is dominant compared to UC from the SHI perspective. Our study shows that the CL program not only reduces the number of rehospitalizations and costs but increases HRQoL, resulting in a dominant ICER and ICUR. Further research is necessary to evaluate longer periods of time, different levels of care intensity, and perspectives of different healthcare stakeholders. German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00020424, 2020-06-18, retrospectively registered.

An insight on the calculation of aerodynamic polars for stall-controlled wind turbines using CFD: the case of S8XX airfoils

Abstract To ensure that stall control performs correctly in wind turbines making use of this logic, having accurate airfoil data near and post the stall limit is crucial. Due to the scarcity of experimental data, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are increasingly used to this end, although modelling stall is critical due to the impact of turbulence that often impacts on transition; therefore, various numerical methods have been proposed for use within a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes approach. In this study, a critical analysis has been carried out to define some best practice in the simulation of airfoils designed for stall control. Commonly adopted transitional models, i.e., the k-ω SST and the γ-Reθ ones, have been compared with the novel GEKO model by Ansys, and deriving CFD results are benchmarked against ubiquitous panel methods (XFoil and RFOIL), which still often represent an industry standard. Key performance factors have been critically compared, providing some case-specific indications on the benefits and drawback of the different models.

Aerodynamic Performance and Numerical Validation Study of a Scaled-Down and Full-Scale Wind Turbine Models

Understanding the aerodynamic performance of scaled-down models is vital for providing crucial insights into wind energy optimization. In this study, the aerodynamic performance of a scaled-down model (12%) was investigated. This validates the findings of the unsteady aerodynamic experiment (UAE) test sequence H. UAE tests provide information on the configuration and conditions of wind tunnel testing to measure the pressure coefficient distribution on the blade surface and the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine. The computational simulations used shear stress transport and kinetic energy (SST K-Omega) and transitional shear stress transport (SST) turbulence models, with wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to 25 m/s for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI and 4 m/s to 14 m/s for the 12% scaled-down model. The aerodynamic performance of both cases was assessed at representative wind speeds of 7 m/s for low, 10 m/s for medium, and 20 m/s for high flow speeds for NREL Phase VI and 7 m/s for low, 9 m/s medium, and 12 m/s for the scaled-down model. The results of the SST K-Omega and transitional SST models were aligned with experimental test measurement data at low wind speeds. However, the SST K-Omega torque values exhibited a slight deviation. The transitional SST and SST K-Omega models yielded aerodynamic properties that were comparable to those of the 12% scaled-down model. The torque values obtained from the simulation for the full-scale NREL Phase VI and the scaled-down model were 1686.5 Nm and 0.8349 Nm, respectively. Both turbulence models reliably predicted torque and pressure coefficient values that were consistent with the experimental data, considering specific flow regimes. The pressure coefficient was maximum at the leading edge of the wind turbine blade on the windward side and minimum on the leeward side. For the 12% scaled-down model, the flow simulation results bordering the low-pressure region of the blade varied slightly.

호서지역 비파형동검문화의 전개와 교류

The bronze artifacts of Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers Culture in Hoseo(湖西) region show a continuous distribution area from the Geumgang to the Mangyeonggang. One or two bronze artifacts are usually excavated from the dwelling site and tombs. This difference in excavated feature is reflected the style or space-time. For example, the stone coffin tomb with ditch or simple pit tombs are natives in the early period, and the wooden coffin tombs with stone-filled are known as foreigns in the late period. There are many weapons such as bronze daggers and bronze spearheads in bronze artifacts. The bronze daggers have various style or type that connect Liaodong, Liaoshi, and Northwest region. The bronze spearheads is identified as a universal short type and a be naturalized long type. In addition, the bronze axes of the northeastern style and the bronze mirror of the northwest style are confirmed. The Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers Culture in the Hoseo region underwent four phase of change. During the 1st phase, only narrow bronze daggers are identified alone, and an interaction (distribution) relationship that connects to ‘Liaodong-Northwest-Southwest’ is identified. In the 2nd and 3rd phase, it is replaced by a wide bronze daggers, and bronze spearheads and bronze axes are added. The interaction relationship between ‘Northwest-Northeast’ increases, and bronze weapons is also used as a ritual. During the 4th phase, transitional models such as the straight-edged bronze daggers and dagger pommel fitting, bronze mirror, and half-moon-shaped jade appear. This shows that the interaction relationship between ‘Liaodong-Northwest-(Central)-Southwest-’ was further strengthened during the settlement of the Jeongjiawazhi assemblage.

Hypoxia-driven hybrid phenotypes in Ewing sarcoma: Insights from computational epithelial-mesenchymal transition modeling

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an extremely aggressive pediatric tumor primarily propelled by the EWS::FLI1 fusion protein. This fusion protein plays a pivotal role in various biological processes within ES, including hypoxia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hypoxia has been documented to trigger EMT, a process that can stabilize a hybrid cell state, enhancing metastatic potential and resistance to drugs. However, the precise mechanisms that sustain this hybrid phenotype during hypoxia in ES have remained enigmatic. Our study introduces a logical model for EMT in ES, underscoring the potential significance of the EWS::FLI1/miR-145 circuit in inducing hybrid states during hypoxia. Furthermore, our findings underscore the necessity for downregulating EWS::FLI1 to fully activate EMT under hypoxic conditions. This model aligns well with results derived from existing literature. These insights underscore the crucial role of EWS::FLI1 in inducing the hybrid state in ES during hypoxia.

The effects of a dyadic empowerment-based heart failure management (De-HF) programme on self-care and HRQL : a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background The ever-growing epidemiology of heart failure (HF) and its detrimental impacts on patients’ quality of life and healthcare cost urge for effective interventions to ameliorate the modifiable prognostic factors. As substantial evidence suggests ineffective self-care as an important candidate especially for the post-discharge outcomes, various care approaches are developed to optimize this behavioral outcome. However, even family carers are heavily involved in the self-care process, dyadic approach to improve the health outcomes of both interactive partners are least applied in the HF transitional care model. Purpose To evaluate the effects of a dyadic empowerment-based heart failure management program (De-HF) on dyadic health and hospital service utilization outcomes. Methods This double-blind RCT randomized 88 HF patient-carer dyads to receive the De-HF program or a dialectic education program, after hospital discharge. Based on the Theory of Dyadic Illness Management, the 16-week De-HF Program, comprising i) a dyadic assessment, ii) five online empowerment modules and iii) follow-up telecare, integrated explicit strategies (scenario-based training, teach-back and goal-setting) to actively engage the care dyads in collaborative disease management. Figure 1 is the graphical presentation of the De-HF Program. The primary outcome is health-related quality of life (HRQL) of the care dyads. Secondary outcomes include patients’ self-care as well as shared care and perceived control of the dyad. Results The mean age of the HF patients was 76.8 (9.4). The patients were in moderate disease severity [NYHA II/II: 56/44%; mean LVEF = 42.5%]. Figure 2 shows the consort flow diagram. After adjusting the socio-demographic characteristic, two-way analysis of covariance showed that patients in the De-HF program showed significantly greater improvement in patients’ self-care domains [Mean difference in change of score (95% CI): Self-care maintenance = 7.15 (1.82-12.46),Cohen’s d = 0.26, p=0.009; Self-care management = 10.04(3.29-16.79), Cohen’s d=0.65, p=0.004; symptom perception = 15.59 (8.20-22.98), Cohen’s d=0.928, p<0.001] and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure score [Mean different in the change of score (95% CI) = -11.45 (-18.24 - -4.66). Cohen’s d = -0.742, p=0.001]. The patient-carer dyads also have significantly greater improvement in perceived control (p=0.001) and collaborative disease management in terms of joint decision-making (p=0.001) and sense of reciprocity (p=0.026). Conclusion Dyadic science has evolved in self-care research for HF. This trial provides the first evidence to inform the positive effects of a theory-based dyadic transitional care program in improving the collaborative self-care management in a family context and patient health outcome. Longer-term evaluation on the effects of De-HF program on health service utilization outcomes and cost-effectiveness will be followed.The De-HF Managment ProgramThe Consort Flow Diagram

A Study on the Educational Model of Connecting Vocational and Undergraduate Education in Finance and Accounting Majors

This article studies the educational mode connecting vocational education and undergraduate education in finance and accounting majors, in response to the weak cultural foundation and poor course integration faced by current vocational school graduates after entering vocational undergraduate education. By adopting empirical research methods and selecting vocational college students majoring in finance and accounting and ordinary high school students as research objects, this study implements a series of teaching reform measures and conducts tracking surveys on the short-term and long-term effects of educational reforms. As a result, it was found that in the final survey of graduation destinations, 34 vocational and technical college students were engaged in related work in their majors, accounting for 45.9% of all vocational and technical college students. This proves that the proposed transitional education model can effectively enhance the cultural foundation of vocational college students and provide new ideas for the cultivation of talents in finance and accounting majors.

A real-time phase transition modeling of supercritical steam cycle and load variation rate enhancement of thermal power plants under deep peak shaving

The ambitious green revolution to renewable energy sources in global power grids necessitates massive integration of solar and wind energy, which involves intermittent and unpredictable challenges. Thermal power plants are crucial in stabilizing the grid and addressing these challenges through flexibility reformation including deep peak shaving and frequent load variations since the unsteady state energy transfer and thermal dynamics during combustion and heat transformation in thermodynamic processes vary significantly. These conditions lead to issues such as furnace instability and latent heat of phase transition. This study introduces a novel approach to modeling phase transitions of supercritical steam cycle, and investigatesthe length, position, temperature, and energy transfer of the working medium and components under normal and low operational states. Conducting and analyzing the thermal feasible region associating the security of components and working medium this study establishes a control strategy for dynamic heat transfer to reduce component degradation effects andenhance load variation rate under flexible operations. Simulation model of a supercritical power unit based on the proposed method demonstrates an accuracy of 97.94%. Results from the optimal approach in maximizing load variation rate show the effectiveness and achieve 1.2%p.e./min most under transition process.

Improving turbulence modeling for gas turbine blades: A novel approach to address flow transition and stagnation point anomalies

Accurate prediction of temperature and Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) distributions over gas turbine blades is crucial for the design process and life assessment of these components. Numerical studies of flow over gas turbine blades face significant challenges in accurately simulating two complex phenomena: (1) the transition of flow from laminar to turbulent, and (2) stagnation point flow at the leading edge. Many turbulence models tend to overpredict the temperature on turbine blades, leading to incorrect identification of hot-spot regions and, consequently, erroneous estimations of blade life. This paper investigates the performance of various turbulence models in simulating flow and heat transfer over gas turbine vanes. The study includes three full turbulence models, i.e., Spalart-Allmaras (SA), Shear Stress Transport k−ω (SST-kw), and v2−f (V2F), as well as two transitional models, i.e., Transition SST (Trans-SST) and k−kL−ω (k-kl-w). Simulation results indicate that the v2−f, Trans-SST, and k−kL−ω models can detect flow transition. However, the transition length and onset location predicted by the Trans-SST and k−kL−ω models do not align with experimental data. Conversely, the v2−f model suffers from over-predictions at the leading edge due to stagnation point anomaly. To address these issues and due to capacities of the V2F model, this study proposes two modifications to enhance the performance of the V2F model. First, the production term of turbulent kinetic energy is redefined to mitigate the stagnation point anomaly. Second, the model is recalibrated to improve the prediction of flow transition. The new model, named the Production Modified V2F (PMV2F) model, shows promising results in predicting temperature and heat transfer coefficients.

Constitutive modeling of the slip-twinning transition in martensitic transformations

Martensite is the result of a diffusionless displacive phase transition. In Fe-based alloys it transforms the FCC to the BCC, BCT, or HCP structures and occurs at high strain rates. It has two typical morphologies, known as lath and plate. A quantitative constitutive description of the slip-twinning transition in the martensitic transformation is presented. It is based on the temperature and strain-rate sensitivities of slip, which are much higher than those for twinning. Thus, twinning becomes a favored deformation mechanism at low temperatures and high strain rates. The Hall-Petch coefficient, for the inclusion of grain size effects, is two times larger for twinning than slip. Constitutive relationships for slip and twinning are presented and applied to the martensitic transformation in steels; the lath-to-plate morphology change observed with increasing carbon content is successfully predicted as a function of grain size by calculations incorporating the two modes of deformation. A simple calculation of the strain rates during martensitic transformation is also provided. This methodology is applied to the Fe–C system and can be extended to the Fe–Ni–C system and to thermoelastic martensites, where twinning is favored over slip to enhance reversibility.

Life orientation and career adaptability among young adults in Poland

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between career adaptability and developmental tasks among young adults concerning life orientation. Additionally, it sought to ascertain whether self-regulation functions as a mediator in the relationship between life orientation and career adaptability. The study included a total of 435 young adults aged between 18 and 34 years. The research employed the Polish versions of three questionnaires: the Social Participation Questionnaire, the Self-Regulation Scale, and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-5. The conducted research demonstrated that the assimilation and integrative social participation types predominated, and young adults were more likely to display a transitive life orientation than a moratorium orientation. The results also showed, as expected, a positive relationship between the promotional strategy and all components of the career adaptability. Mediation analysis revealed that the promotion regulatory focus acted as a mediator in the relationship between transitive life orientation and all five categories of career adaptability within the transitive orientation dependence model and, similarly to preventive regulatory focus, between moratorium orientation and the dimensions of concern and control. Preventive regulatory focus turned out to be a mediator between transitive orientation and career adaptability variables only in the case of three out of five variables—concern, control and curiosity.

Seeking balance: The role of Article 6(5) of Additional Protocol II in balancing justice and peace in transitions from armed conflict to peace

Abstract This article explores the role of Article 6(5) of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions in balancing justice and peace during transitions from armed conflict to peace. It argues that the provision, which encourages the granting of broad amnesties at the cessation of hostilities, requires a re-evaluation of the obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish under international law. By analyzing the legal context and scope of Article 6(5), as well as its application in transitional justice models such as in Colombia, the article highlights how the principle of peace can be prioritized alongside justice without undermining victims’ rights. The discussion critically addresses maximalist interpretations of justice, presenting a nuanced approach that foregrounds restorative justice and the importance of reconciliation in post-conflict societies.